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1.
The L spectra of the elements 14 ≤ Z ≤ 22 were reinvestigated. Because of the limited energy resolution of the multilayer
reflectors neither Ll and Lη nor Lα and Lβ1 could be resolved. Nevertheless, the line Lβ3,4 = L1M2,3 was observed for all elements Z ≥ 16, but not for 14Si and 15P. Exceptions to this are 18Ar and 22Ti. For 18Ar no suitable sample is available. In the case of 22Ti the Lβ3,4 line is overlapped by the O Kα line which has its origin in the oxide surface layer of the Ti standard. In all cases the
Lβ3,4 line was observed near to the expected position which was determined by means of the known electron binding energies.
The L spectrum of 21Sc was studied for various energies of the incident electrons, E0. These measurements show that Lβ3,4 is much more strongly absorbed in Sc than Ll,η and Lα,β1. From these measurements approximate mass absorption coefficients (m.a.c.) were deduced. The relative net peak height I(Lβ3,4)/I(Lα,β1) decreases from 15% at E0 = 4 keV to 4% at E0 = 20 keV, whereas I(Ll,η)/I(Lα,β1) remains nearly constant at 90%. The peak to background ratio of Ll,η is greater than that of Lα,β1. 相似文献
2.
A reinvestigation was undertaken in order to obtain reliable data of the relative intensities of the L spectra for the elements
24 ≤ Z ≤ 33. A TAP crystal with a periodicity of 25.757 ? was used as the dispersing element. With this crystal one is able
to resolve the lines/bands Ll = L3M1, Lη = L2M1, Lα1,2 = L3M4,5, Lβ1 = L2M4, and Lβ3,4 = L1M2,3. Among the investigated elements 33As is the only one for which the energy of the lines Lα1,2 and Lβ1 is below the L3 absorption edge. For all the other elements the lines Ll, Lη, and Lα1,2 are below the L3 edge, whereas Lβ1 and Lβ3,4 are above this edge. This difference leads to effects of differential absorption, where the absorption is stronger for decreasing
line energy. For the net peak height ratio β1/α we obtained results which are of the same order of magnitude as those given by White and Johnson (W&J) in their popular
tables. But for l/α and β3,4/β1 our results show an atomic number dependence which is completely different from those given by W&J. 相似文献
3.
E. Cengiz V. Aylıkcı N. Kaya G. Apaydın E. Tıraşoğlu 《Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry》2008,278(1):89-96
In this study, the chemical effects on σKi
(i = α, β), σLα cross sections, Kβ/Kα X-ray intensity ratios and vacancy transfer probabilities from K to L (η
KL) for pure Nb and Nb compounds were investigated. The samples were excited by 59.5 keV γ-rays from 241Am and 5.96 keV photon energy from a 55Fe annular radioactive sources. K and L X-rays emitted by samples were counted by an Ultra-LEGe detector with a resolution
of 150 eV at 5.9 keV. While it was observed that the chemical bonding had an effect on the σKβ, σLα cross sections and Kβ/Kα X-ray intensity ratios for compounds, it was almost negligible for σKα cross section because Kα transitions (2P3/2,1/2→1S1/2) occurred in inner shells. It is well known that interactions between central element atom and ligands come into existence
in valence state, so outer energy levels are sensitive to the chemical environment. The experimental values of σKα cross section and η
KL are in good agreement with theoretically calculated and other experimental values of pure niobium, but the experimental values
of the σKβ, σLα cross sections and Kβ/Kα X-ray intensity ratios have differences for some compounds because valence electrons have different bond distances and binding
energies in different compounds. 相似文献
4.
M. Okada 《Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry》1981,63(1):201-204
Experimental, relative intensities for the components of L X-rays have been collected from the literature, and the atomic
number dependence has been found for the Lβ/Lα, Lγ/Lα, Lℓ/Lα and Lη/Lα ratios. Among the L X-ray components Lα is predominant if Z<40, Lβ/Lα≈1.0 if 50≤Z≤90, Lγ/Lβ≈1.0 if 94≤Z≤100, and Lγ/Lα>1.0 if Z≈100. 相似文献
5.
β-sialon ceramics sintered with yttria additives have been studied with the use of an electron probe X-ray analysis (EPMA).
Sialon ceramics were prepared from a carbothermally derived β-sialon powder and then sintered in a nitrogen atmosphere with
yttria admixture. The above process was followed by annealing in flowing nitrogen. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations
have shown that the sintered material contains a glassy phase (Y-Si-Al-O-N) on the grain boundaries. X-ray diffraction (XRD)
after annealing in nitrogen revealed the presence of a considerable amount of yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG). The higher voltage
of 30 kV was used in order to excite the yttrium Kα radiation (14.96 keV) at an appropriate overvoltage ratio because in some phases of the material, the disappearance of the
yttrium Lα line has been observed during EPMA examination at an accelerating voltage of 15 kV in energy dispersive spectra (EDS). The
intensity of the yttrium Kα line was sufficiently high, while the Y Lα line was not seen in the ED spectrum. Because the position of the yttrium Lα line (1.922 keV) is very close to the Si (K) absorption edge (1.84 keV), the strong absorption at this edge is probably responsible
for the effect. This result should be considered as a serious warning in the case of EPMA (EDS) studies on compounds or mixtures
suspected to contain both silicon and yttrium, because at electrons energies lower than 15 keV, the presence of yttrium in
materials can go unnoticed. In wavelength dispersive spectra (WDS) obtained at 15 keV the intensity of the yttrium Lα line was also very low but measurable. 相似文献
6.
Silvia Berto Francesco Crea Pier Giuseppe Daniele Concetta De Stefano Enrico Prenesti Silvio Sammartano 《Journal of solution chemistry》2009,38(10):1343-1356
The formation constants of dioxouranium(VI)-2,2′-oxydiacetic acid (diglycolic acid, ODA) and 3,6,9-trioxaundecanedioic acid
(diethylenetrioxydiacetic acid, TODA) complexes were determined in NaCl (0.1≤I≤1.0 mol⋅L−1) and KNO3 (I=0.1 mol⋅L−1) aqueous solutions at T=298.15 K by ISE-[H+] glass electrode potentiometry and visible spectrophotometry. Quite different speciation models were obtained for the systems
investigated, namely: ML0, MLOH−, ML22−, M2L2(OH)−, and M2L2(OH)22−, for the dioxouranium(VI)–ODA system, and ML0, MLH+, and MLOH− for the dioxouranium(VI)–TODA system (M=UO22+ and L = ODA or TODA), respectively. The dependence on ionic strength of the protonation constants of ODA and TODA and of
both metal-ligand complexes was investigated using the SIT (Specific Ion Interaction Theory) approach. Formation constants
at infinite dilution are [for the generic equilibrium pUO22++q(L2−)+rH+
⇌(UO22+)
p
(L)
q
H
r
(2p−2q+r);β
pqr
]: log 10
β
110=6.146, log 10
β
11−1=0.196, log 10
β
120=8.360, log 10
β
22−1=8.966, log 10
β
22−2=3.529, for the dioxouranium(VI)–ODA system and log β
110=3.636, log 10
β
111=6.650, log 10
β
11−1=−1.242 for dioxouranium(VI)–TODA system. The influence of etheric oxygen(s) on the interaction towards the metal ion was
discussed, and this effect was quantified by means of a sigmoid Boltzman type equation that allows definition of a quantitative
parameter (pL
50) that expresses the sequestering capacity of ODA and TODA towards UO22+; a comparison with other dicarboxylates was made. A visible absorption spectrum for each complex reaching a significant percentage
of formation in solution (KNO3 medium) has been calculated to better characterize the compounds found by pH-metric refinement. 相似文献
7.
P. Elumalai H. N. Vasan N. Munichandraiah 《Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry》1999,3(7-8):470-473
Charge-transfer resistance [R
ct = (dη/di)η = 0] and Tafel plots of current density (i) versus overpotential (η) data are generally known to yield values of the energy-transfer coefficient (α) and exchange current
density (i
o) of an electrochemical reaction. In the present investigation, the resistance (dη/di)η≠0 that could be calculated by differentiating a wide range of i−η curves was also shown to provide the values of α and i
o, by plotting ln(dη/di)η≠0 against η. Since α and i
o could also be evaluated directly from the experimental DC polarization data, the procedure was not of significant importance.
Nevertheless, it was considered important in evaluating α and i
o from AC impedance data, because the procedure was based on data analysis, which was much simpler than that reported in the
literature. A cobalt electrode prepared from fine metal powder was used in 1 M KOH electrolyte and the hydrogen evolution
reaction was studied by AC impedance at several potentials. The resistance values measured from the complex plane impedance
diagram were plotted against the potential, and the values of α and i
o were evaluated.
Received: 8 October 1998 / Accepted: 11 January 1999 相似文献
8.
G. Sugihara A. A. Nakamura T. -H. Nakashima Y. -I. Araki T. Okano M. Fujiwara 《Colloid and polymer science》1997,275(8):790-796
For a sodium salt of α-sulfonatomyristic acid methyl ester (14SFNa), one of the α-SFMe series surfactants, the differential
conductivity (∂κ/∂C)
T
,
P
vs. square root of concentration (√C) was employed in order to determine not only CMC but also the limiting molar conductance (Λ0) and the molar conductance of micellar species (ΛM).
Based on the data of the degree of counterion binding to micelles (β) determined previously at different temperatures ranging
15–50 °C at every 5 °C, the experimental values of the degree of dissociation (ionization) of a micelle (αEX) were calculated by regarding as αEX=1−β. The ratio ΛM/Λ0 corresponding to the ratio of slopes below and above CMC in the curve of specific conductivity (κ) vs. concentration (C), which has been often assumed to be the degree of ionization of micelles (α), was compared with the present αEX. However, the ratio ΛM/Λ0 (=α) was found to have a correlationship with αEX (=1−β) as αEX≈0.40×(ΛM/Λ0), or strictly, αEX=0.40 (ΛM/Λ0)+0.08, indicating that the simple ratio of the slopes below and above CMC in κ vs. C curve is not true for αEX=1−β. On the other hand, the method proposed by Evans gave a value closer to αEX compared with the simple ratio.
Received: 17 September 1996 Accepted: 8 April 1997 相似文献
9.
Two new polyhydroxysteroids and five new glycosides were isolated from the starfishCeramaster patagonicus and their structures were elucidated: 5α-cholestane-3β,6α,15β,16β,26-pentol, (22E)-5α-cholest-22-ene-3β,6α,8,15α,24-pentol, (22E)-28-O-[O-(2-O-methyl-β-d-xylopyranosyl)-(1→2)-β-d-galactofuranosyl]-24-hydroxymethyl-5α-cholest-22-ene-3β,4β, 6α,8,15β,16β,28-heptol (ceramasteroside C1), (22E)-28-O-[O-(2,4-di-O-methyl-β-d-xylopyranosyl)-(1→2)-β-d-galactofuranosyl]-24-hydroxymethyl-5α-cholest-22-ene-3β, 6α,8,15β,16β,28-hexol (ceramasteroside C2), (22E)-28-O-[O-methyl-β-d-xylopyranosyl)-(1→2)-β-d-galactofuranosyl]-24-hydroxymethyl-5α-cholest-22-ene-3β,6α,8,15β,16β 28-hexol (eramasteroside C3), (22E)-28-O-[O-(2-O-methyl-β-d-xylopyranosyl)-(1→2)-β-d-galactofuranosyl]-24-methyl-5α-cholest-22-ene-3β,4β,6α,8, 15β, 26-hexol (ceramasteroside C4), and (22E)-28-O-[O-(2-O-methyl-β-d-xylopyranosyl)-(1→2)-β-d-xylopyranosyl]-5α-cholest-22-ene-3β,6α,8,15β,24-pentol (ceramasteroside C5)). Three known polyhydroxysteroids (24-methylene-5α-cholestane-3β,6α,8,15β,16β,26-hexol, 5α-cholestane-3β,6α,8,15β,16β,26-hexol,
and 5α-cholestane-3β,6β,15α,16β,26-pentol) were also isolated.
Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 1, pp. 190–195, January, 1997. 相似文献
10.
We have determined the parameters of the Arrhenius equation (E, log A) for reactions between
\textNO2+ {\text{NO}}_2^{+} ions and C3-C8 alkanes in HNO3–93 wt.% H2SO4 solutions at 277–353 K, and we have also estimated the activation parameters E
j
, log A
j
for secondary and tertiary C—H bonds of these alkanes. We show that the following compensation relations are satisfied: E = 2.3R βlog A + C with isokinetic temperature β = 360 ± 65 K, and also E
j
=2.3Rβ
j
log A
j
+ C
j
, for secondary C—H bonds, β2 =300 ± 60, and for tertiary C—H bonds, β3 =310 ± 50. 相似文献
11.
Jorge L. Guzmán Mar Leticia López Martínez Pedro L. López de Alba Jesús E. Castrejón Durán Víctor Cerdà Martín 《Mikrochimica acta》2006,153(3-4):139-144
1-Naphthylamine (NPA) is one of the main degradation products of pesticides derived from naphthalene, and a well-known bladder
carcinogen in men. The Griess assay is used for NPA determination because of its high sensitivity and selectivity. The azo
dye 4-(sulphophenylazo)-1-naphthylamine is formed, which shows a peak maximum at 540 nm. After optimizing multisyringe flow
injection analysis (MSFIA) parameters, the analytical characteristics of the method were obtained, with a working linear range
of 0.5 to 14 mg L−1, according to the equation A = 0.0738±0.0019 [NPA] + 0.0028 ± 0.0042, r = 0.9997. Values for RSD (%) and Erel (%) were calculated for the concentration levels of 0.5, 6 and 12 mg L−1; values obtained were 1.1, 0.4 and 0.3% for RSD and 0.8, 0.3 and 0.2% for Erel, respectively. LD was 0.01 mg L−1 and LQ was 0.04 mg L−1 NPA. The MSFIA procedure for the determination of NPA was applied to different water samples (well water, tap water, seawater,
and wastewater from the EDAR-1, Palma de Mallorca water treatment plant), with satisfactory results and a throughput of 90
samples per hour. 相似文献
12.
Paraskevas D. Tzanavaras Demetrius G. Themelis Anastasios Economou Georgios Theodoridis 《Mikrochimica acta》2003,142(1-2):55-62
Two new simple and rapid methods are reported for the accurate and precise spectrophotometric determination of captopril
(CPL) using flow (FI) and sequential injection (SI) analysis. The methods are based on the fast oxidation of CPL by Fe(III).
The produced Fe(II) reacts with 2,2′-dipyridyl-2-pyridylhydrazone (DPPH) in acidic medium to form a colored complex which
is monitored spectrophotometrically at 535 nm. Both methods allow the determination of the analyte up to 1000 mg L−1 at a sampling rate of 120 and 60 injections per hour for FI and SI, respectively. The methods are very precise [s
r=0.8 and 1.2% at 500 mg L−1 CPL (n=12) for FI and SI, respectively] and the 3σ detection limits (c
L=4.0 and 7.0 mg L1, respectively) are quite satisfactory. Their application to a variety of anti-hypertensive commercial pharmaceutical formulations
showed excellent results (relative errors, e
r, < ± 1.6% in all cases compared to an official HPLC method), while common pharmaceutical excipients were found not to interfere.
Recovery experiments further verified the accuracy of the developed methods, as the percent recoveries were in the range of
98.1–102.5%.
Author for correspondence. E-mail: themelis@chem.auth.gr
Received May 9, 2002; accepted January 8, 2003
Published online May 5, 2003 相似文献
13.
A new method was proposed for determining the most probable mechanism function of a solid phase reaction. According to Coats-Redfern's
integral equation Eβ→0 was calculated by extrapolating β to zero using a series of TG curves with different heating rates. Similarly, Eα→0 was calculated according to Ozawa's equation. The most probable mechanism function of the solid phase dehydration of manganese(II)
oxalate dihydrate was confirmed to be G(α)=(1-α)1/2 by comparing Eα→0 with Eβ→0.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
14.
Franke AA Custer LJ Morimoto Y Nordt FJ Maskarinec G 《Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry》2011,401(4):1319-1330
Estrogens and other endogenous steroids are known risk markers for cancer. Gas chromatography (GC) with mass spectrometry
(MS) has traditionally predominated the analysis of estrogens and other endogenous steroids, but liquid chromatography (LC)
MS is increasingly favored. Direct comparisons of the two technologies have hitherto not been performed. Steroids were analyzed
from 232 urine samples of 78 premenopausal women in a blinded fashion by benchtop orbitrap LCMS and single quadrupole GCMS.
Sixteen steroidal estrogens including oxidized metabolites could be analyzed by LCMS. LCMS–GCMS Spearman rank correlations
of the major estrogens E1, E2, E3, 16α-OHE1, and 2-OHE1 were very high (r = 0.72–0.91), and absolute concentrations also agreed (<5% difference for E1, E2, E3, 16α-OHE1). LCMS allowed reinterrogation of the acquired data due to orbitrap technology, which permitted post-analysis quantitation
of progesterone, cortisol, and cortisone (LCMS–GCMS Spearman rank correlations = 0.80–0.84; absolute difference, <7%; n = 137). GCMS allows the measurement of a wide range of steroids including non-polar analytes that escape the presented LCMS
assay. In contrast, orbitrap-based LCMS can detect more estrogens, is faster, less costly, allows post-data acquisition reinterrogation
of certain analytes that had not been targeted a priori, and requires much less urine. 相似文献
15.
In the case of a single-electron reaction with account for slow diffusion of reagents, equations for actual (experimentally
determined) activation energies of two types were derived and analyzed: real energy A f, i.e., the energy measured at a constant electrode polarization value η = const) and formal energy (Ωf, i.e., the value measured at a constant value of potential vs. an ambiguously chosen reference electrode E = const). It is found that under the conditions of a sufficiently significant deviation from equilibrium, the actual activation
energy A
f is the weighted arithmetic mean of the diffusion activation energy and the sum of A
0 + αFη (where A
0 is the real activation energy of the discharge stage at polarization of η = 0); herewith, the weighting coefficients are
the corresponding values of the current of the discharge stage and the limiting diffusion current. A similar relationship
is also obtained for Ωf. It is found that the A
f, η- and Ωf, E-curves can in a number of cases feature regions with the negative A
f and Ωf values in the mixed kinetics range. 相似文献
16.
Abstract Photochemical reaction of methanol solution containing 1,4-diferrocenyl- or 1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiynes and iron pentacarbonyl
into which CO was constantly bubbled, yielded diiron hexacarbonyl complexes of cumulene ligand systems, [η1: η3-{RCHC2CR(COOMe)}Fe2(CO)6] (1; E, R = Fc,
2; Z, R = Fc, 5; E, R = Ph,
6; Z, R = Ph) and [η3: η3-{RCHC2CR(COOMe)}Fe2(CO)6] (3; E, R = Fc, 7; E, R = Ph), formed by 1,4-addition of –COOMe and –H to the butadiynes. Additionally, diferrole, [Fe(CO)4{C(O)CC(Fc)C(O)}2],4 was obtained in minor quantity. Compounds 1, 2, 5 and 6 contain vinylallyl carbon framework which is stabilized by MeOC=O → Fe bond along with η1: η3 coordinated Fe2(CO)6 unit. Compounds 3 and 7 contain butatriene units which are stabilized by η3: η3 coordinated Fe2(CO)6 unit. Characterization of the new compounds was carried out by IR and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and by mass spectrometry. Molecular structures of 2–7 were established by single crystal X-ray diffraction methods.
Graphical Abstract Diiron hexacarbonyl complexes of cumulene ligand systems, [η1: η3 {RCHC2CR(COOMe)}] (1; E, R = Fc, 2; Z, R = Fc, 5; E, R = Ph,
6; Z, R = Ph) and [η3: η3-{RCHC2CR(COOMe)}] (3; E, R = Fc,
7; E, R = Ph) were obtained from photochemical reactions between Fe(CO)5, CO and methanol. Yield of the minor product, the diferrole, 4, was improved when the photoreaction was carried out in hexane in place of methanol
相似文献
17.
E. J. Padma Malar 《Theoretical chemistry accounts》2005,114(1-3):213-221
Structure and bonding in triple-decker cationic complexes [(η5-Cp)Fe(μ,η:η5-E5) Fe(η5-Cp)]+ (1: E = CH, 2: E = P, 3: E = As) and [(η5-Cp)Fe(μ,η:η5-Cp)Fe(η5-E5)]+ (E = P, As) are examined by density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the B3LYP/6-31+G* level. These species exhibit
the lowest energy when all the three ligands are eclipsed. In the complexes with bifacially coordinated cyclo-E5, the perfectly eclipsed D5h sandwich structure a is found to be a potential minimum. The energy difference between the fully eclipsed and the staggered conformations b and c are within 1.0, 2.1, and 6.3 kcal/mol, respectively, for E = CH, P, and As. The isomeric species with monofacially coordinated
cyclo-E5 (E =P, As), [(η5 -Cp)Fe(μ,η :η5-Cp)Fe(η5-E5)]+ are predicted to be about 30 and 60 kcal/mol higher in energy , respectively, for E = P and As. The calculations predict
that the bifacially coordinated cyclo-E5 (E =P, As) undergoes significant ring expansion leading to ``loosening of bonds' as observed experimentally. The consequent
loss of aromaticity in the central cyclo-E5 indicates that significant π-electron density from the ring can be directed towards bonding with the iron centers on both sides. The diffuse nature of
the π-orbitals of cyclo-P5 and cyclo-As5 can lead to better overlap with the iron d-orbitals and result in stronger bonding. This is reflected in the bond order values
of 0.377 and 0.372 for the Fe-P and Fe-As bonds in 2a and 3a, respectively. The natural population analysis reveals that the Fe atom that is coordinated to a cyclo-E5 (E = P, As) possesses a negative charge of −0.23 to −0.38 units due to transfer of electron density from the inorganic ring
to the metal center. 相似文献
18.
M. R. Maisashvili Dzh. K. Kuchukhidze V. S. Kikoladze L. N. Gvazava 《Chemistry of Natural Compounds》2012,48(1):86-90
Two new steroidal glycosides were isolated by fractionation of total extracted substances from inflorescences and flower stalks
of Allium rotundum (Alliaceae). The structures were determined on the basis of chemical transformations, physical constants,
and spectral data as 26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(25R)-5α-furostan2α,3β,22α,26-tetraol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 3)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1 → 4)-β-D-galactopyranoside (2) and (25R)-5α-spirostan-2α,3β-diol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-βD-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 3)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-β-D-galactopyranoside (3). 相似文献
19.
A 66-kDa thermostable family 1 Glycosyl Hydrolase (GH1) enzyme with β-glucosidase and β-galactosidase activities was purified
to homogeneity from the seeds of Putranjiva roxburghii belonging to Euphorbiaceae family. N-terminal and partial internal amino acid sequences showed significant resemblance to plant GH1 enzymes. Kinetic
studies showed that enzyme hydrolyzed p-nitrophenyl β-d-glucopyranoside (pNP-Glc) with higher efficiency (K
cat/K
m = 2.27 × 104 M−1 s−1) as compared to p-nitrophenyl β-d-galactopyranoside (pNP-Gal; K
cat/K
m = 1.15 × 104 M−1 s−1). The optimum pH for β-galactosidase activity was 4.8 and 4.4 in citrate phosphate and acetate buffers respectively, while
for β-glucosidase it was 4.6 in both buffers. The activation energy was found to be 10.6 kcal/mol in the temperature range
30–65 °C. The enzyme showed maximum activity at 65 °C with half life of ~40 min and first-order rate constant of 0.0172 min−1. Far-UV CD spectra of enzyme exhibited α, β pattern at room temperature at pH 8.0. This thermostable enzyme with dual specificity
and higher catalytic efficiency can be utilized for different commercial applications. 相似文献
20.
Michael Wendt 《Mikrochimica acta》2002,139(1-4):195-200
Elements in the range 39 ≤ Z ≤ 56 were excited by electrons of an energy between 3 and 15 keV. The X-rays were detected by
means of an energy dispersive Si(Li) spectrometer with an ultra-thin polymer entrance window. In all cases Mζ = M5N3 was found to be the most intense M line. Thus, the relative intensity of this line is by definition 100%. For the heavier
of the investigated elements some other M lines were observed: M5O3, Mγ and M2N4. Mγ was detectable for Z ≥ 47, starting with a relative intensity of about 5%, which increased rapidly with Z to approximately
10%. M5O3 was first observed for 49-In, with a relative intensity of less than 10%, which increased up to approximately 50% for 56-Ba.
Also, M2N4 was observed for Z ≥ 49. The relative intensity of that line is approximately one half of that of Mγ. 相似文献