Phytochemical profiling,in vitro biological activities,and in-silico molecular docking studies of Typha domingensis

A comparative study between methanolic extract and n-hexane fraction of Typha domingensis (Typhaceae) was conducted for the evaluation of phytochemical potential, in vitro biological activities, and in-silico molecular docking studies. The phytochemical composition was estimated by total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, and by GC–MS analysis. Several biological activities were performed such as antioxidant assays (ABTS, FRAP, DPPH, & CUPRAC), enzyme inhibition activity (Tyrosinase, Acetylcholinesterase & Butyrylcholinesterase), thrombolytic activity, and antimicrobial activity (antibacterial & antiviral) to evaluate the medicinal importance of Typha domingensis. The results of the comparative study showed that methanolic extract has more total phenolic and total flavonoid contents (95.72 ± 5.76 mg GAE/g, 131.66 ± 7.92 mg QE/g, respectively) as compared to n-hexane fraction which confirms its maximum antioxidant potential (ABTS 114.31 ± 8.17, FRAP 116.84 ± 3.01, DPPH 283.54 ± 7.3 & CUPRAC 284.16 ± 6.5 mg TE/g). In the case of in vitro enzyme inhibition study and thrombolytic activity, better results were observed for methanolic extract. Almost similar antimicrobial patterns were observed for both methanolic extract and n-hexane fraction of Typha domingensis. The major bioactive phytochemicals identified by GC–MS were further analyzed for in-silico molecular docking studies to determine the binding affinity between ligands and the enzymes. The docking study indicated that most of the bioactive compounds showed a better binding affinity with enzymes as compared to the standard compounds (kojic acid & galantamine). The results of this study recommended that Typha domingensis has promising pharmaceutical importance and it should be further analyzed for the isolation of bioactive phytochemicals which may be useful for the treatment of several diseases.     

Anti-pathogenic,anti-diabetic,anti-inflammatory,antioxidant, and wound healing efficacy of Datura metel L. leaves

Datura metel L. is an important medicinal plant of Solanaceae family which has extensive pharmacological properties. The present investigation was aimed to identify the presence of phytoconstituents and assess in vitro antibacterial, anti-biofilm, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cytotoxicity, and wound healing efficacy of D. metel leaves extract. Among different solvent extracts, methanolic extract showed higher amount of phenolic (124.61 ± 0.68 mg GAE/g), alkaloid (88.77 ± 1.01 mg AE/g), flavonoids (42.24 ± 0.18 mg QE/g), and tannins contents (38.72 ± 0.51 mg GAE/g). The extract exhibited not only significantly (P < 0.05) different antibacterial activities against pathogens tested but also showed maximum biofilm inhibition of 94, 88, and 92% against B. subtilis, MRSA, and E. coli, respectively. Anti-diabetic assay depicted 22.55 ± 0.62–79.41 ± 1.13% and 24.31 ± 1.47–72.59 ± 0.22% of α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition abilities of methanolic extract, respectively at varied concentrations. The methanolic extract showed potential anti-inflammatory effect (P < 0.05) by showing 28.11 ± 0.13, 34.94 ± 1.11, 55.73 ± 0.42, 73.28 ± 0.72, and 92.62 ± 1.33% of inhibition of protein denaturation at different concentrations with an IC₅₀ value of 52.45 µg/mL. The extract revealed significant (P < 0.05) rate of ABTS scavenging, DPPH degradation, and reducing power assay in a concentration dependent manner. The cytotoxicity assay was demonstrated on L929 mouse fibroblast cell line and found > 90% of cell viability in the presence of methanolic extract, thereby indicating its non-toxicity effect. Wound healing assay indicated that methanolic extract at 50 µg/mL closed 100% of wound gap after 24 h with high rate of migration and proliferation. Furthermore, GC–MS chromatogram revealed the presence of several components in methanolic extract, including neophytadiene, hexadecanoic acid, and hentriacontane as principal phytoconstituents. In conclusion, methanolic extract of D. metel leaves could be used as potent therapeutic agent not only for treating metabolic diseases but also superficial chronic diabetic wounds.     

Phytochemical,antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory,thrombolytic, antibacterial,antiviral and in silico studies of Acacia jacquemontii leaves

The main objective of this work was to gain insight into biological propensities, and bioactive phytochemicals of Acacia jacquemontii Benth, a wild plant providing medicinal components, as well as to establish a link between its phytochemical profile and biological activities. Phytochemical profiling revealed the presence of a higher amount of total phenolic (271.44 ± 4.41 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid contents (216.47 ± 5.82 mg QE/g) in methanolic extract (MEAJ), and as compared to n-hexane fraction (HEAJ) and stronger biological activities of MEAJ were possibly linked to the higher bioactive contents. The freshly collected plant leaves showed a strong antioxidant potential (total antioxidant capacity 1.03 ± 0.19 mmol TE/g), which was found even stronger in dried methanolic extract (TAC; 4.36 ± 1.12 mmol TE/g), moreover, MEAJ also showed strong antioxidant potential when investigated by different antioxidant assays (DPPH; 154.04 ± 2.47, ABTS; 122.36 ± 0.80, FRAP; 453.18 ± 5.9, CUPRAC; 1389.97 ± 5.32 mg TE/g). The MEAJ showed good tyrosinase inhibition activity (71.69 %), compared with 83 % inhibition by kojic acid. Ten major compounds identified by GC–MS were docked and eight legends showed lower binding energies (-6 to ?7.8 kcal/mol) compared with kojic acid (-5.9 kcal/mol), which shows the possible role of these compounds in the anti-tyrosinase activity of the extract, and the ADMET analysis predicted the drug-likeness and safety profile of the studied compounds. The thrombolytic effect of MEAJ was 56.41 ± 0.75 to 57.15 ± 1.41 % which was comparable with streptokinase (82.44 ± 1.15 to 84.14 ± 0.95 %). Antibacterial activity of MEAJ was also good (MEAJ; 0.5–2.0 mg/mL, and co-amoxiclav; 5.0–12.5 µg/mL), and the highest activity was observed against Bacillus subtilis (MEAJ; 0.5 mg/mL, co-amoxiclav; 5.0 µg/mL). The antiviral activity of MEAJ was highly strong (HA titer; 00 to 08) against all the tested strains. It can be concluded that A. jacquemontii is a prospective source of phytochemicals with strong biological activities, and their usage in formulations of natural products and pharmaceuticals is recommended, however, further research may address the discovery and development of novel drugs for the pharmaceutical industry.     

Cytotoxicity of new secondary metabolites,fatty acids and tocols composition of seeds of Ducrosia anethifolia (DC.) Boiss

Two new monoterpene Ducrosin A (1) and sesquiterpene Ducrosin B (2) were isolated along with three known compounds, stigmasterol (3) and two furanocoumarins (4 and 5), from the dichloromethane extract of the seeds of Ducrosia anethifolia (DC.) Boiss. Their structures were determined using extensive 1D and 2D NMR, (ES)-HRMS and IR spectroscopic analyses and by comparison with literature data. Gas chromatography analysis of the fatty acids (FAs) of D. anethifolia seed oils (DAOs) showed high percentages of elaidic acid (C18:1 Δ9t) 65% and oleic acid (C18:1 Δ9c) 15%. The total tocopherol (tocols) content in DAOs was found to be 164 mg/100 g. The cytotoxic effect of the isolates was also evaluated using the MTT assay against the HCT-116 and SKOV-3 cell lines. The results showed that compound 2 was the most cytotoxic agent followed by compounds 1 and 4, which has an epoxide moiety that most likely contributes to its activity.     

α-glucosidase inhibitory,antioxidant activity,and GC/MS analysis of Descurainia sophia methanolic extract: In vitro,in vivo,and in silico studies

Due to the presence of various phenolic compounds in D.sophia, this plant may have an inhibitory effect on α-Glc and ultimately diabetes control. Therefore, this work aims to scrutinize total phenolic, flavonoid contents, antioxidant capacity, and α-Glc inhibitory activity in aerial parts of methanolic D.sophia extract. The methanolic flower extracts were selected from among aerial parts for the experimental study of anti-diabetic effects by α-Glc inhibitory assays. The flower extracts were also studied by GC/MS to detect the compounds. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were 21.38 ± 0.93 GAE/g and 96.2 ± 0.20 QE/g, respectively. The IC₅₀ value of flower extract for α-Glc inhibition with mixed (Competitive/non-competitive) mode was found to be 20.34 ± 0.11 mg/ml. Furthermore, in-vivo studies showed that the blood glucose level reduced after consumption of flower extract compared to the control group. Twenty-one compounds were identified by GC/MS technique. These compounds were assessed for high docking scores against α-Glc in silico. Docking score calculations exhibited that the DES-α-Glc complex had a significantly higher binding energy (-6.13 Kcal/mol) than other compounds. The DES-α-Glc complex which displayed a higher docking energy value than the ACR was subjected to MDs studies. The findings of this study suggest that the flower extract of D.sophia can be used as a suitable additive in syrups or foods with anti-diabetic capacity.     

Total phenolic and flavonoid contents,antioxidant, antidiabetic and antiplasmodial activities of Garcinia forbesii King: A correlation study

Garcinia forbesii King belongs to Clusiaceae is a source of secondary metabolites especially xanthones with various biological activities. G. forbesii King is also known for its empirical use for malaria and diabetes. This study investigated the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, in vitro antioxidant, antidiabetic and antiplasmodial activities of four extracts attained from the stem bark of G. forbesii King. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by spectrophotometric methods and antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP assays. In vitro antidiabetic activity was assessed by α-glucosidase and α-amylase assays and antiplasmodial activity was studied against chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium falciparum strain 3D7. The highest value of total phenolic (187.37 ± 0.06 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (35.97 ± 0.02 mg QE/g) contents were recorded in n-hexane and methanolic extracts. n-Hexane extract showed the highest DPPH activity with IC₅₀ of 8.12 ± 0.02 μg/mL. Ethyl acetate extract exhibited better scavenging ability for ABTS with IC₅₀ of 3.88 ± 0.04 μg/mL. The FRAP assay showed better activity in methanol extract with an inhibition value of 73.68 ± 3.66 µM Fe²⁺/g. The strong inhibition against α-glucosidase and α-amylase were displayed by dichloromethane extract with IC₅₀ of 35.13 ± 2.01 μg/mL and 4.83 ± 0.20 μg/mL. n-Hexane and methanol extracts showed significant antiplasmodial activity with IC₅₀ of 0.23 ± 0.01 μg/mL and 0.73 ± 0.01 μg/mL, respectively. The correlation analysis indicated a positive relationship of total phenolic and flavonoid contents with antiplasmodial activity. The results revealed that n-hexane and methanol extracts could be used as a potential natural antiplasmodial, while dichloromethane extract is a promising natural antidiabetic.     

Spectral characterization of the bioactive principles and antibacterial properties of cold methanolic extract of Olea europaea from the Hail region of Saudi Arabia

This work aimed to identify the bioactive constituents and antibacterial activity of a cold methanolic extract of Olea europaea leaves. GC–MS analysis of the cold methanolic extract of the leaves of O. europaea L. revealed several unique bioactive compounds, including 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, n-hexadecanoic acid, 9-octadecenamide, (Z)-, hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester, squalene, 2-(2-Hydroxy-2-phenylethyl)-3,5,6-trimethylpyrazine, Benzoic acid, 4-formyl-, methyl ester, 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol, Vitamin E etc. The FT-IR spectrum revealed distinct fingerprint regions at 3313, 2943, 2831, 1662, 1590, 1449, 1300, 1111, and 1020 cm^?1. The fingerprinting region is associated with the presence of several bioactive chemicals as determined by GC–MS analyses. The methanolic extract of O. europaea leaves revealed a broader spectrum of antibacterial activity. On the other hand, the spectrum of activity was substantially narrower than that of standard ciprofloxacin discs.     

New mechanistic insights on Justicia vahlii Roth: UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and GC–MS based metabolomics,in-vivo,in-silico toxicological,antioxidant based anti-inflammatory and enzyme inhibition evaluation

Justicia vahlii Roth. (acanthaceae) is an important medicinal food plant used in pain relief and topical inflammation. The present study aimed to evaluate phytochemical composition, toxicity, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and enzyme inhibition potential of n-butanol extract of J. vahlii (BEJv). The extract prepared through maceration was found rich in total phenolic contents (TPC) 196.08 ± 6.01 mg of Gallic acid equivalent (mg GAE/g DE) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) 59.08 ± 1.32 mg of Rutin equivalent (mg RE/g DE). The UPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis of BEJv showed tentative identification of 87 compounds and 19 compounds were detected in GC–MS analysis. The HPLC-PDA quantification showed the presence of 14 polyphenols amongst which kaempferol (3.45 ± 0.21 µg/ mL DE) and ferulic acid (2.31 ± 1.30 µg/ mL DE) were found in highest quantity. The acute oral toxicity study revealed the safety and biocompatibility of the extract up to 3000 mg/kg in mice. There was no effect of BEJv on human normal liver cells (HL 7702) and very low cytotoxic effect on liver cancer cells (HepG2) and breast cancer cells (MCF-7). In anti-inflammatory evaluation, the BEJv treated groups showed significant inhibition (p < 0.001) of late phase carrageenan induced paw edema at 400 mg/kg and increased the levels of oxidative stress markers; catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) while decreased the inflammatory markers; interleukin-1beta (IL-β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in paw tissue of mice. BEJv displayed highest results in Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay 97. 21 ± 2.34 mg TE (trolox equivalent)/g DE, and highest activity 3.32 ± 0.31 mmol ACAE (acarbose equivalent)/g D.E against α-glucosidase. Docking study showed good docking score by the tested compounds against the various clinically significant enzymes. Conclusively the current study unveiled J. vahlii as novel non-toxic source with good antioxidant-mediated anti-inflammatory potential which strongly back the traditional use of the species in pain and inflammation.     

Phytochemical,Antimicrobial, Antidiabetic,Thrombolytic, anticancer Activities,and in silico studies of Ficus palmata Forssk

Ficus palmata Forssk. (Moraceae family) is medicinally valuable plant that is mostly used as folk medicine for the treatment of different diseases. Phytochemical composition was evaluated by preliminary phytochemical investigation, GCMS analysis, and total bioactive contents (TPC and TFC). The antioxidant, enzyme inhibition, antimicrobial, thrombolytic and anticancer activities were performed for biological evaluation. The extract exhibited the maximum total phenolic (49.24 ± 1.21 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid contents (29.9 ± 1.13 mg QE/g) which may be correlated to higher antioxidant potential of extract. The GCMS investigation identified the presence of 27 phytocompounds of different classes related to aldehydes, esters of fatty acids, triterpenes, steroids, triterpenoid. The extract possessed the strong α-glucosidase (73.4 ± 4.65 %) and moderate α-amylase inhibition activity (47.1 ± 3.29 %). Significant results were observed in case of antiviral, antifungal, and antibacterial activities. F. palmata extract inhibited the growth of HepG2 cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. The extract also exhibited moderate in vitro thrombolytic activity. In addition, the phytocompounds identified by GCMS were subjected to in silico molecular docking studies to analyze the binding affinity between phytocompounds and enzymes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase). Moreover, the best docked compounds were selected for ADMET studies which provide information about pharmacokinetics, physicochemical properties, drug-likeness, and toxicity of identified phytocompounds. The outcome of our research revealed that ethanolic extract of F. palmata possessed good antidiabetic, antimicrobial, thrombolytic and anticancer potential. This plant should be further explored to isolate the bioactive compounds for new drug development.     

Bioprospecting Dodonaea viscosa Jacq.; a traditional medicinal plant for antioxidant,cytotoxic, antidiabetic and antimicrobial potential

Purpose of studyDodonaea viscosa Jacq. is an ethnomedicinal plant that has been extensively used for the treatment of gout, rheumatism and pain. Current study was undertaken to mine its antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and antidiabetic potential. Chromogenic assays were employed to establish plant’s multimode antioxidant profile whereas HPLC fingerprinting was performed to quantify polyphenols. Standard brine shrimp lethality, MTT and SRB assays proved its cytotoxicity potential.ResultsAmong all the extracts (flower, leaf, stem and root), maximum extract recovery (22% w/w), gallic acid equivalent total phenolic content (20.11 ± 0.11 ug GAE/mg DW), ascorbic acid equivalent total antioxidant capacity (22.5 ± 0.07 µg/mg DW) and total reducing power (31.1 ± 1.13 µg/mg DW) were recorded in the distilled water + acetone extract of leaf. The acetone extract of leaf showed maximum quercetin equivalent total flavonoid content (4.78 ± 0.13 µg/mg DW). HPLC-DAD analysis revealed significant amount of rutin, vanillic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, syringic acid, cinnamic acid, gentisic acid, catechin, caffeic acid, apigenin and myricetin in the different plant parts. Maximum scavenging potential was exhibited by methanol + ethyl acetate stem extract (IC₅₀ = 23.8 µg/ml). The highest antibacterial potential was found in flower (85.7%) and root (71.4%) extracts. The ethanol + ethyl acetate (1:1) leaf extract showed noteworthy toxicity against brine shrimps (LC₅₀ = 95.46 µg/ml) while a notable antiproliferative activity against THP-1 (IC₅₀ = 3.4 µg/ml) and Hep G2 (IC₅₀ = 20 µg/ml) cell lines was shown by ethanol + ethyl acetate extracts (1:1) of stem and root, respectively. A moderate inhibition of α-amylase enzyme was observed in all parts of the plant.ConclusionThe results of the present study suggest D. viscosa as a potential source of antioxidant, anticancer and α-amylase inhibitory phytochemicals.     

Phenolic composition,antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth., Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl) A. Gray,and Crossopteryx febrifuga (Afzel.) Benth

Medicinal plants from Chad grow under special climatic conditions in between the equatorial forest of Central Africa and the desert of North Africa and are understudied. Three medicinal plants from Chad (T. diversifolia, P. Biglobosa and C. Febrifuga) were evaluated for their phenolic composition, antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activities. The total phenolic composition varied from 203.19 ± 0.58 mg GAE/g DW in the ethyl acetate extract of P. biglobosa, to 56.41 ± 0.89 mg GAE/g DW in the methanol extract of C. febrifuga while the total flavonoid content varied from 51.85 ± 0.91 mg QE/g DW in the methanol extract of P. biglobosa to 08.56 ± 0.25 mg QE/g DW in the methanol extract of C. febrifuga. HPLC-DAD revealed that rutin, gallic acid and protocatechuic acid were the most abundant phenolics in T. diversifolia, P. Biglobosa and C. Febrifuga respectively. The antioxidant activity assayed by five different methods revealed very good activity especially in the DPPH^?, ABTS^?+ and CUPRAC assays where the extracts were more active than the standard compounds used. Good inhibition was exhibited against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) with methanol (IC₅₀: 15.63 ± 0.72 µg/mL), ethyl acetate (IC₅₀: 16.20 ± 0.67 µg/mL) extracts of P. biglobosa, and methanol (IC₅₀: 21.53 ± 0.65 µg/mL) and ethyl acetate (IC₅₀: 30.81 ± 0.48 µg/mL) extracts of T. diversifolia showing higher inhibition than galantamine (IC₅₀: 42.20 ± 0.44 µg/mL) against BChE. Equally, good inhibition was shown on α-amylase and α-glucosidase. On the α-glucosidase, the ethyl acetate (IC₅₀ = 12.47 ± 0.61 µg/mL) and methanol extracts (IC₅₀ = 16.51 ± 0.18 µg/mL) of P. biglobosa showed higher activity compared to the standard acarbose (IC₅₀ = 17.35 ± 0.71 µg/mL) and on α-amylase, the ethyl acetate (IC₅₀ = 13.50 ± 0.90 µg/mL) and methanol (IC₅₀ = 18.12 ± 0.33 µg/mL) extracts of P. biglobosa showed higher activity compared to acarbose (IC₅₀ = 23.84 ± 0.25 µg/mL). The results indicate that these plants are good sources of antioxidant phenolics and can be used to manage oxidative stress linked illnesses such as Alzheimer’s disease and diabetes.     

Chemical profiling of Aristolochia tagala Cham. leaf extracts by GC-MS analysis and evaluation of its antibacterial activity

Aristolochia tagala Cham. (Aristolochiaceae) is an underexplored medicinal plant traditionally used to treat snakebites, stomachaches, and poisonous bites. In this study, chemical profiling of the petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, and hydro-alcoholic extracts of the plant was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The antibacterial activity of the plant was tested against ten bacterial strains using the agar disc diffusion and microdilution method. In total, forty two compounds were identified from the extracts with neophytadiene, palmitic acid, phytol, trans-δ9-octadecenoic acid, phytyl palmitate, phytyl tetradecanoate, ergost-5-en-3-ol, (3beta,24r)-,z,z-8,10-hexadecadien-1-ol, stigmasterol, and tetrapentacontane as major phytoconstituents. The hydro-alcoholic extract possessed maximum total phenolics (52.58 ± 06 mg GAE/g), total flavonoids (48.66 ± 91 QRE/g), total flavanols (67.20 ± 64 QRE/g) and vitamin E content (31.26 ± 0.05 mg ATE/g). For antibacterial activity, hydro-alcoholic extract of Aristolochia tagala effectively controlled the growth of bacterial strains such as Proteus valgaris (26.3 mm) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19.33 mm) and the same extract showed notable minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against the growth of bacteria like Escherichia coli (10.93 μg/ml) and Enterobacter aerogenes (43.7 μg/ml). It was determined that, hydro-alcoholic and methanolic extracts Aristolochia tagala leaf found to have a number of bioactive compounds with significant antibacterial activity against the pathogenic bacteria. Further investigations are necessary to isolate and characterize bioactives and to evaluate its therapeutic potential.     

Molecular docking of phenolic compounds and screening of antioxidant and antidiabetic potential of Olea europaea L. Ethanolic leaves extract

Oxidative stress has a crucial role in diabetic pathophysiology, therefore consuming naturally derived antioxidants as a remedial target. This study examines the naturally occurring antioxidant and antidiabetic of Olea europaea L. ethanolic leaves extract. Olea europaea L. leaves were macerated (OLE) by using absolute ethanol. Phytochemical and physiochemical analysis of OLE was screened using standard methods. The antioxidant effects were examined by DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil) radical scavenging assay. In vitro antidiabetic was assayed by α-amylase enzyme inhibition study. Ethanolic extraction of OLE by maceration technique, 10% yield. Loss on drying, foreign organic matters and total ash value of OLE showed 2%, 0.2% and 16.5%, respectively. Phytochemical test on OLE confirmed saponin, flavonoid, glycoside, tannin, phenol and carbohydrate presences. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of OLE is 490 mg GAE/g and 855 mg RUE/g of extract, respectively. OLE (IC₅₀ 38.37 ± 0.26 µg/ml) showed functional DPPH scavenging assay comparable to ascorbic acid (IC₅₀ 30.37 ± 0.17 µg/ml). In the alpha-amylase inhibitory activity, Acarbose showed an IC₅₀ value of 20.06 ± 0.19 µg/ml, while OLE portrayed an IC₅₀ value of 37.99 ± 0.15 µg/ml. The kinetic studies revealed that all samples at high concentrations reacted within a very short time, and a steady state was reached almost immediately. The lowest concentration showed slow kinetic behaviour implied longer periods before the constant state was reached. Molecular docking studies evidenced that most of the phenolic compounds of OLE interact with the active site of Human pancreatic α-amylase through the hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction confirming the alpha-amylase inhibitory effect. The results suggest that Olea europaea L. has been a conceivable natural bioactive source as an antioxidant and an antidiabetic agent.     

Assessment on in vitro medicinal properties and chemical composition analysis of Solanum virginianum dried fruits

The study was aimed to screen the presence of phytoconstituents and determine distinct in vitro medicinal traits of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Solanum virginianum dried fruits. Aqueous and ethanolic extract showed total phenolic content of 207.5 ± 0.16 and 268.4 ± 0.42 GAE/mg, respectively. Likewise, total flavonoid content of 50.12 ± 0.39 and 192.88 ± 0.27 QE/mg was estimated for the aqueous and ethanolic extract, respectively. In vitro antibacterial, antioxidant, α-amylase inhibition, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer attributes of extracts were assessed using standard protocols. The antibacterial traits of both the extracts were assessed against certain pathogenic bacteria which exhibited maximum zone of inhibition of 22.3 ± 0.6 mm against Staphylococcus aureus. Antioxidant tests showed not only significant scavenging of DPPH, superoxide, hydroxyl, and ABTS^●+ radicals but also estimated ferric reducing power and phosphomolybdenum reduction activities of extracts in a concentration dependent manner. The aqueous extract (54.12 ± 0.44–86.80 ± 0.27%) depicted higher rate of α-amylase inhibition than ethanolic extract (23.07 ± 0.47–81.61 ± 0.43%) at distinct concentrations. Similarly, the aqueous extract protected the haemolysis (46.19 ± 0.14–66.21 ± 0.17%) effectively as compared to the ethanolic extract (12.67 ± 0.19–38.03 ± 0.41%). The aqueous and ethanolic extract showed cytotoxicity against HepG2 cell lines in the range of 32.23 ± 0.34–54.82 ± 0.26% and 49.25 ± 0.38–73.2 ± 0.3%, respectively. Additionally, the GC–MS analysis confirmed the availability of total 15 predominant bioactive constituents in both extracts. Findings of this context indicated pronounced applications of S. virginianum fruits as future therapeutic.     

Integration of in silico and in vitro approaches to evaluate antioxidant and anticancer properties of Tribulus terrestris extracts

Plants have been found useful in treating many human diseases caused by bacteria and viruses. The ability to synthesize compounds by plant secondary metabolism makes them an invaluable source of pharmaceutical and therapeutic products. The present study was designed to evaluate the phytochemical constituents, antioxidant, and anticancer activities of Tribulus terrestris seed extracts on HepG2 cell lines. TPC and TFC contents were 51 ± 0.7 mg GAE/g and 66.5 ± 0.4 mg QE/g, respectively. The antioxidant profile of the T. terrestris revealed that all the extracts have antioxidant potential and display the highest antiradical behavior in the pattern of methanolic > acetonic > chloroform > n-hexane, through DPPH, FRAP, OH radical scavenging, and NO radical scavenging assays. The antioxidant activity explored at the cellular level against H₂O₂-induced DNA damage showed a dose-dependent antioxidant effect of T. terrestris. Moreover, the methanolic extracts of all plant extracts showed notable thrombolytic potentials, the percentage of clot lysis accounted for T. terrestris was 33%, 27%, 17%, and 6% which indicated the significant clot lysis of methanolic and acetonic extracts in contrast to positive and negative standards. The genotoxicity was assessed through comet assay which exposed that T. terrestris at a low dose (0.5 mg/mL) is considered to be safe for effective treatment. MTT assay using HepG2 cell lines revealed that the highest tested concentration i.e., 100 μg/mL of the methanolic extract resulted in 86% cell viability compared to the control group. In silico study, from 14 selected compounds, three compounds, Heptacosane, Apiol, and Palmitic acid showed an affinity with target protein 51X0. The present findings may serve as a guideline for the standardization and validation of natural drugs containing the T. terrestris as an ingredient.     

Polyphenolic characterization and evaluation of multimode antioxidant,cytotoxic, biocompatibility and antimicrobial potential of selected ethno-medicinal plant extracts

IntroductionScientific evidence about biological profile of natural products can support their traditional uses. The current work was aimed to assess phytochemical and biological profile of nine medicinal plants collected from Herbalists.MethodsExtracts prepared in different solvents were subjected to phytochemical, antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities. Reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) analysis was performed for the quantification of polyphenols.ResultsResults showed methanol extract (M) being potent as compared to others. Gentian lutea M showed maximum extract recovery (15.00 ± 0.11 % w/w) and TFC (30.82 ± 0.21 μg QE/mg extract). Nigella sativa M displayed highest TPC (44.99 ± 0.43 μg GAE/mg extract) and TAC (334.72 ± 0.35 μg AAE/ mg extract). Results showed noteworthy quantities of vanillic acid, rutin, kaempferol, emodin in ethyl acetate (EA) and methanol (M) extracts of plants assessed by RP-HPLC. Gentisic acid was highest (11.75 µg/mg extract) in T. arjuna M extract. Similarly, maximum %FRSA (82.28 ± 0.03 %) and TRP (160.40 ± 0.38 μg AAE/ mg extract) were depicted by Terminalia chebula and Chamomilla recutita, respectively. Moreover, Mentha longifolia and G. lutea M demonstrated noteworthy (p < 0.05) antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (14 ± 0.7 mm) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (12 ± 0.3 mm), respectively. Curcuma amada, C. recutita, Murraya koenigii and G. lutea M had significant α-glucosidase activity. Another good solvent for extraction was ethyl acetate (EA), whose extracts were secondary to methanol in producing significant biological profile. For example, EA of N. sativa (TPC: 1.46 ± 0.45 µg GAE/ mg extract), G. lutea (TRP: 160.33 ± 0.52 μg AAE/mg extract: ZOI of 12 ± 0.5 mm in K. pneumoniae) and Mormodica charantia (α-amylase inhibition: 39.5 ± 0.10 %) showed significant bioactivities. All extracts displayed mild antifungal protein kinase inhibition activities and were significantly (greater than80 %: p < 0.05) cytotoxic to brine shrimps with negligible hemolytic activity.ConclusionBriefly, variable polarity solvent extracts of studied plants will be processed for isolation of antioxidant, cytotoxic, carbohydrate enzyme inhibitory and antibacterial compounds.     

Chemical constituents,antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties of ethanol extract from Artemisia japonica Thumb. Leaves

The tender leaves of Artemisia japonica Thumb. are often used as vegetables and tea in China. They also used as a traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of liver disease. However, the identity of components responsible for health benefits remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and hepatic protective effects of a 60 % ethanol extract of Artemisia japonica Thumb. leaves (AJLEE). Total phenol content of AJLEE was determined using Folin Ciocalteau Method and it was calculated to be 123.142 ± 8.441 mg GAE/g. AJLEE shows remarkable antioxidant activity in vitro; pretreatment at 150 µg/mL can almost completely eliminate H₂O₂-induced ALM12 cell death. Moreover, AJLEE at a dosage of 400 mg/kg exhibits a strong hepatic protective effect against α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced liver injury though the upregulation of genes for the antioxidant enzymes Sod1, Cat, Gpx4 and Ho-1, while decreasing the level of MDA. These properties of AJLEE may be attributed to the existence of abundant phenolic acids, flavonoids and coumarins, identified by UPLC/QTOF-MS as chlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid A, 7-methoxycoumarin and quercetin, apigenin and luteolin glycoside derivatives. Our data support the use of Artemisia japonica leaves as functional tea and food additives to improve human health.     

Profile characterization and biological activities of cold pressed Garden Cress (Lepidium sativum) seed oil

Lepidium sativum is cultivated mainly for the edible oil from its seeds, and considered as an unutilized and neglected crop despite its important properties. Its oil fraction is used to produce soap and stabilize linseed oil when it is mixed with wild mustard seed oil. Once converted into fatty acid methyl esters, it represents a good substitute for imported petroleum diesel after alkaline transesterification reaction. In the current study, Lepidium sativum seeds cultivated in Tunisia and the physicochemical properties and nutrient profile of its cold pressed seed oil were investigated. The antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities of the above oil were also assessed. Lepidium sativum seed oil was abundant in both linolenic (35.59 ± 1.9%) and oleic (21.14 ± 0.63%) acids, and high amounts of β-sitosterol (42.57 ± 2.96 mg/100 g), campesterol (20.04 ± 1.4 mg/100 g) and Δ 5,24 stigmastadienol (11.82 ± 0.45 mg/100 g) were detected. The total tocopherol content of Lepidium sativum seed oil reached 136.83 ± 7.6 mg/100 g with a predominance of γ-tocopherol (86.23%). Its seed oil exhibited an IC₅₀ of 10.33 ± 0.05 mg/mL and a radical scavenging activity of 415.6 ± 40 Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) for the DPPH and the ABTS assays, respectively. While the thermal analysis proved a high thermal stability of Lepidium sativum seed oil, that of eight bacteria and one fungal strain showed no noticeable bacterial or antifungal effects. It was also revealed that Lepidium sativum seed oil held a remarkable anti-inflammatory activity. Hence, the obtained results evidenced remarkable chemical, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Lepidium sativum seed oil, which might potentially be promising for enhancing human health and preventing age-related diseases.     

Volatile constituents of Amomum argyrophyllum Ridl. and Amomum dealbatum Roxb. and their antioxidant,tyrosinase inhibitory and cytotoxic activities

The volatile components from fresh rhizomes and leaves of Amomum argyrophyllum Ridl. and Amomum dealbatum Roxb. were performed using HS-SPME and charac-terized by GC–MS. A total of 49, 47, 49, and 34 compounds were identified from the rhizomes and leaves of A. argyrophyllum and A. dealbatum, respectively. The major components were β-pinene, α-pinene, and o-cymene. The rhizome extracts exhibited total phenolic content of 2.9 ± 0.5 and 2.1 ± 0.6 mg gallic acid equivalents. The IC₅₀ values of DPPH and ABTS were 179.8 ± 3.9 µg/mL, 392.9 ± 2.6 µg/mL, 120.3 ± 2.5 µg/mL, and 328.6 ± 3.3 µg/mL, respectively. The FRAP values were 76.5 ± 7.8 and 84.9 ± 4.4 µM ascorbic acid equivalents. The extracts showed weak antibacterial activity and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of 69.0 ± 3.6 and 53.7 ± 7.4 mg kojic acid equivalents. The cytotoxicity effect was assessed with the MTT assay at 200 µg/mL. The extracts showed no toxicity. In addition, the anti-inflammatory properties of extracts were evaluated, and showed potential to inhibit nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity.     

Polarity guided extraction,HPLC based phytochemical quantification,and multimode biological evaluation of Otostegia limbata (Benth.) Boiss

Purpose of studyOtostegia limbata (Benth.) Boiss. (Family: Lamiacae) is an important underexplored ethnomedicinal plant that has been used as antinflammatory, anticancer and antibacterial herbal remedy previously. The present work was aimed to evaluate the antioxidant, antimicrobial, antileishmanial, and anticancer prospective of O. limbata stem and leaf extracts.ResultsThe highest amount of phenolic and flavonoid content was obtained in the methanol-acetone and methanol stem extracts i.e., 53.29 ± 1.33 and 28.64 ± 1.16, respectively with highest DPPH scavenging in MeH stem extract (IC₅₀ = 34.5 ± 1.34 μg/ml). Significant amount of catechin, gallic acid, apigenin and rutin was quantified. A moderate antibacterial and substantial antifungal activity was observed. Cytotoxicity against brine shrimps categorized 21% of stem (3 out of 14 extracts) and 57% (8 out of 14 extracts) of leaf extracts as potent. Substantial cytotoxicity against THP-1 cell line (IC₅₀ = 3.46 ± 0.25 μg/ml) and Leishmania (IC₅₀ = 1.50 ± 0.23 μg/ml) was exhibited by methanol-distilled water leaf extract while noteworthy antiproliferative activity against Hep-G2 (IC₅₀ = 0.44 ± 0.45 μg/ml) was manifested by n-hexane stem extract. Absence of hemolysis in normal RBCs signified plant’s selective cytotoxicity. Methanol-distilled water and chloroform stem extracts displayed prominent protein kinase inhibition and antidiabetic potential of plant.ConclusionThe results of present study recommend O. limbata as a potential source of antifungal, antileishmanial, anticancer, and α-amylase inhibitory agents.