蒸氨压力对Cu/SiO_2催化剂的影响及其草酸二甲酯加氢性能

以Si O2为载体,铜氨溶液为前驱体,采用蒸氨法在不同蒸氨压力下制备了系列铜负载量质量分数为20.0%的Cu/Si O2催化剂。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、H2-程序升温还(H2-TPR)、高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)、X射线诱导俄歇电子能谱(XAES)等技术手段对催化剂的物理化学性能进行了表征。考察了蒸氨速率对催化剂物化结构及其草酸二甲酯催化加氢制乙二醇的催化性能影响。在反应温度200℃、压力3.0 MPa、液时空速LHSV=0.4 h-1、氢气草酸二甲酯摩尔比80∶1的反应条件下测定了催化剂的活性。结果表明,在蒸氨压力为31.3 k Pa条件下制备的催化剂表现出了最佳活性和选择性,草酸二甲酯转化率达到了99.9%,乙二醇选择性达94.4%。H2-TPR、XRD、TEM、FTIR及XAES表征结果表明,较低蒸氨压力有利于铜氨离子快速分解负载在载体上,避免铜粒子聚集长大,还原后形成Cu2O和Cu0物种颗粒尺寸较小,分散比较均匀,催化活性,尤其是乙二醇的选择性更佳。     

新型高性能Cu/HMS催化剂的合成及其在草酸二甲酯催化加氢合成 乙二醇反应中的应用

采用原位合成法合成了介孔Cu/HMS催化剂, 并以草酸二甲酯催化加氢合成乙二醇为探针反应考察了不同焙烧温度对反应催化性能的影响, 结果表明焙烧温度为650 ℃时合成的催化剂在该反应中表现出最佳的催化性能. 在反应温度为200 ℃、压力为3 MPa、氢酯比为50、液时空速为0.74 h－1的条件下, 草酸二甲酯的转化率达到100%, 并且乙二醇的选择性达到97%. 采用X射线粉末衍射、N2低温吸附、H2-TPR、N2O滴定、X射线光电子能谱及傅利叶变换红外光谱对系列催化剂进行了系统表征, 阐述了焙烧温度对催化性能影响的本质原因. 研究表明焙烧温度能够影响活性铜物种的分散度和铜物种与载体间的相互作用, 从而影响草酸二甲酯催化加氢的催化性能.     

介孔氧化硅织构效应对铜基催化剂在草酸二甲酯催化加氢合成乙二醇反应中的影响

用沉积沉淀法合成了不同织构特征介孔氧化硅负载的铜基催化剂,并以草酸二甲酯催化加氢合成乙二醇为探针反应考察了由不同织构特性氧化硅制备的Cu/SiO2对催化反应性能的影响,结果表明以具有二维规整六方孔道结构的SBA-15作为载体合成的Cu/SBA-15催化剂有最佳的催化性能.在反应温度为473K、压力为2.5MPa、氢酯比为50、液时空速为0.83h-1的条件下,草酸二甲酯的转化率达到100%,并且乙二醇的选择性达到95%.采用X射线粉末衍射、N2低温吸附、H2-TPR,N2O滴定、X射线光电子能谱对系列催化剂进行了系统表征,阐述了载体织构效应对催化性能影响的本质原因.研究表明以具有二维规整六方孔道结构的SBA-15作为载体能够影响活性铜物种的分散度和铜物种与载体间的相互作用,这两个为草酸二甲酯加氢合成乙二醇起关键作用的因素.     

用于吲哚直接合成的高性能Cu/SiO2-MgO催化剂

 通过分步浸渍法制备的Cu/SiO2-MgO催化剂对苯胺和乙二醇直接合成吲哚表现出优异的催化性能. 在Cu负载量为0.68 mmol/g和MgO含量为Cu负载量的0.25%时,乙二醇转化率和吲哚选择率分别达到100%和94%,而且催化剂的催化性能比较稳定. XRD结果表明,催化剂活性和选择性较高时,铜晶体的结晶度较高.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备MoO3/SiO2催化草酸二甲酯和苯酚酯交换反应

采用溶胶-凝胶法在碱性条件下制备了一系列MoO_3/SiO_2催化剂用于草酸二甲酯和苯酚酯交换反应,并利用XRD、IR、XPS、NH3-TPD等表征催化剂结构.结果表明:弱酸中心是草酸二甲酯和苯酚酯交换反应的活性中心.当MoO_3负载量为12%(重量百分比),p H为9.1时的MoO_3/SiO_2催化剂具有更高的催化性能,这可能与该催化剂表面Mo物种分散更好和更高的酸量有关.在1.20 g MoO_3/SiO_2催化剂,0.20 mol苯酚,n(草酸二甲酯)/n(苯酚)=2,180℃反应3 h的条件下,苯酚转化率达70.0%,甲基苯基草酸酯和草酸二苯酯选择性分别为88.4%和11.5%.     

Cu/SiO2催化剂的制备、表征及其对草酸二乙酯加氢制乙二醇的催化性能

用沉淀沉积法和不同加料顺序制备了一系列草酸二乙酯气相加氢制乙二醇的Cu/SiO2催化剂,考察了反应温度、反应压力及氢气/草酸二乙酯摩尔比对催化性能的影响,以优化催化剂的制备方法和反应工艺条件.通过TPR,XRD,BET,HRTEM和SEM对催化剂进行了表征,揭示催化剂的稳定性、成型和活性位的分布.通过对实验数据的分析,确定了最佳的制备方法、铜负载量、还原温度和反应工艺条件,使草酸二乙酯的转化率和乙二醇的收率分别达到94.8%和76.0%.     

Ni/Al2O3催化甲烷裂解

分别通过浸渍法和共沉淀法制备了不同Ni负载量的Ni/Al2O3催化剂。考察了Ni负载量、制备方法以及反应温度对Ni/Al2O3催化甲烷裂解性能的影响。结果表明,在550℃,浸渍法制备的Ni/Al2O3催化剂,当Ni负载量为20%(质量分数)、Ni金属平均粒径为11.25 nm时,具有最佳的甲烷催化裂解效果,其每摩尔Ni的氢气产量和每克Ni碳产量分别为164 mol和15.30 g。催化剂制备方法对Ni/Al2O3甲烷催化裂解反应有显著影响,相同Ni负载量共沉淀法制备的Ni/Al2O3甲烷催化裂解总体效果要好于浸渍法制备的Ni/Al2O3,而且反应过程中生成的碳纤维较长,管径也较均一。550℃时,共沉淀法制备的Ni负载量为41.2%(质量分数)的Ni/Al2O3催化剂在反应至350 min时,仍保持着30%以上的转化率。     

脱水催化剂的改性对浆态床一步法合成二甲醚的影响

 以Cu(NO3)2为前驱体,以水、丙酮或乙二醇为溶剂,以γ-Al2O3为载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备了用于合成气一步法制二甲醚的脱水-变换双功能催化剂,并对其还原性能、晶态分布、还原态的酸性及催化性能进行了研究. H2-TPR结果表明,以乙二醇为溶剂制备的催化剂上可还原氧化铜的量最多. XRD结果表明,以水为溶剂制备的催化剂上,氧化铜并未完全均匀地分散在氧化铝表面,而是有一部分以单质铜或铜铝化合物的形式存在; 而以丙酮或乙二醇为溶剂制备催化剂时,氧化铜分布均匀. 还原态催化剂NH3-TPD结果表明,以乙二醇为溶剂制备的催化剂上,酸性中心主要集中在弱酸位上. 浆态床搅拌釜中合成反应的结果表明,用氧化铜对脱水催化剂进行改性,能改善催化剂的催化性能,提高CO转化率和产物中二甲醚的选择性,抑制副反应的发生. 非水溶剂的使用对CO转化率没有明显的影响,但可改变催化剂上酸中心的分布,提高二甲醚的选择性,并抑制副反应的发生.     

负载型纳米Au/Cr_2O_3催化甘油氧化合成甘油酸

制备了一系列负载型纳米Au/Cr_2O_3催化剂,采用ICP、FTIR、XRD和N2吸附脱附对所制备的催化剂进行了表征.以3%的H_2O_2为氧化剂,考察其对甘油选择性氧化反应的催化性能.结果表明,该类催化剂在甘油选择性氧化反应中表现出了较好的催化性能,其中Au/Cr_2O_3(0.95%)的催化性能最好,甘油转化率可达81.5%,甘油酸选择性为67.0%,且该非均相催化剂重复使用10次后仍保持较高的催化活性.     

磷钨酸镧催化合成缩醛(酮)的研究

以磷钨酸镧为催化剂催化合成了苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛、苯甲醛1,2-丙二醇缩醛及环己酮乙二醇缩酮.较系统研究了反应物料配比、催化剂用量、反应时间、催化剂重复使用性能等因素对反应的影响.结果表明:在醛(酮)/二元醇(乙二醇、1,2-丙二醇)=1.0:1.5(mol/mol),催化剂用量为反应物料总质量的1.0%,环己烷为带水剂,在反应温度86～96℃条件下,反应时间2.0h,苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛收率为78.5%,苯甲醛1,2-丙二醇缩醛收率为76.1%,环己酮乙二醇缩酮收率为79.5%.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Acid hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose of low degree of substitution

Cotton cellulose was swollen in a sodium hydroxide solution and carboxymethylated by a two-bath method for different periods of time for each process. The kinetics of acid hydrolysis and the crystallinity of the swollen and carboxymethylated samples were measured. The proportion of broken bonds, rate constants for hydrolysis, and permeability of cellulose to hydrolyzing agents were calculated. The susceptibility of glycosidic linkages to acid hydrolysis was improved by carboxymethylation more than by swelling in alkali. The increased accessibility of carboxymethylcellulose to acid was regarded as a consequence of increased intra-and intercrystalline swelling and of the glycosidic bonds' weakness caused by the electron-attracting carboxymethyl group on the C-6 position.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Mechanism of action of base-catalyzed oxygenation of phenol derivatives

Cyclopropyl derivative of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol is synthesized as a probe to investigate the mechanism of base-catalyzed autooxidation of phenol derivatives. Our study indicates that one electron reduction of molecular oxygen from phenolate gives phenoxyl radical 3, a key intermediate of autooxidation. The coupling of phenoxyl radical and superoxide radical gives peroxylate anion 4 and produces the final epoxy alcohol adduct 6.     

Estimation of Kinetic Parameters of Thermal Oxidation of Ilmenite

The aim of the presented work was the investigation of thermal oxidation of ilmenite in static air atmosphere. The investigations were carried out by use of a derivatograph (MOM, Hungary). The changes of crystallographic structure of investigated samples were identified by X-ray diffractometry on Philips PW-1710 diffractometer. In temperature above 500°C appears structure of hematite Fe₂O₃. On the basis of the thermogravimetric measurements, the contracting area and contracting volume models were found as the best fitting experimental data. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

化学计量中不确定度评定研究进展

测量不确定度是表征合理地赋予被测量之值的分散性的参数。本文针对化学计量不确定度评定基础模型仅适用于线性模型、概率分布为正态分布或缩放位移t分布等局限,介绍了近年来不确定度评定的研究热点:蒙特卡罗方法(Monte Carlo Method,MCM),不确定度评定的来源、评定概念、评估方法及其发展过程,扩大了测量不确定度评定与表示的适用范围。     

微量钙的测定方法研究进展

介绍了1995-2006年期间测定微量和痕量钙的方法,如电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱法、原子吸收光谱法以及离子色谱法等的工作原理和特点,并说明了其测定微量钙的应用领域。并对微量钙的测定技术进行了展望(引用文献55篇)。     

Stages of thermal decomposition of sodium oxo-salts of sulphur

Thermal behaviour of sodium oxo-salts of sulphur: Na₂SO₄, Na₂S₂O₇, Na₂S₂O₆, Na₂SO₃, Na₂S₂O₅, Na₂S₂O₄, Na₂S₂O₃, Na₂S₃O₆ and of sulphides Na₂S and Na₂S₂ was studied on heating up to 1000°C. The experiments were performed with anhydrous compounds obtained from commercial products by recrystallisation and dehydration. The stage mechanisms of decomposition of anionic sub-lattices of the salts have been proposed basing on the Górski’s morphological classification of simple species. The thermal stability and the stage decomposition mechanisms were correlated with the structure and the potential chemical properties of the salt anions. The thermal decomposition processes were studied by means of thermal analysis, and the decomposition products were identified by means of X-ray phase analysis.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.