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采用H2 TPR、TEM及活性评价等手段,考察了还原方式(等温和程序升温还原)及还原温度对不同温度(550℃和950℃)焙烧制备的镍基催化剂结构和甲烷部分氧化反应性能的影响。结果表明,与程序升温还原方式相比,等温还原的催化剂中镍物种的还原度较低、Ni晶粒度较小。还原方式对550℃焙烧制备的催化剂(POM-1)的甲烷部分氧化反应性能影响不明显,但等温还原的催化剂反应过程中床层温度较低。随着等温还原温度的提高,POM-1催化剂的镍还原度有所降低,而950℃焙烧制备的催化剂(POM-5)还原度略有增加,且具有较小的镍晶粒。随着等温还原温度的提高,POM-1催化剂反应性能无明显差异,但床层热点温度提高;POM-5催化剂反应性能随还原温度的提高而提高,且床层温度呈现降低趋势。通过分析发现,催化剂床层温度与催化剂镍晶粒大小密切相关,较小的镍晶粒利于床层热点温度的降低,这与较大镍晶粒利于甲烷完全氧化反应有关。 相似文献
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在固体聚合物电解池电解水制氢过程中,阳极析氧反应是整个电化学反应的速率控制步骤。本文从固体聚合物电解池析氧催化剂的反应机理、催化剂材料以及制备方法等几个方面进行了详细分析。新的检测手段已经开始应用于原子层级的析氧反应机理研究,对析氧反应活性中间产物有了更深刻的认识;通过优化传统的制备工艺,开发新型的制备方法,进一步提高了析氧催化剂的活性或者稳定性。此外,引入高稳定性、低成本、高活性的催化载体,亦可提高催化剂的性能并相应地降低其成本。希望通过本文的综述总结,为今后阳极析氧催化剂的研究指明方向,推动固体聚合物电解池的商业化进程。 相似文献
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采用快速凝固结合脱合金化的方法制备了纳米多孔Ni、Ni-Mo合金及其氧化物电极材料,通过XRD、SEM、TEM、BET等对电极的物相、形貌结构、孔径分布进行表征,通过线性扫描伏安法、Tafel斜率和计时电位等方法测试多孔电极的电催化析氢性能。结果显示,制备的电极材料在10 mA·cm-2电流密度下Ni-Mo合金析氢活性最强,析氢过程由Volmer-Heyrovsky步骤控制,其表观交换电流密度为0.25 mA·cm-2,经10 000 s恒电流密度(100 mA·cm-2)电解后析氢过电位(η)仅增加39 mV,表现出优良的析氢稳定性。Ni-Mo合金电极比表面积的提高和本征催化活性的改善使其获得了更低的析氢过电位。 相似文献
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固体聚合物水电解制氢技术在可再生能源利用和氢能经济发展中占有极其重要的地位,催化剂是实现高效能源转化的关键。由于聚合物水电解体系的强酸腐蚀性和高氧化电位,其实际应用的催化剂仍以Pt和Ir基催化剂为主。贵金属材料储量有限,价格昂贵,电催化剂成本很高,极大限制了聚合物水电解技术的发展。聚合物水电解催化剂的研究主要集中在降低贵金属用量、提高贵金属利用率和延长催化剂使用寿命等方面。此外,寻找廉价的替代材料,开发非贵金属析氢、析氧电催化剂也是研究的重要内容和发展方向。通过深入认识催化作用机理,结合快速发展的模拟、计算技术,设计制备新型高性能析氢、析氧电催化剂具有重要应用价值。本文总结了当前聚合物水电解体系析氢、析氧催化原理的发展,介绍了新型析氢、析氧催化剂的制备技术和性能研究及双效催化剂的发展,并对提高催化性能的措施做了简单总结和建议,希望对聚合物水电解体系催化剂的进一步研究和发展有积极意义。 相似文献
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氢气具有环境友好、含量丰富、高能量密度等特点,是一种可以替代化石能源的绿色环保可再生能源. 电解水是制备氢气最有效途径之一. 但在电解水过程中,动力学过程非常缓慢,过电位较大的阳极析氧半反应严重限制了阴极析氢反应效率. 因此,研究高效、稳定和低成本的催化剂来降低析氧反应的过电位,从而提高析氢反应效率受到了广泛关注. 基于非贵金属催化剂本身特性及其在高浓度OH-条件下具有较高OER催化活性等原因,本文首先简要介绍碱性条件下析氧反应机理及其性能的评价方法,然后重点讨论非贵金属电催化析氧催化剂的最新研究进展. 最后对如何深入研究催化机理、设计高效、双功能及新型非贵金属电催化析氧催化剂进行了展望. 相似文献
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《燃料化学学报》2021,(2)
高效析氢催化剂的制备仍是目前亟待解决的重要课题。本研究采用液相浸渍原位还原法制备了Ni(OH)_2/Ni/gC_3N_4复合催化剂,并与碳纸(CP)组合作为微生物电解电池(MEC)的阴极。采用SEM、TEM、XRD、XPS和电化学分析等技术对所制备的催化剂样品的结构性质和析氢电催化性能进行了分析研究。结果表明,Ni(OH)_2/Ni/g-C_3N_4催化剂在100 A/cm~2的电流密度驱动下具有优秀的析氢过电位(1881 mV)、较低的电荷转移电阻(10.86Ω)和较低的塔费尔斜率(44.3 mV/dec),其电化学活性优于纯g-C_3N_4催化剂和CP,甚至可与Pt催化剂媲美。 相似文献
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Elizaveta Kucherenko Anastasiia Kanateva Andrey Pirogov Alexander Kurganov 《Journal of separation science》2019,42(1):415-430
This review is focused on planar chromatography hyphenated with mass‐spectrometric detection for analysis of low‐molecular‐mass solutes. Various kinds of hyphenations are discussed with attention paid to the preparation of thin layer plates suited both for the mass‐spectrometric detection of the resolved solutes direct from thin‐layer plates and for indirect mass‐spectrometric detection of the resolved solutes, performed by scraping, extracting, purifying, and concentrating the analyte from the thin‐layer chromatography plate. Plates with monolithic layers are relatively new for thin‐layer chromatography but they can successfully be combined with mass‐spectrometric technique in a pursuit of comprehensive local sample composition information. Preparation of monolithic layers of different porosity and structure based on organic, inorganic, and composite materials is illustrated together with examples of successful separation and detection of low‐molecular‐mass solutes by means of matrix‐assisted and surface‐assisted laser desorption mass spectrometry. 相似文献
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G. Schomburg 《Journal of separation science》1979,2(7):461-474
Glass capillary gas chromatography is a high resolution separation method which allows the qualitative and quantitative analysis of even complex mixtures, which may contain many components–also isomeric–in a wide range of volatilities, polarities and concentrations. The principal limitation of gas chromatographic application is given by an insufficient volatility of the species to be separated. Elevated temperatures have to be applied if the application range is to be extended and to achieve steep peak profiles, i.e. low detection limits at high resolution. The use of elevated temperatures is limited, of course, by the temperature stability of both the solvent (stationary liquid and support) and the solutes. The problems of trace analysis for low volatility compounds at high resolution and its limitational parameters regarding sampling, separation and detection are discussed. The applicability of glass capillary columns in this field is influenced by the following parameters: tailing behaviour; irreversible adsorption of polar and decomposition of unstable solutes; thermal stability of stationary liquid (including the support deactivation); separation efficiency and sample capacity (film thickness). Multidimensional gas chromatography using capillary columns coupled either with a packed or another capilllary column for preseparations may be applied with advantage in the analysis of complex mixtures. 相似文献
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《Electrophoresis》2017,38(24):3059-3078
In the field of analytical chemistry, sample preparation and chromatographic separation are two core procedures. The means by which to improve the sensitivity, selectivity and detection limit of a method have become a topic of great interest. Recently, porous organic frameworks, such as metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), have been widely used in this research area because of their special features, and different methods have been developed. This review summarizes the applications of MOFs and COFs in sample preparation and chromatographic stationary phases. The MOF‐ or COF‐based solid‐phase extraction (SPE), solid‐phase microextraction (SPME), gas chromatography (GC), high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary electrochromatography (CEC) methods are described. The excellent properties of MOFs and COFs have resulted in intense interest in exploring their performance and mechanisms for sample preparation and chromatographic separation. 相似文献
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Mixed-mode chromatography is a type of chromatography in which a chromatographic stationary phase interacts with solutes through more than one interaction mode. This technique has been growing rapidly because of its advantages over conventional chromatography, such as its high resolution, high selectivity, high sample loading, high speed, and the ability to replace two conventionally corresponding columns in certain circumstances. In this work, some aspects of the development of mixed-mode chromatography are reviewed, such as stationary phase preparation, combinations of various separation modes, separation mechanisms, typical applications to biopolymers and peptides, and future prospects. 相似文献
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Summary A critical step in the chemical preparation of oligonucleotides is the chromatographic purification of the deprotected oligomers.
In case of large quantities of reaction products, the oligonucleotides are first enriched on a QAE-Sephadex column at low
pressure. The obtained fractions are then purified by multidimensional chromatography making use of three independent physical
properties of the solutes: molecular size, ionic net charge and hydrophobicity. In the first dimension size exclusion chromatography
(Sephadex G-15) is used. In the second dimension the high molecular weight fraction from the size exclusion chromatography
is applied to a HPLC ion-exchange column (Partisil-10 SAX). Usually the last peak is collected and transferred to a HPLC reversed
phase column (Nucleosil C18) where the components are separated according to their hydrophobicity in the third dimension.
The efficiency of this multi-dimensional chromatographic procedure is demonstrated by the unequivocal fingerprints after radioactive
labelling of the isolated oligonucleotides.
Presented at the 15th International Symposium on Chromatography, Nürnberg, October 1984 相似文献
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The consolidation of packed analytical chromatography columns was carried out under ultrasonic irradiation. Columns were first packed using a conventional high pressure downward slurry method. Then, they were subjected to further bed consolidation in the presence of ultrasonic vibration. This process of further bed consolidation is referred to as secondary consolidation. Secondary consolidation was observed to occur more readily in solvents of low viscosity and at low flow-rates (low pressures). Column efficiency was not observed to be a factor affecting the process of secondary consolidation of the packed bed. 相似文献
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Microextraction methods for the determination of phthalate esters in liquid samples: A review 下载免费PDF全文
Mir Ali Farajzadeh Saeed Mohammad Sorouraddin Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam 《Journal of separation science》2015,38(14):2470-2487
1,2‐Benzenedicarboxylic acid esters, commonly referred to as phthalate esters, form a group of compounds that are mainly used as plasticizers in polymers. Because phthalate esters are not chemically bound to the plastics, they can be released easily from products and migrate into the food or water that comes into direct contact. Due to their widespread use, they are considered as ubiquitous environmental pollutants. Phthalate esters are regarded as endocrine disrupting compounds by means of their carcinogenic effect. Phthalate esters can be analyzed by gas chromatography or high‐performance liquid chromatography, however, their sensitivity and selectivity limit their direct use for determination of phthalates at very low level of concentrations exist in environmental samples with complex matrices. Therefore a sample pretreatment prior to their analysis is necessary. In this review, the historical development and overview of sample preparation methodologies have briefly been discussed and a comprehensive application of these methods in combination with different analytical techniques for preconcentration and determination of phthalate esters in various matrices have been summarized. Finally, a critical comparison of the different approaches in terms of enrichment factors achieved, extraction efficiency, precision, selectivity and simplicity of operation is provided. 相似文献