羧酸及其衍生物的NaBH4还原体系研究进展

NaBH4还原体系可以快速、高效、选择性地还原羧酸及其衍生物。本文介绍了8类NaBH4还原体系的最近研究成果。通过对各个还原体系的分析,讨论了各类还原体系的反应机理和反应条件,并比较了不同还原体系的还原能力和适用范围。     

有机硼酸盐的化学IV, 三烷基噻吩基硼酸锂与CO~2的反应

本文研究了三烷基噻吩基硼酸锂与CO~2的反应,发现三烷基噻吩基硼酸锂可与CO~2在高压下进行反应得5-烷基噻吩-2-羧酸;从而证实了三烷基噻吩基硼酸锂与亲电试剂反应时亲电试剂进攻的是噻吩基的5-位,而不是3-位,这一新反应可用于制备噻吩羧酸类化合物。此外,2-烷基噻吩-5-羧酸可以被Raney Ni还原而开环脱硫成一长链羧酸,因而提供了一个将烷基延长5个碳链的新方法。     

镍催化烷基羧酸与对甲苯磺酸甲酯还原偶联甲基化成酮反应

甲基是最小的含碳取代基团,在化合物中起到重要的作用.羧酸转化为酮是有机化学的基础反应,这种官能团变化通常是间接地将羧酸先转化为酰氯或者Weinreb酰胺再由有机金属试剂进行亲核进攻.直接将羧酸转变为酮,需要至少2 equiv.锂试剂,同时反应需要在低温下进行,往往伴随着很多叔醇的副产物.报道了利用镍催化还原偶联的方法,将有机羧酸与对甲苯磺酸甲酯进行还原偶联,一步反应直接由羧酸甲基化成酮,其特点是原料易得,反应条件温和,可以得到中等的收率并且有较好的底物适应性.     

3NaBH4/ErF3复合储氢材料的制备及吸放氢特性

采用高能球磨法制备了3NaBH4/ErF3复合储氢材料, 并研究了其相结构和储氢性能. X射线衍射(XRD)显示, NaBH4和ErF3在球磨过程中未发生反应; 同步热分析(TG-DSC)测试结果表明, 3NaBH4/ErF3体系在420℃开始放氢, 比相同测试条件下纯NaBH4的放氢温度降低了约100℃, 放氢量为3.06%(质量分数). 压力-成分-温度(Pressure-Composition-Temperature, PCT)性能测试结果显示, 3NaBH4/ErF3复合储氢材料在较低的温度(355~413℃)及平台氢压(<1 MPa)下即拥有良好的可逆吸放氢性能, 最高可逆吸氢量可达到2.78%(质量分数), 吸氢后体系重新生成了NaBH4相. 计算得吸氢焓变仅为-36.8 kJ/mol H2; 而放氢焓变为-180.8 kJ/mol H2. NaBH4在ErF3的作用下提高了热动力学性能, 并实现了可逆吸放氢.     

MnO_2掺杂的M_mNi_(3.2)Al_(0.2)Mn_(0.6)Co_(1.0)对NaBH_4氧化的电催化性能

通过测试线性扫描伏安曲线研究了MmNi3.2Al0.2Mn0.6Co1.0(Mm为混合稀土)经KOH处理和MnO2掺杂对催化NaBH4电氧化性能的影响.发现NaBH4在经KOH处理后的合金上峰电流达到50mA/cm2.若再进行MnO2掺杂,其电催化活性会进一步提高,当掺杂MnO2的质量分数为10%时,MmNi3.2Al0.2Mn0.6Co1.0对NaBH4电氧化的峰电位和峰电流密度分别为-0.45V和126mA/cm2,峰电流密度为只经过KOH处理的合金的2.5倍,是未经过任何处理的合金的9倍.     

手性噁唑啉的合成及其在不对称还原反应中的应用

由多元羧酸和手性2-氨基-1-丁醇经由相应的多元酰胺醇缩合制备了6个新型手性多噁唑啉,其结构经1H NMR谱、IR谱、MS谱和元素分析确证;并应用这些手性多噁唑啉配体,初步探讨了苯乙酮在KBH4或NaBH4作用下的不对称还原反应.     

一种新型钛调整体系: 钛羧酸盐和锂试剂的还原反应

本文首次将一系列α-芳香族酮酸通过与钛酸醇酯[Ti(OR^1)~4]的交换反应制备成钛羧酸盐, 随后将它与锂试剂反应。在此体系中锂试剂发生了一个未见报道的新反应: 将α-芳香族酮酸还原为相应的α-羟基羧酸。进一步研究表明: 锂试剂同时可以发生加成反应, 且因Ti(OR^1)~4, 酮酸和锂试剂的不同, 加成与还原的比例也随之不同。     

一种新型钛调整体系——钛羰酸盐和锂试剂的还原反应

本文首次将一系列α-芳香族酮酸通过与钛酸醉酯[Ti(OR~1)_4]的交换反应制备成钛羧酸盐,随后将它与锂试剂反应.在此体系中锂试剂发生了一个未见报道的新反应:将α-芳香族酮酸还原为相应的α-羟基羧酸.进一步研究表明,锂试剂同时可以发生加成反应,且因Ti(OR~1)_4,酮酸和锂试剂的不同,加成与还原的比例也随之不同.     

有机硼酸盐的化学 Ⅳ.三烷基噻吩基硼酸锂与CO_2的反应

本文研究了三烷基噻吩基硼酸锂与CO_2的反应.发现三烷基噻吩基硼酸锂可与CO_2在高压下进行反应得5-烷基噻吩-2-羧酸,从而证实了三烷基噻吩基硼酸锂与亲电试剂反应时亲电试剂进攻的是噻吩基的5-位,而不是3-位.这一新反应可用于制备噻吩羧酸类化合物.此外,2-烷基噻吩-5-羧酸可以被Raney Ni还原而开环脱硫成一长链羧酸,因而提供了一个将烷基延长5个碳链的新方法.     

丙烯／CO交替共聚物还原制备新型手性聚多元醇

手性Pd(Ⅱ)/P-PHOS(S)催化的丙烯/CO交替聚酮通过还原合成了一类新型手性聚多元醇.考察了4种还原剂LiAlH4,NaBH4,BH3·THF和Pd/C加氢对该聚酮的还原作用,其中LiAlH4和NaBH4可将聚酮分子链中羰基完全还原,生成手性交替聚多元醇,BH3·THF只能部分还原聚酮羰基,而Pd/C氢对聚酮没有还原作用.     

Synthesis of tert-alkyl amino hydroxy carboxylic esters via an intermolecular ene-type reaction of oxazolones and enol ethers

tert-Alkyl amino hydroxy carboxylic acids are abundantly present within the structure of many biologically active natural products. We describe herein the synthesis of these substrates using an oxazolone-mediated ene-type reaction with enol ethers followed by NaBH4 reduction of the intermediate oxazolone.     

Salen-based chiral fluorescence polymer sensor for enantioselective recognition of α-hydroxyl carboxylic acids

(R,R)-Salen-based chiral polymer P-1 was synthesized by the polymerization of 5,5'-((2,5-dibutoxy-1,4-phenylene)bis(ethyne-2,1-diyl))bis(2-hydroxy-3-(piperidin-1-ylmethyl) benzaldehyde (M-1) with (1R,2R)-cyclohexane-1,2-diamine (M-2) via nucleophilic addition- elimination reaction, and (R,R)-salan-based polymer P-2 could be obtained by the reduction reaction of P-1 with NaBH(4). (R,R)-Salen-based chiral polymer P-1 can exhibit greater fluorescence enhancement response toward (l)-α-hydroxyl carboxylic acids, and the value of enantiomeric fluorescence difference ratio (ef) can reach as high as 8.41 for mandelic acid and 6.55 for lactic acid. On the contrary, (R,R)-salan-based chiral polymer P-2 shows obvious fluorescence quenching response toward α-hydroxyl carboxylic acids. Most importantly, (R,R)-salen-based polymer P-1 can display bright blue fluorescence color change in the presence of (l)-α-hydroxyl carboxylic acids under a commercially available UV lamp, which can be clearly observed by the naked eyes.     

Triflylpyridinium Enables Rapid and Scalable Controlled Reduction of Carboxylic Acids to Aldehydes using Pinacolborane

Building up new and efficient methods for the controlled conversion of carboxylic acids to aldehydes is important. Herein, we report a rapid, modular and scalable method for the conversion of carboxylic acids to aldehydes using pinacolborane at ambient temperature, in which a triflylpyridinium reagent is used. The conversion of carboxylic acid to intermediate acylpyridinium by triflylpyridinium is new. A binary pyridine-coordinated boronium complex is generated after reduction. The unprecedented reduction of the acylpyridinium by HBpin opens up a practically direct synthesis of aldehydes from carboxylic acids. Theoretical studies indicate that the reduction of acylpyridinium requires a lower activation free energy than that of the product aldehyde. The synthetic advantage of this protocol is further highlighted by the scalable synthesis of aldehyde via continuous flow process. Configuration retention for chiral acids are presented in those syntheses.     

The Mitsunobu Reaction: Origin,Mechanism, Improvements,and Applications

The Mitsunobu reaction is a widely used and versatile method for the dehydrative oxidation–reduction condensation of an acid/pronucleophile usually with a primary or secondary alcohol that requires the combination of a reducing phosphine reagent together with an oxidizing azo reagent. The utility of this reaction stems from the fact that it is generally highly stereoselective and occurs with inversion of the stereochemical configuration of the alcohol starting material. Furthermore, as carboxylic acids, phenols, imides, sulfonamides, and other compounds can be used as the acid/pronucleophile, this reaction is useful for the preparation of a wide variety of functional groups. This Focus Review of the Mitsunobu reaction summarizes its origins, the current understanding of its mechanism, and recent improvements and applications.     

Reduction of Aldehydes by Fe-H_2O-CO_2 System in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

1 Introduction
Nowadays, green chemistry has received increased attention. The use of water and scCO2 as a solvent or reagent is an important field for organic reactions and green chemistry both in laboratory and industry.     

有机硼酸类催化剂在有机合成中的应用

综述了有机硼酸类作为催化剂应用于有机合成反应中的最新研究进展, 重点介绍了所发现的各种有机硼酸催化剂在缩合反应、羧酸还原反应、Diels-Alder反应中的催化活性以及反应机理. 硼酸催化剂因具有催化效率高、反应条件温和、可重复使用等优点, 必将在有机合成催化领域中得到更广泛的应用.     

Straightforward microwave-assisted synthesis of 2-thiazolines using Lawesson's reagent under solvent-free conditions

2-Thiazolines are synthesized from carboxylic acids and 1,2-aminoalcohols in the presence of Lawesson's reagent under solventless conditions. The developed method is valid for either substituted or unsubstituted aminoalcohols and a wide variety of aromatic, heteroaromatic and aliphatic carboxylic acids; thus it constitutes a general synthetic method for these kinds of compounds. The role of Lawesson's reagent is dual: to transform the 1,2-aminoalcohol into 1,2-aminothiol and to activate its reaction with the carboxylic acid leading to the formation of a thiazoline ring, all in one pot.     

The first asymmetric esterification of free carboxylic acids with racemic alcohols using benzoic anhydrides and tetramisole derivatives: an application to the kinetic resolution of secondary benzylic alcohols

A variety of optically active carboxylic esters are produced by the kinetic resolution of racemic secondary benzylic alcohols using free carboxylic acids with benzoic anhydride and tetramisole derivatives. 4-Methoxybenzoic anhydride (PMBA) is the best reagent to use in producing the corresponding esters in high ee when the reaction is catalyzed by (+)-benzotetramisole (BTM); by contrast, when non-substituted benzoic anhydride is used as a coupling reagent, the resulting optically active alcohols are obtained with high selectivities. This protocol directly produces chiral carboxylic esters from free carboxylic acids and racemic secondary alcohols by utilizing the trans-acylation process to generate mixed anhydrides from acid components and benzoic anhydride derivatives under the influence of chiral catalysts.     

6-Oxy-(acetyl ethylenediamine) fluorescein, a novel fluorescent derivatization reagent for carboxylic acids and its application in HPLC

A novel fluorescent derivatization reagent for carboxylic acids, 6-oxy-(acetyl ethylenediamine) fluorescein (AEF), was well designed, synthesized, and applied to HPLC. The derivatization reaction with 12 fatty acids, including n-valeric acid (C5), n-hexanoic acid (C6), n-heptanoic acid (C7), n-octanoic acid (C8), n-nonanoic acid (C9), n-decanoic acid (C10), lauric acid (C12), myristic acid (C14), palmitic acid (C16), stearic acid (C18), oleic acid (C18:1), and linoleic acid (C18:2), was completed at 55 degrees C within 40 min. The derivatives of fatty acids were separated on a C18 RP column and detected by fluorescence detection. The LODs attained were 0.4-1.2 nM (S/N of 3). It has been demonstrated that AEF is a prominent derivatization reagent for carboxylic acids which is suitable for HPLC.     

Evaluation of a series of prolylamidepyridines as the chiral derivatization reagents for enantioseparation of carboxylic acids by LC–ESI–MS/MS and the application to human saliva

Mass spectrometry has become a popular analytical tool because of its high sensitivity and specificity. The use of a chiral derivatization reagent for the mass spectrometry (MS) detection seems to be efficient for the enantiomeric separation of racemates. However, the number of chiral reagents for the liquid chromatography (LC)–MS/MS analysis is very limited. According to these observations, we are currently in the process of developing novel labeling reagents for chiral molecules in MS/MS analysis. The derivatization reagent that is effective for enhancing not only the electrospray ionization–MS/MS sensitivity but also the reversed-phase LC resolution of carboxylic acid enantiomers should have a highly proton-affinitive moiety and an asymmetric structure near the reactive functional group. Furthermore, the resulting derivative has to provide a characteristic product ion suitable for the selected reaction monitoring. Based upon these considerations, a series of prolylamidepyridines ((S)-N-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid N-(pyridine-2-yl)amide (PCP2), (S)-N-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid N-(pyridine-3-yl)amide, and (S)-N-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid N-(pyridine-4-yl)amide) was synthesized as ideal labeling reagents for the enantioseparation of chiral carboxylic acids and evaluated in terms of separation efficiency and detection sensitivity by ultra-performance LC (UPLC)–MS/MS. Among the synthesized reagents, PCP2 was the most efficient chiral derivatization reagent for the enantioseparation of carboxylic acid. The Rs values and the detection limits of the derivatives of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which were selected as the representative carboxylic acids, were in the range of 2.52–6.07 and 49–260 amol, respectively. The sensitive detection of biological carboxylic acids (detection limits, 32–520 amol) was also carried out by the proposed method using PCP2 and UPLC–MS/MS. The PCP2 was applied to the determination of carboxylic acids in human saliva. Several biological carboxylic acids, such as lactic acid (LA), 3-hydroxybutylic acid, maric acid, succinic acid, α-ketoglutalic acid, and citric acid, were clearly identified in the saliva of healthy persons and diabetic patients. Furthermore, the ratio of d-LA in diabetic patients was higher than that in normal subjects. Judging from these results, PCP2 seems to be a useful chiral derivatization reagent for the determination not only of chiral, but also achiral, carboxylic acids in real samples.