Miniaturized electrochemical sensors and their point-of-care applications

Most of the current analytical methods depend largely on laboratory-based analytical techniques that require expensive and bullky equipment,potentially incur costly testing,and involve lengthy detection processes.With increasing requirements for point-of-care testing(POCT),more attention has been paid to miniaturized analytical devices.Miniaturized electrochemical(MEC)sensors,including different material-based MEC sensors(such as DNA-,paper-,and screen electrode-based),have been in strong demand in analytical science due to their easy operation,portability,high sensitivity,as well as their short analysis time.They have been applied for the detection of trace amounts of target through measuring changes in electrochemical signal,such as current,voltage,potential,or impedance,due to the oxidation/reduction of chemical/biological molecules with the help of electrodes and electrochemical units.MEC sensors present great potential for the detection of targets including small organic molecules,metal ions,and biomolecules.In recent years,MEC sensors have been broadly applied to POCT in various fields,including health care,food safety,and environmental monitoring,owing to the excellent advantages of electrochemical(EC)technologies.This review summarized the state-of-the-art advancements on various types of MEC sensors and their applications in POCT.Furthermore,the future perspectives,opportunities,and challenges in this field are also discussed.     

Machine Learning towards Screening Solid-state Lithium Ion Conductors

Machine learning is an emerging method to discover new materials with specific characteristics.An unsupervised machine learning research is highlighted to discover new potential lithium ionic conductors by screening and clustering lithium compounds,providing inspirations for the development of solid-state electrolytes and practical batteries.     

Surface defect-rich ceria quantum dots anchored on sulfur-doped carbon nitride nanotubes with enhanced charge separation for solar hydrogen production

Designing defect-engineered semiconductor heterojunctions can effectively promote the charge carrier separation.Herein,novel ceria(CeO2) quantum dots(QDs) decorated sulfur-doped carbon nitride nanotubes(SCN NTs) were synthesized via a thermal polycondensation coupled in situ depositionprecipitation method without use of template or surfactant.The structure and morphology studies indicate that ultrafine CeO2 QDs are well distributed inside and outside of SCN NTs offering highly dispersed active sites and a large contact interface between two components.This leads to the promoted formation of rich Ce³⁺ ion and oxygen vacancies as confirmed by XPS.The photocatalytic performance can be facilely modulated by the content of CeO2 QDs introduced in SCN matrix while bare CeO2 does not show activity of hydrogen production.The optimal catalyst with 10% of CeO2 loading yields a hydrogen evolution rate of 2923.8 μmol h-1 g-1 under visible light,remarkably higher than that of bare SCN and their physical mixtures.Further studies reveal that the abundant surface defects and the created 0 D/1 D junctions play a critical role in improving the separation and transfer of charge carriers,leading to superior solar hydrogen production and good stability.     

Superfast and solvent-free core-shell assembly of sulfur/carbon active particles by hail-inspired nanostorm technology for high-energy-density Li-S batteries

The demand on low-carbon emission fabrication technologies for energy storage materials is increasing dramatically with the global interest on carbon neutrality.As a promising active material for metal-sulfur batteries,sulfur is of great interest due to its high-energy-density and abundance.However,there is a lack of industry-friendly and low-carbon fabrication strategies for high-performance sulfur-based active particles,which,however,is in critical need by their practical success.Herein,based on a hail-inspired sulfur nano-storm(HSN)technology developed in our lab,we report an energy-saving,solvent-free strategy for producing core-shell sulfur/carbon electrode particles(CNT@AC-S)in minutes.The fabrication of the CNT@AC-S electrode particles only involves low-cost sulfur blocks,commercial carbon nanotubes(CNT)and activated carbon(AC)micro-particles with high specific surface area.Based on the above core-shell CNT@AC-S particles,sulfur cathode with a high sulfur-loading of 9.2 mg cm^-2 delivers a stable area capacity of 6.6 mAh cm^-2 over 100 cycles.Furthermore,even for sulfur cathode with a super-high sulfur content(72 wt%over the whole electrode),it still delivers a high area capacity of 9 mAh cm^-2 over50 cycles in a quasi-lean electrolyte condition.In a nutshell,this study brings a green and industryfriendly fabrication strategy for cost-effective production of rationally designed S-rich electrode particles.     

Unraveling the stabilization mechanism of solid electrolyte interface on ZnSe by rGO in sodium ion battery

Transition metal selenides have been widely studied as anode materials of sodium ion batteries(SIBs),however,the investigation of solid-electrolyte-interface(SEI)on these materials,which is critical to the electrochemical performance of SIBs,remains at its infancy.Here in this paper,ZnSe@C nanoparticles were prepared from ZIF-8 and the SEI layers on these electrodes with and without reduced graphene oxide(rGO)layers were examined in details by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies at varied charged/discharged states.It is observed that fast and complicated electrolyte decomposition reactions on ZnSe@C leads to quite thick SEI film and intercalation of solvated sodium ions through such thick SEI film results in slow ion diffusion kinetics and unstable electrode structure.However,the presence of rGO could efficiently suppress the decomposition of electrolyte,thus thin and stable SEI film was formed.ZnSe@C electrodes wrapped by rGO demonstrates enhanced interfacial charge transfer kinetics and high electrochemical performance,a capacity retention of 96.4%,after 1000 cycles at 5 A/g.This study might offer a simple avenue for the designing high performance anode materials through manipulation of SEI film.     

CXN天然沸石的研究2: 吸附性质

采用N~2,NH~3,CO~2,乙烯,丙烯,水,甲醇,乙醇,丙醇等作为吸附剂,研究了由我国CXN天然沸石改性制得的H-STI和Na-STI沸石的吸附性质,H-STI和Na-STI沸石的BET表面积及微孔孔体积约为420m^2/g和0.20m^3/g。根据NH~3和CO~2在H-STI沸石上的吸附等温线计算得到它们的吸附热分别为44.8和26.5kJ/mol。乙烯,丙烯,甲醇,乙醇,丙醇等在Na-STI沸石上的吸附等温线表明该沸石对有机分子的吸附具有链长选择性。在低分压下水相对于甲醇的吸附量表明沸石具有一定的疏水性质。     

常温常湿条件下Au/MeO~x催化剂上CO氧化性能

利用共沉淀法制备了Au/MeO~x催化剂(Me=Al,Co,Cr,Cu,Fe,Mn,Ni,Zn)。在常温常湿条件下,考察了不同氧化物负载的金基催化剂的CO氧化性能。结果表明,氧化物种类对催化剂的活性和稳定性均有较大的影响。Cu,Mn,Cr等氧化物负载的金基催化剂的活性较差,而Zn,Fe,Co,Ni,Al等金属氧化物负载的金基催化剂可将CO完全氧化,又具有一定的稳定性,在相同反应条件下,CO完全转化时的稳定性顺序为Au/ZnO>Au/α-Fe~2O~3>Au/Co~3O~4>Au/γ-Al~2O~3≈Au/NiO。还发现水对Au/MnO~x催化剂的活性和稳定性有负作用,而对180℃焙烧制备的Au/ZnO-180催化剂的活性和稳定性均有明显的湿度增强作用。     

Regulation of carbon distribution to construct high-sulfur-content cathode in lithium-sulfur batteries

Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)battery is regarded as one of the most promising next-generation energy storage systems due to the ultra-high theoretical energy density of 2600 Wh kg^-1.To address the insulation nature of sulfur,nanocarbon composition is essential to afford acceptable cycling capacity but inevitably sacrifices the actual energy density under working conditions.Therefore,rational structural design of the carbon/sulfur composite cathode is of great significance to realize satisfactory electrochemical performances with limited carbon content.Herein,the cathode carbon distribution is rationally regulated to construct high-sulfur-content and high-performance Li-S batteries.Concretely,a double-layer carbon(DLC)cathode is prepared by fabricating a surface carbon layer on the carbon/sulfur composite.The surface carbon layer not only provides more electrochemically active surfaces,but also blocks the polysulfide shuttle.Consequently,the DLC configuration with an increased sulfur content by nearly 10 wt%renders an initial areal capacity of 3.40 mAh cm^-2 and capacity retention of 83.8%during 50 cycles,which is about two times than that of the low-sulfur-content cathode.The strategy of carbon distribution regulation affords an effective pathway to construct advanced high-sulfur-content cathodes for practical high-energy-density Li-S batteries.     

Boost oxygen reduction reaction performance by tuning the active sites in Fe-N-P-C catalysts

Cost-effective atomically dispersed Fe-N-P-C complex catalysts are promising to catalyze the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)and replace Pt catalysts in fuel cells and metal-air batteries.However,it remains a challenge to increase the number of atomically dispersed active sites on these catalysts.Here we report a highly efficient impregnation-pyrolysis method to prepare effective ORR electrocatalysts with large amount of atomically dispersed Fe active sites from biomass.Two types of active catalyst centers were identified,namely atomically dispersed Fe sites and Fe_xP particles.The ORR rate of the atomically dispersed Fe sites is three orders of magnitude higher than it of Fe_xP particles.A linear correlation between the amount of the atomically dispersed Fe and the ORR activity was obtained,revealing the major contribution of the atomically dispersed Fe to the ORR activity.The number of atomically dispersed Fe increases as the Fe loading increased and reaching the maximum at 1.86 wt%Fe,resulting in the maximum ORR rate.Optimized Fe-N-P-C complex catalyst was used as the cathode catalyst in a homemade Zn-air battery and good performance of an energy density of 771 Wh kgZn^-1,a power density of 92.9 m W cm^-2 at 137 m A cm^-2 and an excellent durability were exhibited.     

The pseudocapacitance mechanism of graphene/CoAl LDH and its derivatives:Are all the modifications beneficial?

Cobalt-Aluminum layered double hydroxide(CoAl LDH) is a hopeful electrode material due to the advantage of easy modifiability for preparing LDH-based derivatives.However,there is short of modification methods to prepare the Co-based derivatives from CoAl LDH and also short of an intuitive perspective to analyze the pseudocapacitance mechanism of CoAl LDH and its derivatives.Herein,Graphene/CoAl LDH and its derivatives including Graphene/CoS,Graphene/CoS-1,Graphene/CoOOH,Graphene/CoP were prepared by reasonably using alkali etching treatment,sulfofication and phosphorization.The specific capacitance of Graphene/CoAl LDH,Graphene/CoS,Graphene/CoS-1,Graphene/CoOOH,Graphene/CoP at1 A g^-1 are 260.7,371.3,440.8,61.4 and 122.2 F g^-1,especially.The pseudocapacitance mechanism of Graphene/CoAl LDH and its derivatives was analyzed.Due to the positive effect of sulfofication on the electrical conductivity of GO and cobalt sulfide,the Graphene/CoS and Graphene/CoS-1 exhibit the optimal electrochemical performance and superior rate capability.In addition,due to the repulsion effect between Graphene and OH-,the Graphene/CoAl LDH exhibits optimal cycling stability of 224.1% capacitance retention after 20000 cycles.Besides,the reason of terrible specific capacitance of Graphene/CoOOH is that the presence of H bond in interlayer of CoOOH inhibits the interaction between Co3+ and OHspecies.Hence,not all modifications will increase the specific capacitance of the electrode materials.Overall,this work provides us with a detailed analysis of the electrochemical mechanism and correlation of CoAl LDH and its derivatives from the perspective of crystal structure and composition.     

嵌入Y型沸石中Pd簇的合成及其催化性能

以［Ｐｄ（ＮＨ３）４］（ＮＯ３）２·Ｈ２Ｏ作为离子交换前驱物，应用微波交换－氢还原法合成了嵌入Ｙ型沸石中的Ｐｄ簇合物。ＸＲＤ和ＰＸＳ测试结果表明，在合成过程中，焙烧阶段的温度是影响Ｐｄ原子进入沸石体相形成Ｐｄ簇的主要因素。在焙烧温度２４０℃和还原温度２１０℃的制备条件下，Ｐｄ含量高达６．１３％（质量分数）也能进入Ｙ型沸石体相形成Ｐｄ簇。在相同条件下制得Ｐｄ含量仅为０．４１０％（质量分数）的样品，在     

Synthesis and Characterization of the Host-Guest NanocompositeMaterial Zeolite Y-Iron Bipyridine

Zeoliteshavethedefinedcrystallinestructureswiththechannelsorcagesofnanoscaledimensions.Thesechannelsorcagesofzeolitescanoffertheloadingsitestoselfassembleandstabilizetheentrappedguestwithinthezeolitesthatcanbeusedforusefulmatrixestoproducenanoguestsmaterialsl.Becausethiskindofmaterialsshowedsomespecialproperty=,ithasarousedmuchinterest3.Anewfieldofinvestigationfortheentrappedmetalcomplexeshasbeendevelopedinelectro-assistedcatalysisoforganicreaction'.Atpresent,therearethreeapproachestotheprepar…     

Mössbauer study on tris(1,10-phenanthroline) iron(II) ion synthesized in zeolite Y and its pyrolysis products

Tris(1,10-phenanthroline) iron(II) ([Fe(phen)₃]²⁺) ion synthesized in the supercage of zeolite Y has been characterized by Mössbauer, UV-VIS reflectance, and X-ray diffraction methods. The complex in the supercage may be significantly distorted by interaction between the complex and the supercage wall. Pyrolysis mechanism under air of the complex in the supercage was studied on the basis of Mössbauer spectra.     

Suzuki Coupling Reactions Catalyzed by PdO Dispersed on Dealuminated Y Zeolite in Air under Ambient Conditions

Suzuki coupling reactions are performed using PdO loaded on dealuminated Y (USY) zeolite. The reaction between bromobenzene and phenylboronic acid is complete in 15 min at room temperature in air, with a turnover number of 1300. The reaction can be repeated at least five times by using 1 wt % Pd. Inductively coupled plasma analysis does not reveal the dissolution of Pd from products, even if the reaction is repeated up to four times. Pd K‐edge extended X‐ray absorption fine structure analysis reveals the presence of molecular‐like PdO and a mixture of Pd⁰–PdO before and after the reaction, respectively. This is probably because Pd stabilized by Al sites is present at the II sites of the Y‐type zeolite, as estimated using first‐principles calculations. Conversely, Pd species change to PdO clusters after repeated reactions in air using the thermally treated sample.     

Zeolite-supported palladium tetramer and its reactivity toward H2 molecules: computational studies

Effects of zeolite support on reactivity of Pd 4 cluster toward dihydrogen molecules were studied at the DFT level using T6 (six-ring) and T24 (sodalite cage) clusters as models of zeolite FAU. It has been found that Pd 4 cluster binds to O-centers of T6 cluster via eta (3) and eta (2) coordination modes, leading to three different T6/Pd 4 clusters. For the energetically most stable triplet state T6/Pd 4 structures, the energy of interaction between Pd 4 and the constrained T6 ring is calculated to be ca. -5 kcal/mol. Encapsulating Pd 4 in a sodalite cage (T24) with the full relaxation of cluster geometry resulted in the Pd 4-zeolite interaction energy of -7.4 kcal/mol after correcting for basis set superposition error. The H-H bond activation barrier associated with the first H 2 addition to the triplet state T6/Pd 4 clusters (Delta E 0/Delta H, kcal/mol) varies from (2.2/0.7) to (3.2/2.0) to (4.8/3.5), depending on the path. Comparison of the calculated H 2 addition barriers for the T6-supported and gas-phase Pd 4 indicates that embedding of Pd 4 on zeolite reduces this barrier slightly (by 1.8/2.1 kcal/mol). Interestingly, the characteristic gas phase Pd 4-H 2 active site structural motif has been preserved in the T6-supported transition state structures. The heat of the reaction of the addition of first H 2 to the triplet state T6/Pd 4 ranges from (-17.6/-18.9) to (-21.8/-23.5) for the paths considered. The addition of the second, third and fourth H 2 molecules to the respective first H 2 addition products leads to the dissociative addition product only for the continuation of the single first H 2 addition path.     

A study on the photophysical properties of anthracene in zeolite

The photophysical behaviours of anthracene in zeolite Y were investigated using various steady state spectroscopic methods and a picosecond time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopic technique. A ¹²⁹Xe nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) study shows that anthracene molecules can be optimally intercalated into the supercages of Na⁺- and Cu²⁺-exchanged zeolite Y at 570 and 520 K respectively. Anthracene introduced into the supercage of Na⁺-exchanged zeolite Y shows excimeric fluorescence with a lifetime of several nanoseconds, as well as monomeric fluorescence with a lifetime of 300 ps. The excimer forms immediately on absorption of a photon. Cu²⁺-exchanged zeolite Y with anthracene intercalation shows electron spin resonance (ESR) signals and absorption bands attributable to the stable, ground state anthracene cation radical, the Cu⁺ ion and the trapped electron in the copper ion cluster, indicating charge transfer from anthracene to the Cu²⁺ ion or copper ion cluster. The excitation energy of anthracene is quenched rapidly by the presence of copper ion.     

Self‐Assembly Film of Zeolite Y Nanocrystals Loading Palladium on an Au Electrode for Electrochemical Applications

Nano‐scale zeolite Y crystals were synthesized, and palladium nanoparticles were prepared in the supercage of the zeolite by “ship‐in‐a‐bottle” approach. A novel method to fabricate zeolite‐modified electrode (ZME) loading Pd nanoparticles was developed, in which the zeolite Y loading Pd²⁺ ions was self‐assembled on (3‐mercaptopropyl) trimethoxysilane‐attached Au surface to form the stable and density packed multilayers (SAM‐ZME). The structures of zeolite Y and the SAM‐ZME were investigated by using TEM, XRD and SEM techniques. Pd²⁺ ions in the SAM‐ZME were converted into Pd nanoparticles (Pd_n⁰) by two steps consisting of the electrochemical reduction as well as the succeeding admission and release of CO. The redox couple [Fe(CN)₆]^3?/4? was used to probe the electron‐transfer barrier properties during self‐assembling process. Moreover, the special properties of the SAM‐ZME loading Pd_n⁰ were studied by using cyclic voltammetry and CO‐probe in situ FTIR spectroscopy. The results illustrated that Pd_n⁰ in the SAM‐ZME exhibits higher electrocatalytic activity for oxidation of adsorbed CO than that of ZME prepared in our previous study by zeolite coating method. The present study is of importance in design and preparation of SAM‐ZME, which poccesseses excellent properties for the immobilization of electrocatalysts or biomolecules.     

固体凝胶法制备CuCl_(14)Pc/Y复合材料及其表征 (英文)

采用固体凝胶法制备了ＣｕＣｌ_（１４）Ｐｃ／Ｙ复合材料,并采用一系列物化手段对其性能进行了表征。结果表明,无定形硅铝凝胶中所含的ＣｕＣｌ_（１４）Ｐｃ经过水热晶化后被封装在Ｙ型分子筛的超笼中,且被封装的金属配合物的比率高于采用文献中所报道的制备方法。封装于Ｙ型分子筛超笼中的ＣｕＣｌ_（１４）Ｐｃ在环己烷氧化反应中的催化能力明显高于未被封装的ＣｕＣｌ_（１４）Ｐｃ。     

Ni—Na—Y型分子筛催化剂上CO2加氢

Ni-Na-Y分子筛对CO_2加氢反应显示出高的CO选择性和低活性。本文用EXAFS、FTIR、EPR和XRD对Ni-Na-Y分子筛进行了表征,结果表明,在H_2还原下首先形成小的Ni原子簇,接着在催化反应过程中粒径变大,并从超笼移向外表面。结果还表明,CO选择性的高低取决于分子筛的酸性、Na~+的存在和Ni原子簇的粒径大小。在CO气氛下的预处理将提高其生成CO的活性和选择性。     

红外光谱法研究表面溢出效应

采用红外光谱法, 利用重氢交换反应证明在Pt-NaY/HY体系有氢溢出(spillover)效应发生, 测量了100 ℃和50 ℃时的交换速率。发现在50 ℃时高频羟基的交换速率大于低频羟基。并对溢出机构进行了初步的讨论。