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1.
Enthalpies for the two proton ionizations of the biochemical buffers N-[2-hydroxyethyl]piperazine-N′-[2-ethane sulfonic acid] (HEPES) and N-[2-hydroxyethyl]piperazine-N′-[2-hydroxypropane sulfonic acid] (HEPPSO) were obtained in water-methanol mixtures with methanol mole fraction (Xm) from 0 to 0.360. With increasing methanol, the ionization enthalpy for the first proton (ΔH1) of HEPES increased steadily from 8.4 to 15.3 kJ mol−1 whereas that for HEPPSO rose to a maximum of 21.0 kJ mol−1 at Xm = 0.123 before dropping to 18.4 kJ mol−1 at Xm = 0.360. The ionization enthalpy for the second proton (ΔH2) of HEPES varied from 20.8 kJ mol−1 in water to 13.6 kJ mol−1 at Xm = 0.360 with a maximum of 24.8 kJ mol−1 at Xm = 0.194. For HEPPSO, ΔH2 increased steadily from 23.4 to 29.2 kJ mol−1. The solvent composition was selected so as to include the region of maximum structure enhancement of water by methanol. The results were interpreted in terms of solvent-solvent and solvent-solute interactions.  相似文献   

2.
The enthalpies of proton ionization of the biochemical buffers N,N-bis[2-hydroxyethyl]-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (BES) and N-tris[hydroxymethyl]methyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (TES) were obtained in water-methanol mixtures in which the methanol mole fraction (Xm) varied in the range 0-0.36. For both buffers, ionization enthalpy for the first proton (ΔH1) was small in all solvent media. However, upon addition of methanol, ΔH2 increased steadily from 22.2 to a maximum of 27.2 kJ mol−1 for BES, whereas for TES it varied from 30.0 to 32.4, with a minimum of 28.6 kJ mol−1 at Xm=0.123. It is noteworthy that this solvent composition lies within the region of maximum structure enhancement of water by methanol. The results were interpreted in terms of methanol-water interactions.  相似文献   

3.
Low-temperature heat capacities of the compound Na(C4H7O5)·H2O(s) have been measured with an automated adiabatic calorimeter. A solid-solid phase transition and dehydration occur at 290-318 K and 367-373 K, respectively. The enthalpy and entropy of the solid-solid transition are ΔtransHm = (5.75 ± 0.01) kJ mol−1 and ΔtransSm = (18.47 ± 0.02) J K−1 mol−1. The enthalpy and entropy of the dehydration are ΔdHm = (15.35 ± 0.03) kJ mol−1 and ΔdSm = (41.35 ± 0.08) J K−1 mol−1. Experimental values of heat capacities for the solids (I and II) and the solid-liquid mixture (III) have been fitted to polynomial equations.  相似文献   

4.
Enthalpies for the two proton ionizations of the biochemical buffers N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-4-aminobutanesulfonic acid (TABS), N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid (TAPS) and 3-[N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino]-2-hyroxypropane sulfonic acid (TAPSO) were obtained in water–methanol mixtures with methanol mole fraction (Xm) from 0 to 0.360. The ionization enthalpy for the first proton (ΔH1) of all three buffers was small and exhibited slight changes upon methanol addition. The ionization enthalpy of the second proton (ΔH2) of TABS increased from 39.6 to 49.8 kJ mol−1 and for TAPS from 40.1 to 43.2 kJ mol−1, with a minimum of 38.2 kJ mol−1 at Xm = 0.059. For TAPSO the increase was from 33.1 to 35.6 kJ mol−1 at Xm = 0.194, with measurements at higher Xm precluded by low solubility of TAPSO in methanol rich solvents. The solvent composition was selected so as to include the region of maximum structure enhancement of water by methanol. The results were interpreted in terms of solvent–solvent and solvent–solute interactions.  相似文献   

5.
The standard molar heat capacity C°p,m of adenine(cr) has been measured using adiabatic calorimetry over the range 6<(T/K)<310 and the results used to derive thermodynamic functions for adenine(cr) at smoothed temperatures. At T=298.15 K, C°p,m=(142.67±0.29) J · K−1 · mol−1 and the third law entropy S°m=(145.62±0.29) J · K−1 · mol−1. The standard molar Gibbs free energy of formation ΔfG°m at T=298.15 K for crystalline adenine was calculated, using the standard molar enthalpy of formation for the compound and entropies of the elements from the literature, and found to be ΔfG°m=(301.4±1.0) kJ · mol−1. The results were combined with solution calorimetry and solubility measurements from the literature to yield revised values for the standard molar thermodynamic properties of aqueous adenine at T=298.15 K: ΔfG°m=(313.4±1.0) kJ · mol−1, ΔfH°m=(129.5±1.4) kJ · mol−1, and Sm°=(217.68±0.44) J · K−1 · mol−1.  相似文献   

6.
Endo-Tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]decane (CAS 6004-38-2) is an important intermediate compound for synthesizing diamantane. The lack of data on the thermodynamic properties of the compound limits its development and application. In this study, endo-Tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]decane was synthesized and the low temperature heat capacities were measured with a high-precision adiabatic calorimeter in the temperature range from (80 to 360) K. Two phase transitions were observed: the solid-solid phase transition in the temperature range from (198.79 to 210.27) K, with peak temperature 204.33 K; the solid-liquid phase transition in the temperature range from 333.76 K to 350.97 K, with peak temperature 345.28 K. The molar enthalpy increments, ΔHm, and entropy increments, ΔSm, of these phase transitions are ΔHm=2.57 kJ · mol−1 and ΔSm=12.57 J · K−1 · mol−1 for the solid-solid phase transition at 204.33 K, and, ΔfusHm=3.07 kJ · mol−1 and ΔfusSm=8.89 J · K−1 · mol−1 for the solid-liquid phase transition at 345.28 K. The thermal stability of the compound was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis. TG result shows that endo-Tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]decane starts to sublime at 300 K and completely changes into vapor when the temperature reaches 423 K, reaching the maximal rate of weight loss at 408 K.  相似文献   

7.
The areas of the fusion and crystallization peaks of K3TaF8 and K3TaOF6 have been measured using the DSC mode of the high-temperature calorimeter (SETARAM 1800 K). On the basis of these quantities and the temperature dependence of the used calorimetric method sensitivity, the values of the enthalpy of fusion of K3TaF8 at temperature of fusion 1039 K: ΔfusHm(K3TaF8; 1039 K) = (52 ± 2) kJ mol−1 and of K3TaOF6 at temperature of fusion 1055 K: ΔfusHm(K3TaOF6; 1055 K) = (62 ± 3) kJ mol−1 have been determined.  相似文献   

8.
The solid copper l-threonate hydrate, Cu(C4H6O5)·0.5H2O, was synthesized by the reaction of l-threonic acid with copper dihydrocarbonate and characterized by means of chemical and elemental analyses, IR and TG-DTG. Low-temperature heat-capacity of the title compound has been precisely measured with a small sample precise automated adiabatic calorimeter over the temperature range from 77 to 390 K. An obvious process of the dehydration occurred in the temperature range between 353 and 370 K. The peak temperature of the dehydration of the compound has been observed to be 369.304 ± 0.208 K by means of the heat-capacity measurements. The molar enthalpy, ΔdHm, of the dehydration of the resulting compound was of 16.490 ± 0.063 kJ mol−1. The experimental molar heat capacities of the solid from 77 to 353 K and the solid from 370 to 390 K have been, respectively, fitted to tow polynomial equations with the reduced temperatures by least square method. The constant-volume energy of combustion of the compound, ΔcUm, has been determined as being −1616.15 ± 0.72 kJ mol−1 by an RBC-II precision rotating-bomb combustion calorimeter at 298.15 K. The standard molar enthalpy of formation of the compound, , has been calculated to be −1114.76 ± 0.81 kJ mol−1 from the combination of the data of standard molar enthalpy of combustion of the compound with other auxiliary thermodynamic quantities.  相似文献   

9.
Malik UR  Hasany SM  Subhani MS 《Talanta》2005,66(1):166-173
The sorptive potential of sunflower stem (180-300 μm) for Cr(III) ions has been investigated in detail. The maximum sorption (≥85%) of Cr(III) ions (70.2 μM) has been accomplished using 30 mg of high density sunflower stem in 10 min from 0.001 M nitric and 0.0001 M hydrochloric acid solutions. The accumulation of Cr(III) ions on the sorbent follows Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R), Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms. The isotherm yields D-R saturation capacity Xm = 1.60 ± 0.23 mmol g−1, β = −0.00654 ± 0.00017 kJ2 mol−2, mean free energy E = 8.74 ± 0.12 kJ mol−1, Freundlich sorption capacity KF = 0.24 ± 0.11 mol g−1, 1/n = 0.90 ± 0.04 and of Langmuir constant KL = 6800 ± 600 dm3 mol−1 and Cm = 120 ± 18 μmol g−1. The variation of sorption with temperature (283-323 K) gives ΔH = −23.3 ± 0.8 kJ mol−1, ΔS = −64.0 ± 2.7 J mol−1 K−1 and ΔG298k = −4.04 ± 0.09 kJ mol−1. The negative enthalpy and free energy envisage exothermic and spontaneous nature of sorption, respectively. Bisulphate, Fe(III), molybdate, citrate, Fe(II), Y(III) suppress the sorption significantly. The selectivity studies indicate that Cr(III), Eu(III) and Tb(III) ions can be separated from Tc(VII) and I(I). Sunflower stem can be used for the preconcentration and removal of Cr(III) ions from aqueous medium. This cheaper and novel sorbent has potential applications in analytical and environmental chemistry, in water decontamination, industrial waste treatment and in pollution abatement. A possible mechanism of biosorption of Cr(III) ions onto the sunflower stem has been proposed.  相似文献   

10.
Reaction of AlEt3 with 2-methyl-8-quinolinol gave ethylbis(2-methyl-8-quinolinolato)aluminum complex [Al(Et)(q′)2] 1. The complex 1 provided photoluminescent Al complexes by reactions with phenols, carboxylic acid, and H2O. The α-CH2 hydrogens in the Et group of 1 was diastereotropic as revealed by 1H NMR spectroscopy because of the presence of a chiral center at Al. The chirality at Al was dynamically lost at elevated temperature in CDCl2CDCl2 and DMSO-d6, as indicated by temperature dependent 1H NMR spectroscopy. This dynamic or fluxional behavior of 1 is explained by rotation of the 2-methyl-8-quinolinolato ligand. The kinetic parameters of the dynamic process were estimated at ΔH = 135 kJ mol−1 and ΔS = 159 J K−1 mol−1 in CDCl2CDCl2 and at ΔH = 124 kJ mol−1 and ΔS = 151 J K−1 mol−1 in DMSO-d6, respectively, at 350 K. Structures of some of the obtained Al complexes were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. These Al complexes showed photoluminescence peaks at 492-507 nm in CHCl3 with quantum yields of 7-23%.  相似文献   

11.
Na2[(VIVO)2(ttha)]·8 H2O (ttha = triethylenetetraamine–N,N,N′,N″,N′″,N′″–hexaacetate ion), prepared by treating [VO(H2O)5][(VO)2(ttha)]·4 H2O with Na6(ttha), has been characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy, electron spin resonance spectroscopy, and modeled by density functional theory (DFT). The X-ray structure revealed a distorted octahedral geometry around each vanadium center. The electronic absorption spectrum of [(VO)2(ttha)]2− (aq) features absorptions at ca. 200 nm (ε > 13900 L mol−1 cm−1), 255 nm (ε = 3480 L mol−1 cm−1), 586 nm (ε = 33 L mol−1 cm−1), and 770 nm (ε = 38 L mol−1 cm−1). The time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculated electronic absorption spectrum was remarkably similar to the actual spectrum, and TDDFT predicts absorption peaks at 297, 330, 458, 656, and 798 nm. TDDFT assigned the peak at 798 nm to be the α spin HOMO → LUMO transition. Hence, the peak at 770 nm in the actual spectrum is most likely the α spin HOMO → LUMO transition. Moreover, the TDDFT calculations revealed that the α spin HOMO and LUMO are partly comprised of d orbitals on both vanadium centers, and the first derivative electron spin resonance spectrum also suggests that the two unpaired electrons in [(VO)2(ttha)]2− are localized near the vanadium centers.  相似文献   

12.
The kinetics and mechanism of the hydroboration reactions of 1-octene with HBBr2 · SMe2 and HBCl2 · SMe2, in CH2Cl2 as a solvent, were studied. Rates of hydroboration were monitored using 11B NMR spectroscopy. The reactions exhibited simple second-order kinetics of the form . The HBCl2 · SMe2 was found to be 20 times more reactive than the HBBr2 · SMe2. The overall activation parameters (ΔH, ΔS) for the reaction of HBBr2 · SMe2 with 1-octene were found to be 82 ± 1 kJ mol−1, −18 ± 4 J K−1 mol−1 and with 1-hexyne were 78 ± 4 kJ mol−1 −34 ± 12 J K−1 mol−1. For the reaction of HBCl2 · SMe2 with 1-octene, ΔH and ΔS were 104 ± 5 kJ mol−1 and 43 ± 16 J K−1 mol−1, respectively. The activation parameters (ΔH, ΔS) for the dissociation of Me2S from HBBr2 · SMe2 were found to be 104 ± 2 kJ mol−1, +33 ± 8 J K−1 mol−1, respectively. Based on the activation parameters, it was concluded that the detaching of Me2S from the boron centre follows a dissociative mechanism, while the hydroboration process follows an associative pathway. It was also concluded that the dissociation of Me2S from the boron centre is the rate determining step.  相似文献   

13.
Synthetic Na-magadiite sample was used for organofunctionalization process with N-propyldiethylenetrimethoxysilane and bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]tetrasulfide, after expanding the interlayer distance with polar organic solvents such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). The resulted materials were submitted to process of adsorption with arsenic solution at pH 2.0 and 298±1 K. The adsorption isotherms were adjusted using a modified Langmuir equation with regression nonlinear; the net thermal effects obtained from calorimetric titration measurements were adjusted to a modified Langmuir equation. The adsorption process was exothermic (ΔintH=−4.15-5.98 kJ mol−1) accompanied by increase in entropy (ΔintS=41.32-62.20 J k−1 mol−1) and Gibbs energy (ΔintG=−22.44−24.56 kJ mol−1). The favorable values corroborate with the arsenic (III)/basic reactive centers interaction at the solid-liquid interface in the spontaneous process.  相似文献   

14.
In vitro degradation of poly(ethyl glyoxylate) (PEtG), a functionalised polyacetal, was investigated. First, the thermodynamic polymerization parameters and the ceiling temperature (Tc) were determined (ΔHp = 28 ± 3 kJ mol−1, ΔSp = 98 ± 7 J mol−1 K−1, Tc = 310 ± 4 K). Secondly, PEtG hydrolysis was investigated using potentiometry, weight loss measurements, SEC and 1H NMR. The results show that PEtG is stable for at least 7 days in aqueous media. Then degradation occurs and releases ethanol and glyoxylic acid hydrate as final products. A scheme for the degradation mechanism involving chain scission and ester hydrolysis is proposed.  相似文献   

15.
The vaporization of DyI3(s) was investigated in the temperature range between 833 and 1053 K by the use of Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry. The ions DyI2+, DyI3+, Dy2I4+, Dy2I5+, Dy3I7+, and Dy3I8+ were detected in the mass spectrum of the equilibrium vapor. The gaseous species DyI3, (DyI3)2, and (DyI3)3 were identified and their partial pressures determined. Enthalpies and entropies of sublimation resulted according to the second- and third-law methods. The following sublimation enthalpies at 298 K were determined for the gaseous species given in brackets: 274.8±8.2 kJ mol−1 [DyI3], 356.0±11.3 kJ mol−1 [(DyI3)2], and 436.6±14.6 kJ mol−1 [(DyI3)3]. The enthalpy changes of the dissociation reactions (DyI3)2=2 DyI3 and (DyI3)3=3 DyI3 were obtained as ΔdH°(298)=193.3±5.6 and 390.3±13.0 kJ mol−1, respectively.  相似文献   

16.
The heat capacity of LuPO4 was measured in the temperature range 6.51-318.03 K. Smoothed experimental values of the heat capacity were used to calculate the entropy, enthalpy and Gibbs free energy from 0 to 320 K. Under standard conditions these thermodynamic values are: (298.15 K) = 100.0 ± 0.1 J K−1 mol−1, S0(298.15 K) = 99.74 ± 0.32 J K−1 mol−1, H0(298.15 K) − H0(0) = 16.43 ± 0.02 kJ mol−1, −[G0(298.15 K) − H0(0)]/T = 44.62 ± 0.33 J K−1 mol−1. The standard Gibbs free energy of formation of LuPO4 from elements ΔfG0(298.15 K) = −1835.4 ± 4.2 kJ mol−1 was calculated based on obtained and literature data.  相似文献   

17.
Chlorophyll derivative possessing a trifluoroacetyl group at the 3-position was synthesized as a new chemosensor for alcohols and amines. Intense Qy peak of the trifluoroacetyl-chlorin (701 nm in CHCl3) showed blue shifts to 667 nm in MeOH and 665 nm in n-BuNH2 due to the formation of the corresponding hemiacetal and hemiaminal with visible color changes. Thermodynamic parameters for the complexation between trifluoroacetyl-chlorin and n-BuNH2 in CDCl3 were determined to be ΔH = −48 kJ mol−1 and ΔS = −147 J K−1 mol−1. Ratiometric fluorescence sensing of n-BuNH2 in THF was also demonstrated.  相似文献   

18.
Experimentally determined barriers to O-acyl group topomerization in mixed anhydrides composed of β-disubstituted carboxylic acids and cyclic thiohydroxamic acid N-hydroxy-4-methylthiazole-2(3H)-thione were located in the range of ΔG320=68±8 kJ mol−1 (DNMR). According to modeling studies, the underlying exchange process is proposed to occur via rotation about the N,O bond for torsional movement of the O-acyl group past the heterocyclic 4-methyl substituent. The energetically lowest pathway for passing the O-acyl entity by the thione sulfur, is predicted to occur via sequential rocking about the Csp2,O single bond in combination with an interlaced twist about the N,O axis.  相似文献   

19.
This contributions shows with a series of ab initio MP2 and DFT (BP86 and B3-LYP) computations with large basis sets up to cc-pVQZ quality that the literature value of the standard enthalpy of depolymerization of Sb4F20(g) to give SbF5(g) (+18.5 kJ mol−1) [J. Fawcett, J.H. Holloway, R.D. Peacock, D.R. Russell, J. Fluorine Chem. 20 (1982) 9] is by about 50 kJ mol−1 in error and that the correct value of (Sb4F20(g)) is +68 ± 10 kJ mol−1. We assign , , and values for SbnF5n with n = 2-4 and compare the results to available experimental gas phase data. Especially the MP2/TZVPP values obtained in an indirect procedure that rely on isodesmic reactions or the highly accurate compound methods G2 and CBS-Q are in excellent agreement with the experimental data, and reproduce also the fine experimental details at temperatures of 423 and 498 K. With these data and the additional calculation of [SbnF5n+1] (n = 1-4), we then assessed the fluoride ion affinities (FIAs) of SbnF5n(g), nSbF5(g), nSbF5(l) and the standard enthalpies of formation of SbnF5n(g) and [SbnF5n+1](g): FIA(SbnF5n(g)) = 514 (n = 1), 559 (n = 2), 572 (n = 3) and 580 (n = 4) kJ mol−1; FIA(nSbF5(g)) = 667 (n = 2), 767 (n = 3) and 855 (n = 4) kJ mol−1; FIA(nSbF5(l)) = 434 (n = 1), 506 (n = 2), 528 (n = 3) and 534 (n = 4) kJ mol−1. Error bars are approximately ±10 kJ mol−1. Also the related Gibbs energies were derived. ΔfH°([SbnF5n+1](g)) = −2064 ± 18 (n = 1), −3516 ± 25 (n = 2), −4919 ± 31 (n = 3) and −6305 ± 36 (n = 4) kJ mol−1.  相似文献   

20.
The molar heat capacities of 1-(2-hydroxy-3-chloropropyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole (Ornidazole) (C7H10ClN3O3) with purity of 99.72 mol% were measured with an adiabatic calorimeter in the temperature range between 79 and 380 K. The melting-point temperature, molar enthalpy, ΔfusHm, and entropy, ΔfusSm, of fusion of this compound were determined to be 358.59±0.04 K, 21.38±0.02 kJ mol−1 and 59.61±0.05 J K−1 mol−1, respectively, from fractional melting experiments. The thermodynamic function data relative to the reference temperature (298.15 K) were calculated based on the heat capacities measurements in the temperature range from 80 to 380 K. The thermal stability of the compound was further investigated by DSC and TG. From the DSC curve an intensive exothermic peak assigned to the thermal decomposition of the compound was observed in the range of 445-590 K with the peak temperature of 505 K. Subsequently, a slow exothermic effect appears when the temperature is higher than 590 K, which is probably due to the further decomposition of the compound. The TG curve indicates the mass loss of the sample starts at about 440 K, which corresponds to the decomposition of the sample.  相似文献   

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