共催化在有机合成反应中的研究进展

多种催化剂共催化的化学反应已成为提高合成效率的一种有效策略,日益受到国内外研究者的重视.综述了近年来有机合成中共催化反应的研究进展,对金属-金属共催化、有机-有机共催化和金属-有机共催化三种主要类型进行了总结.     

氮杂环卡宾催化二氧化碳羧化反应的研究进展

二氧化碳是一种来源丰富的可再生资源,科研工作者一直致力于开发能够高效转化二氧化碳的催化体系。氮杂环卡宾在有机化学中是一类非常重要的催化剂,利用氮杂环卡宾-过渡金属配合物催化实现二氧化碳的高效化学转化受到了人们的广泛关注。本文主要根据氮杂环卡宾-过渡金属配合物进行分类,总结归纳了近年来氮杂环卡宾-过渡金属配合物催化二氧化碳羧化反应的研究进展。     

溴代烯烃在金属催化偶联反应中的应用

溴代烯烃是一类重要的有机合成中间体,通过金属催化的偶联反应可以有效地形成碳-碳及碳-杂键.本文综述了溴代烯烃在金属催化偶联反应中应用的最新进展.     

过渡金属与光氧化还原协同催化的烯丙基取代反应的研究进展

过渡金属催化的烯丙基取代反应是一类重要且实用的有机化学反应, 可以立体选择性地高效构建碳-碳键和碳-杂键. 可见光氧化还原催化可以利用绿色清洁的可见光能源在较为温和的条件下产生自由基或者自由基离子等高反应活性的反应中间体, 被广泛地应用于有机合成中, 逐渐发展成为一种重要的合成工具. 鉴于烯丙基取代反应的重要性, 过渡金属与光氧化还原协同催化的烯丙基取代反应逐渐引起化学家的兴趣. 该协同催化的策略可以实现单一过渡金属催化难以实现的烯丙基取代反应, 反应的区域选择性和立体选择性也体现出不同的特点, 有望发展成为单一金属催化的烯丙基取代反应的重要补充. 本文综述了近年来不同过渡金属与可见光氧化还原协同催化的烯丙基取代反应的研究进展.     

不对称Biginelli反应的研究进展

综述了金属配合物、有机小分子(手性磷酸、手性硫脲)、金属Lewis酸与有机小分子共催化及纳米材料催化不对称Biginelli反应的研究进展。详述了反应机理,分析了催化剂、底物及反应条件对产物收率和对映选择性的影响。参考文献52篇。     

狄尔斯-阿尔德反应催化剂

狄尔斯-阿尔德(Diels-Alder)可以构建结构丰富的有机化合物,被认为是现代有机化学中的基石反应之一。自1928年被发现以来,Diels-Alder (D-A)反应得到了深入发展,这主要是由于该反应能够产生六元环结构,可以一步反应得到具有四个立体中心的产物,从而大大增加分子的复杂性。这种特殊的转化已广泛应用于复杂天然产物的合成、药物化学以及材料科学等领域。近十年,大量天然生物酶(如SpnF、MaDA等)被发现可用于体外单独催化D-A反应,同时,大量的非酶催化剂(如路易斯酸、过渡金属与配体复合物等)也被应用于催化D-A反应。本文主要从D-A反应催化剂的类型分类,对近年来天然酶、酸、过渡金属、电催化等参与的D-A反应进行简要概述,同时对催化剂所存在的问题和局限性进行总结,并对今后发展做了展望。     

复合仿生催化体系的构建与高效有氧氧化芳基烷烃

直接活化氧气氧化碳氢化合物是件挑战性的研究工作。根据生物酶很容易在温和条件下实现上述反应,以Keggin-型杂多酸[CuPW_(11)O_(39)]5-(简写为CuPW_(11))与金属-有机框架材料HKUST-1形成的复合材料Cu PW_(11)@HKUST-1为催化剂,以N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺为助催化剂,构建模拟酶催化氧化反应体系。其中,CuPW_(11)@HKUST-1中的杂多酸作为氧化还原中心,N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺作为电子供体。该复合模拟酶催化体系在催化活化氧气氧化芳基烷烃的反应中表现出了类似生物酶催化的性质,具有反应条件温和、转化率高、转化数高和选择性高等特点,其中产物产率与转化数分别高达99%和17700,为实现在温和条件下高效活化氧气氧化惰性有机物分子提供了一条切实可行的路线。     

细胞色素P450 Kemp消除酶的改造及新型催化机制解析（英文）

传统的Kemp消除反应可以通过氢氧化钾和三烷基胺等碱性物质,催化底物苯并异恶唑开环生成产物2-氰基苯酚.三十年来, Kemp消除反应一直被用作模式反应来设计或定向进化新型生物酶催化剂,从而揭示未知的酶催化机制的复杂性,增强对酶催化机制的理解.目前科研人员使用不同的蛋白作为骨架设计能够高效催化Kemp消除反应的人工酶.例如Hilvert及Mayo等基于人工酶HG3.17,设计获得了Kemp消除酶,可以催化5-硝基苯并异恶唑生成产物2-氰基-4-硝基苯酚.通过17轮定向进化获得的最终突变体展现出与天然酶相近的催化活性(k_cat/K_m=230000 L mol^-1 s^-1; k_cat=700 s^-1).该研究不仅表明蛋白质工程可以进化出高效的生物酶,量子力学/分子力学(QM/MM)分析还揭示了突变体催化活性提高的分子机制.与酸碱催化的Kemp消除反应不同,最近Korendovych等报道以肌红蛋白作为骨架基于氧化还原机制的Kemp消除反应,通过开发一种独特的基于...     

过渡金属催化醇与胺有氧脱水反应及相关研究进展

与其他胺和酰胺衍生物的合成方法相比,过渡金属催化醇与各类胺和酰胺的脱水N-烷基化反应是一种相对绿色、原子经济性较高的方法,一般被称为"借氢"或"氢自动转移"反应及其方法学.近年来,在空气氛围下过渡金属催化醇与胺和酰胺的有氧脱水N-烷基化反应,可使用更稳定的金属催化剂、可在无配体、空气等更温和简单的条件下进行,也引起了人们的极大关注.主要介绍近年来过渡金属催化下醇与胺和酰胺在空气或者氧化剂作用下构建C—N,C=N键合成胺和酰胺衍生物以及亚胺类化合物的有氧脱水反应进展情况,同时也对相关有氧脱水C-烷基化反应进行简单介绍.相关反应的机理研究也将作适当讨论.     

末端炔烃二聚反应合成共轭烯炔的研究进展

综述了不同催化体系催化末端炔烃二聚反应合成共轭烯炔化合物的研究进展. 其中催化体系主要包括过渡金属配合物、镧系和锕系金属配合物、第三主族元素配合物以及有机催化剂. 实验结果表明: 不同催化体系对末端炔烃二聚反应的选择性控制有影响, 尤其是区域选择性(头-头二聚或头-尾二聚).     

Cooperative catalysis: Condensation-aromatization for synthesis of 2-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-benzimidazole by silica immobilized Brønsted-Lewis acidic ionic liquid (Si-BLAIL)

Herein, pleasing the advantageous of both Brønsted and Lewis acidic site of Si-BLAIL the condensation-aromatization reaction has been carried out. The striking distinctiveness of work is optimum reaction condition, easy work-up, high yield, catalyst recyclability, non-inertness of reaction flask, simple catalyst loading method. The decreases in the amount of catalyst and reaction time shows good to high (71%–93%) yield suggests about the involvement of some interesting mechanism such as cooperative catalysis. The mechanism has been hypothesizes as, the Si-BLAIL increase the efficiency of condensation reaction possibly by providing the proton in 2-position of cationic imidazolium ring of BLAIL through the hydrogen bond interaction with carbonyl group and nucleophilic activation during aromatization by hydrogen bond acceptor ability of Lewis adduct anion of BLAIL. The catalyst Si-BLAIL shows massive affirm for industrial applications. The Si-BLAIL has identified as the best acid catalyst for 2-(4-nitrophenyl) benzimidazole synthesis with additional benefits of cooperative catalysis.     

Cooperative Light-Activated Iodine and Photoredox Catalysis for the Amination of C −H Bonds

An unprecedented method that makes use of the cooperative interplay between molecular iodine and photoredox catalysis has been developed for dual light-activated intramolecular benzylic C−H amination. Iodine serves as the catalyst for the formation of a new C−N bond by activating a remote C −H bond (1,5-HAT process) under visible-light irradiation while the organic photoredox catalyst TPT effects the reoxidation of the molecular iodine catalyst. To explain the compatibility of the two involved photochemical steps, the key N−I bond activation was elucidated by computational methods. The new cooperative catalysis has important implications for the combination of non-metallic main-group catalysis with photocatalysis.     

聚乙烯负载氮叶立德催化的二氢呋喃衍生物的高选择性合成

利用（O-NX）TiCl3非茂聚烯烃催化剂实现了乙烯和4-(10-十一烯)-吡啶的共聚合反应,成功将吡啶基团负载在聚乙烯上,在5mol%负载的吡啶和1mol%卟啉铁的催化作用下,此聚合物作为负载型催化剂可以高效地催化重氮化合物与双拉电子Michael受体的反应,高产率、高非对映选择性地得到二氢呋喃衍生物. 催化剂至少可以回收3次,反应收率均大于90%. 该催化反应具有分离和纯化方便、催化剂可回收利用、催化剂无挥发性的特点.     

乙酸苄酯合成中接枝型三相相转移催化剂的活性及催化反应动力学

采用"接出(grafting from)"方式,将苯乙烯(St)接枝聚合在微米级硅胶表面,然后对接枝的聚苯乙烯进行了氯甲基化(CM)反应,制得了氯甲基聚苯乙烯/硅胶微粒(CMPS/SiO2);使三丁胺与三苯基膦分别与CMPS大分子链上的苄氯基团发生季铵化与季鏻化反应,分别制得了固载有季铵盐与季鏻盐的接枝微粒QN-PSt/SiO2与QP-PSt/SiO2,即制得了两种接枝型三相相转移催化剂.将该催化剂用于苄氯与乙酸钠合成乙酸苄酯的相转移催化反应,并重点考察了催化剂的活性与催化动力学.实验结果表明,两种接枝型三相相转移催化剂QN-PSt/SiO2与QP-PSt/SiO2对乙酸苄酯的合成都具有明显的催化活性,在液-固-液之间可有效地实现反应物种乙酸根的转移;两者相比,季鏻盐型的催化剂QP-PSt/SiO2的催化活性更高;当水相中乙酸钠用量大大过量时,在有机相中苄氯与乙酸根的反应属准一级反应;两个相转移反应体系相比,以QP-PSt/SiO2为催化剂时反应的表观活化能更低.     

Exploiting the Multidentate Nature of Chiral Disulfonimides in a Multicomponent Reaction for the Asymmetric Synthesis of Pyrrolo[1,2‐a]indoles: A Remarkable Case of Enantioinversion

A new multicomponent coupling reaction for the enantioselective synthesis of pyrrolo[1,2‐a]indoles under the catalysis of a chiral disulfonimide is described. The high specificity of the reaction is a consequence of the multidentate character of the Brønsted acid catalyst. Insights from DFT calculations helped explain the unexpected high enantioselectivity observed with the simplest 3,3′‐unsubstituted binaphthyl catalyst as a result of transition‐state stabilization by a network of cooperative noncovalent interactions. The remarkable enantioinversion resulting from the simple introduction of substituents at 3‐ and 3′‐positions, the first reported example of this phenomenon in the context of binaphthalene‐derived Brønsted acid catalysis, was instead attributed to destabilizing steric interactions.     

低温等离子体催化消除炭烟的研究进展

利用低温等离子体的非热力学平衡特性,在较低温度下将氧气分子转化为活性氧物种,从而将炭烟氧化消除,其炭烟消除速率和CO₂选择性等受等离子体放电结构、能量密度、反应气氛和催化剂的影响。本文对低温等离子体氧化消除炭烟的研究进展进行了总结,探讨反应器结构、能量密度、气相组成及催化剂对低温等离子体催化消除炭烟性能的影响规律,总结低温等离子体与催化剂协同催化机理的研究进展,分析低温等离子体与催化剂协同催化消除炭烟的主要挑战和发展趋势。     

The adequacy of the observed kinetic order in catalyst and the differential selectivity patterns to the hypothesis of the cooperative mechanism of catalysis of the Suzuki—Miyaura reaction

The generally accepted mechanism of the Suzuki—Miyaura reaction suggests a sequential activation of the substrate (aryl halide) and the reagent (arylboronic acid) by a palladium catalyst with the formation of unsymmetric biaryl as a result of a single turnover of the catalytic cycle, i.e., it is linear from the kinetic point of view. At the same time, the use of an unconventional kinetic approach based on the analysis of the differential selectivity of the reaction, rather than the regularities of catalytic activity, indicates the inadequacy of the linear mechanism, that is consistent with the hypothesis of a nonlinear (the so-called cooperative) mechanism of catalysis, in which the product is formed as a result of the substrate and reagent activation by two different palladium-containing intermediates in two parallel catalytic cycles. The experimentally observed low kinetic orders of the Suzuki—Miyaura reaction with respect to the concentration of the palladium catalyst precursor under the ligand-free conditions of catalysis are also consistent with the cooperative mechanism and can be due to the changes in the relative amount of the catalyst in two parallel catalytic cycles and/or to the process of catalyst deactivation.

     

Ferric Perchlorate Catalyzed One‐pot Synthesis of 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydro‐2‐pyrimidinones and ‐thiones: an Expedient Protocol for the Biginelli Reaction

An efficient synthesis of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-pyrimidinones and -thiones using ferric perchlorate as the catalyst from an aldehyde, ethyl acetoacetate, and urea or thiourea in acetonitrile was described. Compared to the classical Biginelli reaction conditions, this new method consistently has the advantage of full catalysis, good yields and short reaction time.     

Cooperative Trifunctional Organocatalysts for Proficient Proton Transfer Reactions

Cooperativity is essential to proficient catalysis, and designing biomimetic, cooperative catalysis is a major avenue to finding new and efficient chemical reactions with practical applications. One challenge in designed cooperative catalysis is to access high catalytic proficiency (large enhancement in both rate and enantioselectivity) as seen in biocatalysis. Here described is an approach of developing and investigating trifunctional organocatalysts with three distinct catalytic functionalities, in order to understand how cooperativity could be organized for enantioselective activation that confers the observed proficiency in a tandem Michael‐aldol‐proton transfer elimination model reaction. This in future may assist in finding not just cooperative but also regulated catalysis to expand the level of catalytic complexity and efficiency in biomimetic systems.