MIL-101(Fe)及其复合物催化去除污染物：合成、性能及机理

MIL-101(Fe)是一种典型的铁基金属有机框架材料(Fe-MOFs),具有结构灵活、比表面积大、孔隙率大、孔径可调节等优点。近年来,MIL-101(Fe)及其复合物在水污染修复领域得到了广泛的研究,特别是在还原六价铬(Cr(Ⅵ))和高级氧化去除水中有机污染物方面展现出良好的应用前景。通过功能化修饰以及与特定功能材料复合等方法可进一步改善MIL-101(Fe)的水稳定性、增强其光吸收特性和促进载流子分离效率等。本文重点综述了MIL-101(Fe)及其复合物的制备策略及其作为异相催化材料实现光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)和高级氧化(光催化、活化H₂O₂和活化过硫酸盐)去除水中有机污染物的研究进展,并对MIL-101(Fe)及其复合物今后的发展予以展望。     

缺陷金属有机骨架的制备及其去除水中污染物的研究进展

在避免母体结构坍塌的前提下,通过缺陷工程对金属有机骨架(MOFs)进行处理可有效提升其去除水体污染物的性能。目前,通过调整合成条件(温度、金属/配体比例等)、添加调制剂、热处理和金属节点取代等方式可制备缺陷MOFs。粉末X射线衍射(PXRD)、比表面积分析、热重-差热分析(TGA-DSC)、电子顺磁共振(EPR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、高分辨率透射电子显微镜(HR-TEM)、球差校正透射电镜(AC-TEM)和X射线吸收光谱(XAS)表征技术可证实MOFs中缺陷的特征。相比原始MOFs,从光催化等高级氧化的角度来看,构造缺陷型MOFs可促进电子转移、减小带隙以提升其高级氧化降解去除污染物的性能。此外,缺陷型MOFs还可为污染物提供更多吸附位点,进一步提升吸附剂的吸附容量和吸附速率。本文系统总结缺陷MOFs的制备方法、现有常见表征技术及其在水处理领域中的应用。同时,本文还根据缺陷MOFs用于去除水中污染物的研究现状对其今后发展予以展望。     

缺陷金属有机骨架的制备及其去除水中污染物的研究进展

在避免母体结构坍塌的前提下,通过缺陷工程对金属有机骨架(MOFs)进行处理可有效提升其去除水体污染物的性能。目前,通过调整合成条件(温度、金属/配体比例等)、添加调制剂、热处理和金属节点取代等方式可制备缺陷MOFs。粉末X射线衍射(PXRD)、比表面积分析、热重-差热分析(TGA-DSC)、电子顺磁共振(EPR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、高分辨率透射电子显微镜(HR-TEM)、球差校正透射电镜(AC-TEM)和X射线吸收光谱(XAS)表征技术可证实MOFs中缺陷的特征。相比原始MOFs,从光催化等高级氧化的角度来看,构造缺陷型MOFs可促进电子转移、减小带隙以提升其高级氧化降解去除污染物的性能。此外,缺陷型MOFs还可为污染物提供更多吸附位点,进一步提升吸附剂的吸附容量和吸附速率。本文系统总结缺陷MOFs的制备方法、现有常见表征技术及其在水处理领域中的应用。同时,本文还根据缺陷MOFs用于去除水中污染物的研究现状对其今后发展予以展望。     

钯基氧还原反应电极的构筑及其在水处理领域的研究进展

发展氧气还原反应(ORR)的二电子高效电催化剂一直是燃料电池领域的研究热点,但针对具有二电子还原特征且可应用于水处理领域电极材料的研究还处在起步阶段。本综述介绍了近年来二电子还原特征的贵金属电极材料及其在电催化处理水中污染物的研究进展。在Fe~(2+)存在下,Pd基电极材料催化氧气还原合成H_2O_2,间接催化氧化水中有机污染物,实现有机物的矿化降解和水质的净化;Pd基电极催化还原水中有机污染物、无机盐等,将其转化为低毒性、易处理产物并彻底去除;Pd基催化电极的高效电子传导性能增强了水中重金属离子的氧化/还原转化,实现重金属去除。本综述展望了纳米电极材料在水处理应用的机遇与发展方向。     

基于尖晶石型铁氧体的高级氧化技术在有机废水处理中的应用

随着我国经济的快速发展和城市化进程的加快,自然水体中的有机污染问题愈加严重。基于自由基反应的高级氧化技术(AOPs)可以高效去除水环境中残留的难生物降解的有机污染物,在催化剂的作用下,高级氧化过程方能有效生成强氧化性的自由基来降解有机污染物。尖晶石型铁氧体(MFe₂O₄(M=Zn, Ni, Co, Cu, Mn))被广泛用作高级氧化过程中驱动自由基生成的催化剂,同时强磁性及高稳定性保证其容易在外加磁场的作用下实现回收和再利用。本文主要综述了基于尖晶石型铁氧体的非均相类芬顿技术、光催化技术及过硫酸盐高级氧化技术在有机废水处理方面的研究进展,着重介绍了不同铁氧体磁性纳米材料在上述3种高级氧化技术中催化降解水体中有机污染物的作用机制以及催化性能增强的途径;最后指出尖晶石型铁氧体在高级氧化技术应用中存在的一些问题,并对其后续研究方向进行展望。     

高价锰、铁去除水中新兴有机污染物

新兴有机污染物在水环境中广泛存在,对生态环境和人体健康都有潜在危害,如何去除水环境中的新兴有机污染物成为研究人员日益关心的问题。高价锰、铁,主要指高锰酸钾(Mn(Ⅶ), KMnO₄)、高铁酸钾(Fe(Ⅵ),K₂FeO₄),是两类高效且环境友好的无机水处理药剂,可以高效地去除新兴有机污染物,因而备受人们关注。同时,高价锰、铁在降解新兴有机污染物过程中具有相同或者相近的化学性质和相近的化学行为。当前,关于高价锰、铁氧化降解新兴有机污染物的研究主要集中在构建动力学模型,解析中间价态的锰、铁的作用,阐述与其他物质或工艺联用时可能产生的自由基的作用及其在实际水体中的应用。本文综述并比较了高价锰、铁氧化降解新兴有机污染物的动力学模型、中间价态离子的作用、自由基的作用和在实际水体中的氧化特性。     

金属-有机框架MIL-88A(Fe)及其复合材料在水处理中的研究进展

具有多重功能的金属-有机框架MIL-88A(Fe)作为一种新兴的材料在水处理领域具有一定的应用潜力。利用MIL-88A(Fe)独特的理化特性(如多孔结构、不饱和金属位点、优良的可见光吸收能力),将其和其它功能材料(如碳材料、无机半导体材料)异质复合,可以提升MIL-88A(Fe)的吸附及催化性能。详细综述了MIL-88A(Fe)及其复合材料作为吸附剂和催化剂在水处理中的应用,总结它们吸附去除污染物(尤其是重金属离子)的机制、介绍了它们作为光催化技术、类芬顿技术、过二硫酸盐高级氧化技术和催化臭氧技术的催化剂来降解水体中有机污染物的反应机理。指出基于MIL-88A(Fe)的功能材料处理水体污染存在适用pH范围窄和难回收利用等问题。未来研究需优化MIL-88A(Fe)的制备条件来提高产率和保证MIL-88A(Fe)的规整形貌、小尺寸和高结晶度,通过表面包裹技术改善MIL-88A(Fe)的稳定性以及赋予MIL-88A(Fe)磁性来提升回收利用性能。另外,需要根据目标有机污染物的结构和水质条件,合理调控基于MIL-88A(Fe)的高级氧化过程中自由基途径和非自由基途径对目标物的降解贡献,以期达到...     

金属有机骨架材料MIL-101及其改性材料去除环境污染物的研究进展

目前我国水环境以及空气面临着严峻的污染形势,许多危害人身体健康的污染物亟待治理。 金属有机骨架作为目前新兴的多孔材料,具有高孔隙率、高比表面积、结构可调性以及不饱和金属位点等特点。 这使得金属有机骨架材料具有一定的环境污染物去除能力。 围绕对苯二甲酸铬金属有机骨架材料(MIL-101)及其功能化修饰的改性材料的结构信息展开,总结了材料的主要合成方法,对功能化修饰的方法和原理进行分析,重点分析了这种材料在环境污染物去除等方面的应用研究进展,包括它在重金属离子、农药、抗生素、有机染料、碘离子等污染物的吸附处理领域的应用, 以及在污染物的监测和环境风险预警方面的应用潜力。 指出了材料在制备成本、反复利用次数、污染物后续处理等方面仍然存在的问题。     

异相Fenton催化水污染控制

高级氧化技术(AOPs)是当前水处理研究领域的热点问题。异相Fenton催化氧化是一种极具代表性的高级氧化技术,其反应过程中产生的羟基自由基(·OH)等活性氧物种可以无选择性地攻击有机污染物,将有机大分子逐步分解为小分子物质,从而达到高效去除废水中有毒有害污染物的目的。相比均相Fenton反应,它具有pH响应范围广、不产生铁泥、催化剂可循环利用等优点。然而,由于固相催化剂的本征特性和局限性,当前所研究的异相Fenton催化剂仍存在中性条件下活性低、过氧化氢(H₂O₂)利用率低、Fe(Ⅲ)/Fe(Ⅱ)转化速率不高等问题,难以实现异相Fenton催化在环境修复领域的大规模应用。本文综述了不同活性氧物种参与的异相Fenton反应机理,总结了多种异相Fenton催化剂及其在有机污染物控制方面的应用,为继续开展异相Fenton催化水污染控制研究提供参考。     

多相催化过硫酸盐工艺处理水环境中有机污染物的非自由基过程

20世纪80年代至今,水处理技术中的高级氧化过程(AOP)已被广泛研究及应用。然而水体中的有机污染物仍因种类繁多和降解难易不同困扰着研究者们,因此对于AOP的机理过程需要更深入的分析认识,以利于技术的进一步发展及应用。AOP中的过硫酸盐氧化工艺近年来得到大量关注,其自由基机理的关键活性物种是·OH 和·SO₄^-。非自由基机理分为¹O₂氧化和PS直接氧化(也称电子转移),某些体系中高价态金属也直接或间接地参与氧化过程。但非自由基过程的发生机理及优势特点仍存在争议。本文综述了基于多相催化过硫酸盐高级氧化过程处理水中有机污染物的最新研究,阐述反应机理及其分析手段,并指出当前研究可能存在的问题。对于过硫酸盐高级氧化工艺中非自由基过程的未来研究方向及应用前景提出展望。     

Recent advances in persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes for organic wastewater treatment

In recent years, with the emergence of new pollutants, the effective treatment of wastewater has become very important. Persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes have been successfully applied to the treatment of wastewater, such as wastewater containing antibiotics, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, dyes, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, chlorinated organic pollutants, and phenolics, for the degradation of refractory organic contaminants. This paper summarizes the production of sulfate radicals, which can be generated by the activation of persulfate via conventional and emerging approaches. The existing problems of persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes were analyzed in detail, including residual sulfates, coexisting factors (coexisting inorganic anions and natural organic matter), and energy consumption. This paper proposes corresponding possible solutions to the problems mentioned above, and this paper could provide a reference for the application of persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes in actual wastewater treatment.     

The carbon nanotubes-based materials and their applications for organic pollutant removal:A critical review

The carbon nanotubes(CNTs) as the emerging materials for organic pollutant removal have gradually become a burgeoning research field.Herein,a mini-review of CNTs-based materials curre ntly studies for organic pollutant elimination is presented.This review summarizes the preparation methods of CNTsbased materials.CNTs-based materials can be used as adsorbents to remove organic pollutants in wastewater.The adsorption mechanisms mainly include surface diffusio n,pore diffusion and adsorption reaction.Most importantly,an in-depth overview of CNTs-based materials currently available in advanced oxidation processes(AOPs) applications for wastewater treatment is proposed.CNTs-based materials can catalyze different oxidants(e.g.,hydrogen peroxide(H_2 O_2),persulfates(PMS/PDS),ozone(O_3) and ferrate/permanganate(Fe(Ⅵ)/Mn(Ⅶ)) to generate more reactive oxygen species(ROS) for organic pollutant elimination.Moreover,the possible reaction mechanisms of removing organic pollutants by CNTs-based materials are summarized systematically and discussed in detail.Finally,application potential and future research directions of CNTs-based materials in the environmental remediation field are proposed.     

基于生物炭的高级氧化技术去除水中化学品类新污染物研究进展

化学品类新污染物种类繁多,对自然生态环境和人类健康存在严重风险,是新污染物治理的主要对象。由于常规水处理工艺对新污染物的去除能力有限,如何发展绿色、经济、高效和安全稳定的净水技术成为新污染物管控的重要课题。生物炭因其丰富的表面结构与性质,具有优异的吸附和催化能力。近年来,众多科研工作者开展了基于生物炭的高级氧化技术(AOPs)去除新污染物的效能和机制研究。本文聚焦主要的化学品类新污染物,分析了生物炭结构与去除新污染物功能间的关系,综述了近年来生物炭在光催化氧化、类芬顿氧化和过硫酸盐催化氧化中的应用,并探讨了水环境条件(如pH值、阴离子和有机物等)对反应体系的影响,最后对未来相关研究中值得关注和深入探索的问题进行了总结与展望。     

Advanced mass spectrometric methods applied to the study of fate and removal of pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment

This overview is of analytical methodologies based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, applied in environmental monitoring of pharmaceutical residues and their known degradation products. We also consider the ability of time-of-flight (TOF) and quadrupole-TOF instruments to provide sufficiently accurate-mass measurements and full-scan spectra for unequivocal confirmation of target compounds and investigation of their degradation products, which are either known or unknown.

We focus attention on the fate and the behavior of pharmaceutical residues during conventional and advanced wastewater treatments. Wastewater-treatment plants are designed to remove conventional pollutants (e.g., suspended solids and biodegradable organic compounds), but not low concentrations of synthetic pollutants (e.g., pharmaceutically active compounds).

Membrane bioreactor systems represent a new generation of processes that have proved to outperform conventional activated sludge treatment in terms of sludge production and effluent quality. In the past few years, there has been much attention paid to their capability for removing trace organic contaminants from sewage. This review highlights their improved performance in removing pharmaceutical residues from wastewater compared to conventional treatment.     

Applications of Carbon-Based Materials in Activated Peroxymonosulfate for the Degradation of Organic Pollutants: A Review

In recent years, water pollution has posed a serious threat to aquatic organisms and humans. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) based on activated peroxymonosulfate (PMS) show high oxidation, good selectivity, wide pH range and no secondary pollution in the removal of organic pollutants in water. Carbon-based materials are emerging green catalysts that can effectively activate persulfates to generate radical and non-radical active species to degrade organic pollutants. Compared with transition metal catalysts, carbon-based materials are widely used in SR-AOPs because of their low cost, non-toxicity, acid and alkali resistance, large specific surface area, and scalable surface charge, which can be used for selective control of specific water pollutants. This paper mainly presents several carbon-based materials used to activate PMS, including raw carbon materials and modified carbon materials (heteroatom-doped and metal-doped), analyzes and summarizes the mechanism of activating PMS by carbon-based catalysts, and discusses the influencing factors (temperature, pH, PMS concentration, catalyst concentration, inorganic anions, inorganic cations and dissolved oxygen) in the activation process. Finally, the future challenges and prospects of carbon-based materials in water pollution control are also presented.     

Boron-doped diamond electrodes for the mineralization of organic pollutants in the real wastewater

The presence of recalcitrant organic compounds in wastewater poses a serious threat to the ecosystem and human health. Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes constitute a promising way for the mineralization of persistent organic compounds. They are commonly used for the transformation of organic pollutants into more biodegradable compounds or their complete removal from water. In this review, we present the recent advances in the use of boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes in the anodic oxidation process for the mineralization of real wastewater. First, the characteristic properties of BDD electrodes are discussed followed by the degradation mechanism. In addition, an overview on the application of BDD electrodes for mineralization of real wastewater is provided.     

Electrochemical technologies for the treatment of pesticides

Pesticides are used worldwide in large quantities to increase yield in agriculture. On the other hand, they are in general toxic/persistent organic pollutants presenting strong adverse effects to the environment and human health, including acute and chronic toxicity. Consequently, water polluted by pesticides should be treated efficiently before its release into receiving water bodies to protect the natural aquatic environment. Different methods have been used for the treatment of water contaminated by pesticides. Among them, electrochemical technology seems to be very efficient in removing pesticides from water. Therefore this review aims to provide an overview of the recent works on the treatment of pesticide wastewater using electrochemical technology with a special focus on electrochemical advanced oxidation processes that demonstrated high efficiency in the removal of various types of pesticides from contaminated water.     

Current Trends in the Application of Nanomaterials for the Removal of Pollutants from Industrial Wastewater Treatment—A Review

In the recent decades, development of new and innovative technology resulted in a very high amount of effluents. Industrial wastewaters originating from various industries contribute as a major source of water pollution. The pollutants in the wastewater include organic and inorganic pollutants, heavy metals, and non-disintegrating materials. This pollutant poses a severe threat to the environment. Therefore, novel and innovative methods and technologies need to adapt for their removal. Recent years saw nanomaterials as a potential candidate for pollutants removal. Nowadays, a range of cost-effective nanomaterials are available with unique properties. In this context, nano-absorbents are excellent materials. Heavy metal contamination is widespread in underground and surface waters. Recently, various studies focused on the removal of heavy metals. The presented review article here focused on removal of contaminants originated from industrial wastewater utilizing nanomaterials.     

Electrochemical technologies coupled with biological treatments

When possible, the bioprocesses should be implemented to treat wastewater for their cost-effectiveness. However, many effluents are composed of biorecalcitrant organic pollutants, especially in industrial wastewaters. Advanced physico-chemical treatments are therefore needed to deal with these pollution levels. Electrochemical processes could be cost-effective solutions. However, the energy required to reach complete mineralization is often high. One promising combination would be to combine electrochemical processes that can remove xenobiotic compounds from effluent with biotechnologies that are able to mineralize the biodegradable fraction. Therefore, this review presents the most recent articles dealing with this combination, by mainly focusing on electrochemical advanced oxidation processes that demonstrated to have high removal efficiency for organic biorecalcitrant compounds. Additional and imperative information about the treatment strategy and the engineering aspects for the upscaling approach are also given.