孤岛渣油在分散型催化剂存在下加氢裂化反应动力学的研究Ⅱ．气体生成的动力学

本文研究了孤岛渣油在分散型磷钼酸铵催化剂存在下加氢裂化反应中裂化气体生成的动力学规律。在此基础上，将反应物系分为裂化残渣油、馏分油（Ｃ＿５～４８０℃）、Ｈ＿２Ｓ、甲烷、乙烷、丙烷、丁烷和Ｃ＿２～Ｃ＿４烯烃八个集总，提出了裂化气体生成的一级平行－连串反应动力学网络，进而用随机投点的复合形法求算了气体生成的速率常数和活化能。结果表明，模型计算值与实验数据较为吻合，所提出的气体生成模型对在分散型催化剂存在下孤岛渣油加氢裂化反应中气体的生成反应是合理的。     

工业Fe-Mn催化剂上基于详细反应机理的F-T合成动力学模型Ⅰ.烯烃再吸附动力学研究

 利用转篮式无梯度反应器,在工业Fe-Mn催化剂上,在较宽的工业操作相关的反应条件下进行了F-T合成反应动力学研究. 首次提出了利用转篮式无梯度反应器反应气氛和反应温度均一的优势,将烃生成反应动力学的估算从传统的对烃生成和水煤气变换这两类发生在不同活性中心的反应同时进行估算的方法中分离出来,简化了烃生成动力学模型的计算. 在基于亚甲基插入的亚烷基机理动力学模型基础上,考虑到乙烯与催化剂表面强的相互作用,将乙烯和乙烷的生成动力学参数单独计算. 动力学模型计算的链增长、烷烃和烯烃生成的活化能均与文献报道值具有较好的一致性. 由F-T合成动力学模型计算的合成气消耗速率、甲烷生成速率和C5+的生成速率较好地与实验值吻合. 通过动力学模型并结合实验结果分析发现,未考虑除化学反应之外的非本征因素的烯烃再吸附动力学模型不能够正确预测烃产物分布偏离ASF规律及烯烷比随碳数增加而下降的现象.     

低碳烃芳构化催化剂再生过程研究

由低碳烃转化生成芳烃，高温下伴随裂解聚合生焦反应，催化剂需周期性再生方可保持高的芳烃收率和选择性。本文对ＧａＺＳＭ５低碳烃芳构化结炭催化剂的再生过程进行了研究，考察了载气气流配比、气体空速及烧炭温度对烧炭程度的影响，在此基础上选定了烧炭程序。在１０ｍｌ、１００ｍｌ反应装置上的在位烧炭结果表明，此烧炭程序能使催化剂上所结之炭完全脱出，催化剂活性完全恢复。并建立了宏观再生动力学方程。     

孤岛渣油在分散型催化剂存在下加氢裂化反应动力学的研究 Ⅱ.…

本文研究了孤岛渣油在分散型磷钼酸铵催化剂存在下加氢裂化反应中裂化气体生成的动力学规律。在此基础上，将反应物系分为裂化残渣油、馏分油（Ｃ５～４８０℃）、Ｈ２Ｓ、甲烷、乙烷、丙烷、丁烷和Ｃ２～Ｃ４烯烃八个集总，提出了裂化气体生成的一级平行－连串反应动力学网络，进而用随机投点的复合形法求算了气体生成的速率常数和活化能。结果表明，模型计算值与实验数据较为吻合，所提出的气体生成模型对在分散型催化化剂存在下孤     

繁峙煤镜质组的生烃特征与热解产物生成动力学研究

本文利用付立叶红外光谱（ＦＴＩＲ），热解气相色谱（Ｐｙ－ＧＣ）及热解气相色谱质谱（Ｐｙ－ＧＣ－ＭＳ）联用技术等分析手段，探讨了我国山西繁峙煤镜质组的生烃特征，鉴定了如气体烃、正构脂肪烃、苯酚、单环芳烃以及甲氧基酚类等热解产物６７种化合物。用相继等温热解法一级反应动力学模型，求取了热解产物如气体组分（Ｃ１￣Ｃ６）、轻烃（Ｃ７￣Ｃ１４）、重烃（Ｃ１５￣Ｃ３０）、正构脂肪烃（ｎＣｉ）、烷基芳烃、苯酚等的     

几种烃化合物在氮热等离子体中的热解

研究了数种烃包括液态苯和甲苯以及气态的四甲烷，乙烯及乙炔在氮热等离子体中的热解行为，结果发现，所有烃人合物在氮等离子体中均发生强烈的分解反应，生成大量炭黑和气体。气体产物中的主要成分是氢，乙炔和丙炔腈，在液态烃苯和甲苯的热解产物中不含有甲烷及乙烯等小分子烃，乙炔的浓度与丙炔腈的含量有关，丙炔腈的含量高时，乙炔的浓度低，反之亦然，所制得的炭黑粒细小，粒度分布范围产窄，具有较强的吸附性能，其确值为１４     

F-T合成校正综合动力学模型

考虑了烯烃、醇与酸的再吸附及其非本征效应(烯烃、醇与酸在催化剂孔道中的扩散作用、物理吸附及溶解度效应)对产物分布的影响,推导了基于详细反应机理的亚甲基插入的烷基机理F-T合成校正综合动力学模型.利用文献数据对动力学模型进行了回归,获得了与文献报道结果相一致的动力学参数.由校正动力学模型计算的烷烃、烯烃、醇与酸产物分布及烯烃比、醇烃比及酸烃比与实验数据较好地吻合.动力学计算结果表明,在铁锰催化剂上,烷烃、烯烃、醇与酸生成的反应是平行竞争反应,烯烃、醇与酸在催化剂表面的再吸附及二次反应导致产物分布偏离了ASF分布.动力学研究还表明,相同碳数的醇与酸产物在催化剂表面上再吸附及二次反应的机会比相同碳数的烯烃大.通过比较相同碳数的烯烃、醇与酸的分子体积及沸点,指出了在铁锰催化剂上,低碳数的烯烃、醇与酸的再吸附及二次反应对产物分布影响的非本征效应中,烯烃、醇与酸的扩散阻力不是主导效应.     

蒲县藻煤藻类体热解产物单组分生成动力学

用快速热解气相色谱法以及热解气相色谱－质谱联用技术，鉴定了山西蒲县藻煤藻类体的热解产物组成。利用等温一级反应动力学模型，计算了蒲县藻煤藻类体热解产物中正构烷烃、正构烯烃、苯（Ｂ）、甲苯（Ｔ）、萘以及热解总产物（Ａｒ）等组分生成动力学参数，探讨了这些动力学参数与和生烃的关系。     

SAPO-34催化剂上甲醇制烯烃诱导期反应

甲醇制烯烃(MTO)是典型的自催化过程,包含诱导期反应.在诱导期反应中,甲醇转化生成的烃池物种在分子筛催化剂上积累,形成含有活性中心的烃池,从而进一步促进和加快更多烃池物种的生成.作为MTO反应的活性中间体,研究分子筛上烃池物种及其演变,对于理解MTO反应机理以及C1化学中第一个C-C键的生成具有重要意义.本文采用SAPO-34分子筛催化剂,对较低温度下流化床反应器中MTO诱导期反应进行研究,获得了诱导期反应的数据.通过HF溶解分子筛骨架的方法,检测各阶段存留在SAPO-34分子筛催化剂中的有机物种,分析了分子筛催化剂上烃池物种的积累和演变、烃池的形成以及烃池物种与催化剂失活之间的关系,并结合诱导期反应数据进一步讨论了MTO诱导期反应的动力学.研究发现,与ZSM-5分子筛类似,SAPO-34分子筛上的MTO诱导期反应对温度非常敏感.诱导期证实可分为三个反应阶段:初始反应阶段(最初C-C键生成阶段)、第二阶段(烃池物种的生成和积累阶段)及第三阶段(自催化反应阶段).这表明SAPO-34分子筛上MTO反应中烃池机理的重要性.然而,由于烃池物种和烃池机理的复杂性,在缺乏动力学研究的情况下,很难将诱导期反应三个阶段与反应机理进行明确的关联.因此,我们分别讨论了诱导期反应三个阶段的动力学,并计算了各阶段的表观活化能.动力学研究表明,与ZSM-5不同的是,在SAPO-34上的MTO诱导期反应中,初始反应阶段表观活化能较低,反应进行相对容易;而自催化反应阶段的活化能较高,反应进行相对困难.这主要是SAPO-34与ZSM-5分子筛的结构差异所致.SAPO-34分子筛因具有CHA结构而导致的扩散限制和空间约束,使得在第一阶段初始活性物种的生成和积累相对容易;但是在自催化反应阶段,不具活性的金刚烷类物质开始生成,并随着反应的进行在所有积碳物种所占的比例逐渐升高,导致其在自催化反应阶段(第三阶段)的活化能高于烃池物种的生成和积累阶段(第二阶段).对于HZSM-5催化剂上的MTO诱导期反应,由于MFI结构所产生的扩散限制和空间约束低于CHA结构,在第一阶段初始活性物种的积累相对困难,导致其初始阶段的表观活化能高于SAPO-34催化剂;但是随着反应的进行,活性物种在HZSM-5催化剂上不断积累,导致自催化反应阶段的进行相对比较容易.然而,对于SAPO-34分子筛上MTO诱导期反应,随着反应时间的推移,催化剂上积累的活性物种和非活性物种同时增多,而且由于SAPO-34结构特点而引起的扩散限制,大部分物种均保留在SAPO-34分子筛的笼中.分子筛中活性物种能提高反应活性,相应地,非活性物种则会抑制反应活性.因此,SAPO-34分子筛上甲醇转化诱导期反应活化能反映的是活性物种和非活性物种之间的竞争关系.     

长广煤木栓质体的热解特征及热解产物各组分生成动力学

用等温热解气相色谱（Ｐｙ－ＧＣ）法以及热解气相色谱质谱（Ｐｙ－ＧＣ－ＭＳ）联用技术，结合元素分析，探讨了我国浙江省长广煤木栓质体的热解特征。用等温一级反应动力学模型首次求取了长广木铨体热解产物中正构烷烃、正构烯烃、苯、甲苯、酚等各组分生成动力学参数，并探讨了这些动力学参数与木栓质体生烃序列的关系。     

Ni-Mg复合催化剂催化裂解CH_4制氢动力学研究

基于定温热重实验,建立了甲烷催化裂解反应动力学模型和催化剂表面积炭失活动力学模型。其中,甲烷催化裂解动力学模型将初始产氢速率视为催化剂未积炭条件下的动力学基础数据;催化剂表面积炭失活动力学则基于甲烷催化裂解速率的降低。实验使用Ni-Mg复合催化剂,分别在535、585、635℃,甲烷分压10~4、2×10~4、3×10~4Pa条件下展开甲烷催化裂解动力学特性研究。结果表明,甲烷催化裂解的反应级数为0.5,活化能为82 k J/mol;Ni-Mg复合催化剂反应失活级数为0.5,催化剂失活活化能为118 k J/mol。实验条件下均制得了多壁碳纳米管。     

稳定同位素方法研究正构烷烃与四氢萘二元体系的反应

以正构烷烃作为模型化合物的热反应、临氢反应、临氢催化反应中,添加供氢剂抑制正构烷烃所裂化;气相氢和供氢剂的供氢参与饱和烯烃,两者是性质不同的氢源,前者加速裂化,后者抑制裂化。供氢剂供氢行为依赖于反应体系自由基的多少和温度以及反应过程,反应体系较多的自由基和较高的反应温度有利于供氢行为。稳定同位素方法研究模型化合物的裂化反应表明,供氢剂的作用是通过脱氢湮灭自由基来抑制裂化反应,同时发现H12－四氢萘和D12－四氢萘的供氢（氘）率上存在着动力学同位素效应,在临氢及临氢催化体系中尤其是临氢催化体系中,动力学同位素效应变得不再明显。     

Use of ZSM-5 catalyst in deoxygenation of waste cooking oil

This study investigated the potential use of waste cooking oil (WCO) in the production of engine fuels and valuable chemicals via catalytic cracking. WCO was processed in its pure form and in a mixture with hydrotreated vacuum gas oil (HVGO). Catalytic cracking experiments were performed using a microactivity test (MAT) (simulation of the fluid catalytic cracking environment). In cracking over the standard fluid catalytic cracking equilibrium catalyst (FCC-ECAT), the oxygen contained in the feed was consumed in the formation of CO and CO₂, water and into oxygenated organic compounds (phenolics, esters, carboxylic acids, etc.), which were found in the organic phase of the liquid product. In order to remove the unwanted organic oxygenates, the catalytic system based on pure FCC-ECAT was modified by addition of the ZSM-5-based FCC catalyst. By using the mixture containing FCC-ECAT and 10 mass % of FCC-ZSM-5, it was possible to reduce the amount of organic oxygenates to almost the feasible minimum when cracking pure WCO. The effect of the catalyst mixture on cracking the feed mixture of the vacuum gas oil with 10 vol. % of WCO was manifested in the practically zero formation of organic oxygenates and in a gasoline yield comparable with vacuum gas oil (VGO) cracking.     

生物质焦油的催化裂解研究

对稻壳热解过程中产生的焦油进行了催化裂解研究。实验装置主体由裂解炉和固定床催化裂解反应器组成。研究得出催化裂解条件（温度、停留时间等）对焦油脱除的影响规律，并分析了生物质焦油催化裂解过程中发生的反应和焦油催化裂解机理。研究表明，白云石对焦油的催化裂解有较好的效果，随着温度和停留时间的增加，其催化裂解率提高。     

Kinetics of gas oil catalytic cracking

Summary In the present work catalytic cracking of gas oils has been studied in a standard MAT reactor. The cracking product distribution was measured at four different temperatures. Based on the experimental results, a 4-lump kinetic model was applied. Kinetic constants were estimated using the sequential step optimization method. Simulation results have shown to be in a good agreement with experimental data. An isothermal pseudo steady-state model for fixed bed MAT reactor is proposed.     

Production of Ethylene,CO, and Hydrogen by Oxidative Cracking of Oil Refinery Gas Components

Flowsheets based on the results of experimental studies and detailed kinetic modeling were suggested for oxidative cracking of oil refinery gas components to obtain ethylene, CO, and hydrogen. The calculations show that oxidative cracking alone does not allow production of ethylene and СО in ratios required for the further catalytic carbonylation and hydroformylation of ethylene. Matrix conversion of a part of oxy-cracking products is suggested as an additional step for producing CO and hydrogen.

     

Experimental and kinetic study of catalytic cracking of heavy fuel oil over E-CAT/MCM-41 catalyst

The catalytic cracking of heavy fuel oil was investigated over the equilibrium fluid catalytic cracking catalyst (E-Cat) as a base component with the mesoporous MCM-41 as an additive. The catalytic performance of the E-Cat/MCM-41 system was assessed in a fixed-bed MAT unit. The reaction was performed at temperatures of 500, 530, 550 and 600°C and the product distributions in both gaseous and liquid phases were studied. The yields of products including light olefins, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), gasoline, dry gas, coke and also the conversions obtained over different temperatures were reported and some generalities discussed. The maximum yield of propylene (17.5%) was obtained at 550°C whereas the highest conversion and gasoline yield was gained at 530°C. An eight-lump kinetic model containing 11 kinetic parameters was considered. Those parameters were estimated based on experimental data at specific temperatures by fourth order Runge–Kutta algorithm and the least square method. In addition, Arrhenius equation was used to calculate apparent activation energies. The calculated data of the product yields were in a close agreement with the experimental data.     

催化裂化生焦反应集总动力学模型的研究

催化裂化生焦反应集总动力学模型的研究任杰（抚顺石油学院石油化工系，抚顺１１３００１）关键词催化裂化，生焦，集总动力学，动力学模型在催化裂化反应过程中，催化剂因结焦而迅速失活．催化剂结焦量对催化剂再生和装置的热平衡影响很大，因此建立生焦动力学模型对指导...     

催化剂和供氢剂对渣油模型化合物裂化反应选择性的影响

供氢剂与分散性催化剂协同作用对于传统的煤液化体系和渣油加氢裂化体系非常重要。通过活化分子氢及煤分子，使液化反应在较低的温度下进行以减少副反应，继而提高氢转移效率，增加液体产物产率。供氢剂和催化剂起促进煤分子裂化的作用。将供氢剂与催化剂的协同作用应用于渣油加     

Study on pyrolysis behavior and kinetics of waste plastics with spent FCC catalyst

Pyrolysis is the most promising method for treating plastic waste since it can convert waste plastics into high value-added products, which have significant application potential. In this study, kinetic and thermodynamic analyses of spent fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts were performed for testing their applicability in catalytic cracking of mixed plastics. Thermogravimetric analysis data were obtained at different heating rates under an inert atmosphere, and the synergistic effect between the mixed plastics and activation energy reduction before and after pretreatment of the spent FCC catalysts was discussed. Through a variety of model-free methods (Flynn-Wall-Ozawa, Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose, Starink, and Kissinger methods), it is proved that the spent FCC catalyst facilitates the reduction in activation energy required for the pyrolysis of plastics, which is reduced by approximately 13% from 278 to 242 kJ/mol. The catalytic performance of spent FCC catalyst was improved after pretreatment, while its activation energy decreased by approximately 21% from 278 to 220 kJ/mol. The Friedman-Reich-Levi method was used to fit the curve, and the number of mechanism functions in plastic pyrolysis was determined according to the slope of the fitting curve. The C-R method was used in combination with the Malek method to determine the optimal mechanism function. Moreover, kinetic parameters of the spent FCC catalyst for catalytic cracking of plastics were obtained via kinetic studies on the pyrolysis of mixed plastics, which provided theoretical guidance for industrialization of plastic pyrolysis.