Ga源温度对共蒸发三步法制备Cu(In,Ga)Se2太阳电池的影响

利用共蒸发三步法制备了Cu(In,Ga)Se2(CIGS)薄膜,并通过调整制备工艺中的一、三步的金属镓(Ga)的温度,改变Ga含量的梯度分布,研究不同梯度分布对CIGS薄膜及电池性能的影响.从而优化了电池带隙梯度分布,使电池的开路电压Voc在提高的同时,最大程度的减小了Jsc的损失.优化后薄膜表面的结晶情况得到改善,电池的结界面和二极管特性也得到相应的提高.量子效率测试发现,优化后的CIGS太阳电池在较长波段中(520～1100nm)的光子吸收损失大大减小.     

Cu(In,Ga)Se2薄膜太阳电池二极管特性的研究

本文采用线性拟合光态和暗态J-V(电流-电压)曲线的方法计算了不同效率的Cu(In,Ga)Se2(CIGS)薄膜太阳电池的二极管性能参数.在一定范围内,CIGS薄膜电池的二极管品质因子A和反向饱和电流J0值越小,电池的转换效率越高,这说明CIGS电池的复合主要发生在PN结区内.量子效率分析表明,不同效率的CIGS电池在短波区(λ<520 nm)的光谱响应相差不大,而在长波区(520～1100 nm),低效率电池存在很大的吸收,这是由低质量的CIGS吸收层造成的.这进一步验证了光-暗态J-V曲线的分析结果,即高质量的吸收层是制备CIGS电池的关键.     

吸收层成份比例对CIGS太阳电池性能的影响

本文利用传统的共蒸发三步法制备了CIGS薄膜及电池器件,通过X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)、扫描电镜(SEM)、Hall测试仪、太阳光模拟器I-V曲线测试等方法,研究了Cu和Ga元素比例的不同对电池二极管特性及效率的影响,获得了Cu/(In+ Ga)比值为0.89～0.93、Ga/(In+ Ga)比值为0.29～ 0.33是制备高效电池的理想范围的结论,并分析了偏离理想成份范围的电池性能下降的原因.最后通过工艺优化,制备出理想成份范围内的高质量CIGS薄膜,获得了15.27;的高转换效率电池.     

CIGS薄膜太阳电池异质结的结构初析

本论文通过实验制备得到CuIn0.7Ga0.3Se2(CIGS)、CdS、ZnO三种半导体材料,然后根据这三种半导体的相关材料参数和实验数据,得出了它们形成异质结前后的能带图,并计算它们的能带边失调值ΔEC、ΔEV.其中,CdS/CIGS的导带边失调值ΔEc对高效率CIGS薄膜太阳电池的影响作用最大,为-0.298eV(高效电池的理想值范围为0～0.4eV),说明这对电池整体性能不是很好.     

MEH-PPV/ZnO-QDs聚合物太阳电池光伏性能研究

采用聚[2-甲氧基-5-(2-乙基己氧基)对苯乙撑](MEH-PPV)以及ZnO量子点(ZnO-QDs)制备了共混的聚合物太阳电池.利用稳态电流-电压测试,结合荧光光谱,研究了ZnO-QDs的含量对电池性能的影响.实验发现电池的性能与ZnO-QDs的含量有密切的关系.随着ZnO-QDs含量的增加,电池的开路电压因为并联电阻的增加而减小,而短路电流呈现先增加后减小的趋势,这是由于ZnO-QDs含量的增加会对电流产生两个相互竞争的影响,一方面,增加的界面面积会提高短路电流,另一方面,团聚现象逐渐严重以及串联电阻的增加会降低短路电流.光伏性能最优化电池的Zno-QD含量是88wt;,此时薄膜厚度约240 nm,在15.8 mW/cm2光照射下的光电转换效率达到0.24;.     

镓(Ga)的含量及分布对CIGS薄膜电池量子效率的影响

采用两步法制备CuGaxIn1-xSe2薄膜,Cu-In-Ga金属预制层采用铜镓合金靶及铟靶通过磁控溅射方法沉积而成,采用固态源硒化法在硒蒸气密闭环境中硒化,通过调整镓(Ga)比例及分布控制CIGS薄膜的带隙,采用镓元素梯度分布,使CIGS薄膜带隙呈现抛物线状分布,电池的量子效率得到明显提高,制备出的CIGS薄膜电池开路电压与转换效率都得到很大程度的改善,电池最高转换效率已达9.4;.     

温度对CIGS太阳电池输出特性的影响

温度特性是太阳电池的一个重要特征,本文研究了Cu(In,Ga)Se2(CIGS)薄膜太阳电池的输出特性随温度变化(120~260K))的规律.发现,随着温度升高,开路电压Voc明显降低,温度系数为-1.08mV/K,短路电流Isc小幅升高,温度系数为0.01401mA/K.这是因为:随着温度上升,禁带宽度下降,暗电流增加,造成开路电压的降低;更多的光生载流子被激发,串联电阻有所下降,使得短路电流增加.两者共同作用,电池效率有所下降.     

CIGS薄膜太阳电池产业化的最新进展及发展趋势

Cu(In,Ga)Se2(CIGS)薄膜太阳电池已经进入产业化快速发展阶段,显示出良好的发展趋势。本文就近年来CIGS薄膜太阳电池基础研究和产业化技术所取得重大突破性进展及产业化现状进行了概述。在基础研究方面,共蒸发法制备的小面积电池效率达到20.3%,非真空低成本涂覆法制备的电池效率达到17.1%。在产业化方面,商品化组件效率与小面积电池效率差距大幅度缩小,30 cm×30 cm电池组件效率达到17.8%,160 cm×66 cm大面积组件效率达到15.7%,产量和产能大幅增长。CIGS太阳电池产业化的技术路线很多,发展的重点各不相同,但最终也许会有一种解决方案集中所有技术的优点,成为产业化的主流,为未来世界能源供应和制造工业做出巨大贡献。     

水浴温度对CdS薄膜性能的影响

采用化学水浴法,以不同水浴温度在玻璃衬底上沉积CdS薄膜并制备CIGS薄膜太阳能电池,研究了水浴温度对CdS薄膜和CIGS太阳能电池性能的影响.结果表明:水浴温度对CdS薄膜的致密性、沉积速率、透过率和成分比率都有影响.在65-80℃之间制备的CdS薄膜均匀致密且透过率高,可作为CIGS太阳能电池的缓冲层;另外,CdS缓冲层的厚度对CIGS电池的性能影响显著,较薄的CdS缓冲层能够增加CIGS电池在400-500 nm波段对光线的吸收,提高CIGS电池的短路电流.     

薄膜非晶/微晶叠层电池中NP隧穿结的影响

本文论述了薄膜非晶/微晶叠层电池中NP隧穿结对电池性能的影响.在薄膜叠层电池中非晶顶电池的N层采用微晶硅,减小了电池的内部串联电阻影响.通过调整非晶硅顶电池N层和微晶硅底电池P层的厚度,降低NP隧穿结的影响,获得薄膜叠层电池效率11.73;(Voc=1.34V,Jsc=14.53mA/cm2,FF=60.27;),电池面积为0.253cm2.     

基于咔唑的新型空穴传输材料及其在PSC中的应用

为了开发新型的太阳能电池关键材料,合成了一种新的基于咔唑的小分子材料Cz-3Th,将其用作空穴传输材料(HTM)成功地应用到钙钛矿太阳能电池当中.这种新型的小分子材料两步反应即可合成,原料易得且成本较低.在使用低温溶液处理的SnO2纳米颗粒作为电子传输层的CH3NH3PbI3钙钛矿太阳能电池中,以Cz-3Th为空穴传输层,在100 mW/cm2 AM 1.5 G光照条件下获得0.75 V的开路电压(Voc),光电转化效率(PCE)为2.68;.因此,在未来趋势为环境友好和低成本效益的钙钛矿太阳能电池中Cz-3Th有很大发展潜力.     

High porosity silica xerogels prepared by a particulate sol–gel route: pore structure and proton conductivity

The lower cost and higher hydrophilicity of silica xerogels could make them potential substitutes for perfluorosulfonic polymeric membranes in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). For that purpose, we need to obtain micro or micro and mesoporous silica xerogels with a high porosity. The preparation of micro (<2 nm) and micro and mesoporous silica xerogels (2<d_poresize10 nm) from particulate as oppossed to polymeric suspensions of silica using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as precursor is used. Two techniques of varying packing density have been performed in this work: (1) Control of the aggregation degree in the sol by adjusting its pH before gelation (pH 5, 6 and 8) and (2) Mixture of sols with a different average particle size (particles formed under acid and base catalyzed reactions). Proton conductivity of the obtained xerogels was studied as a function of temperature and relative humidity (RH). High pore volume, high porosity and small pore size SiO₂ xerogels have been achieved in the calcination temperature range from 250 to 550 °C. The calcined xerogels showed microporosity or micro and mesoporosity in the whole range of calcination temperatures. By mixing sols (molar ratio: acid/base=4.8) porosities up to 54.7±0.1% are achieved, at 250 °C of firing temperature. According to EMF measurements, electrical transport is due to protons in this kind of materials. The proton conductivity of the studied xerogels increased linear with measured temperature. A S-shaped dependence of the conductivity with the RH was observed with the greatest increase noted between 58% and 81% RH. Xerogels with a low porosity (40.8±0.1%) and an average pore size less than 2.0 nm showed lower values of proton conductivity than that of xerogels with a higher porosity and a higher average pore size in the whole range of temperature and RH. When silica xerogels, with the highest conductivity, are treated at pH 1.5, that property increased from 2.84×10⁻³±5.11×10⁻⁵ S/cm to 4.0×10⁻³±7.2×10⁻⁵ S/cm, at 81% RH and 80 °C. It indicates that the surface site density of these materials has a strong effect on conductivity. Proton conductivity values achieved are less than one order of magnitude lower than that of Nafion, under the same conditions of temperature and RH.     

钙钛矿太阳能电池的制备工艺与光伏性能研究

设计和制备结构为FTO玻璃/TiO2致密层/TiO2介孔层/CH3NH3PbI3吸收层/C电极的钙钛矿太阳能电池.采用两步法制备CH3NH3PbI3吸收层:首先通过旋涂技术制备PbI2薄膜,然后将PbI2薄膜在浓度为0.044 mol/L的甲基碘化胺/异丙醇(MAI/IPA)溶液中分别浸泡反应0.5 h、2.5 h、3.5 h和4.0 h后获得CH3NH3PbI3吸收层.研究了浸泡反应时间对CH3NH3PbI3吸收层的结构和形貌以及对电池光伏性能的影响.结果表明:PbI2薄膜在MAI/IPA溶液中反应后形成四方结构的CH3NH3PbI3晶粒,当浸泡反应3.5 h时,CH3NH3PbI3晶粒的平均尺寸最大,均匀性较好;XRD图谱中只有CH3NH3PbI3的特征峰,而PbI2的特征峰完全消失.同时,该条件下制备的钙钛矿太阳能电池的光伏性能最佳,其开路电压0.881 V、短路电流密度达到22.17 mA/cm2,光电转化效率6.79;,且在整个可见光区的光子-电子的转换效率接近50;.     

Te溶剂Bridgman法CdMnTe晶体核辐射探测器的制备和表征

碲锰镉(CdMnTe)作为性能优异的室温核辐射探测器材料,可用于环境监测和工业无损检测领域。本文中采用Te溶剂Bridgman法生长In掺杂Cd_0.9Mn_0.1Te晶体,制备成10 mm×10 mm×2 mm大小的室温单平面探测器,研究了该探测器对²⁴¹Am@59.5 keV γ射线源的能谱响应。通过表征红外透过率、电阻率以及探测器能谱响应等参数,综合评定了探测器用CdMnTe晶体的质量、电学和探测器性能。结果表明,晶片的红外透过率均在55%以上,最好可达到60%。采用湿法钝化,100 V偏压下的漏电流由钝化前的9.48 nA降为钝化后的7.90 nA,钝化后的电阻率为2.832×10¹⁰ Ω·cm。在-400 V反向偏压下,CdMnTe探测器对²⁴¹Am@59.5 keV γ射线源的能量分辨率在钝化前后分别为13.53%和12.51%,钝化后的电子迁移率寿命积为1.049×10^-3 cm²/V。研究了探测器的能量分辨率随电压的变化特性,当偏压≤400 V时,探测器的能量分辨率主要由载流子的收集效率决定,而当偏压>400 V时,能量分辨率由漏电流决定。本文研究结果表明,Te溶剂Bridgman法生长的CdMnTe晶体质量较好,电阻率和电子迁移率寿命积满足探测器制备需求。     

MoS2/SnS异质结太阳能电池的模拟研究

硫化亚锡(SnS)是一种Ⅳ-Ⅵ族层状化合物半导体材料,其禁带宽度与太阳能电池最佳带隙1.5 eV非常接近,并且在可见光范围内光的吸收系数很大(α>10⁴ cm^-1),因此SnS是一种很有应用前景的材料。本文利用太阳能电池模拟软件wxAMPS模拟了MoS₂/SnS异质结太阳能电池,主要研究SnS吸收层的厚度、掺杂浓度和缺陷态等因素对太阳能电池性能的影响。研究发现:SnS吸收层最佳厚度为2 μm,最佳掺杂浓度为1.0×10¹⁵ cm^-3;同时高斯缺陷态浓度超过1.0×10¹⁵ cm^-3时,电池各项性能参数随着浓度的增加而减小,而带尾缺陷态超过1.0×10¹⁹ cm^-3·eV^-1时,电池性能才开始下降;其中界面缺陷态对太阳能电池影响比较严重,界面缺陷态浓度超过1.0×10¹² cm^-2时,开路电压、短路电流、填充因子和转换效率迅速下降。另外,通过模拟获得的转换效率高达24.87%,开路电压为0.88 V,短路电流为33.4 mA/cm²。由此可知,MoS₂/SnS异质结太阳能电池是一种很有发展潜力的光伏器件结构。     

铅基卤化物钙钛矿太阳电池的模拟研究

多元硫化物Cd_0.5Zn_0.5S和氧化亚铜Cu₂O载流子迁移率较大,且其制作工艺相对于传统的电子传输层和空穴传输层更为简单,因此这两种材料在钙钛矿太阳电池中具有很好的应用潜力。本文利用SCAPS-1D软件对以Cu₂O和Cd_0.5Zn_0.5S为传输层、以铅基卤化物钙钛矿为吸收层的太阳电池进行模拟,主要研究了该器件的材料厚度、掺杂浓度、禁带宽度等因素对太阳电池性能的影响。结果表明:当光吸收层(CH₃NH₃PbI₃)厚度开始增大时电池性能逐渐提高,但是增大到一定厚度时,电池性能下降,光吸收层的最佳厚度为400 nm;当光吸收层的缺陷态密度小于1.0×10¹⁴ cm^-3时,缺陷态密度对电池性能的影响比较小;此外,铅基卤化物钙钛矿的禁带宽度对电池性能有重要影响,最佳禁带宽度为1.5 eV左右。通过模拟,得到了优化后的性能参数为:开路电压为1.010 V,短路电流密度为31.30 mA/cm²,填充因子为80.01%,电池转换效率为25.20%。因此,Cu₂O/CH₃ NH₃PbI₃/Cd_0.5Zn_0.5S钙钛矿太阳电池是一种很有发展潜力的光伏器件。     

电沉积法制备CdS薄膜及其性能研究

采用电沉积法制备了CdS薄膜.分别用XRD及SEM分析了薄膜的结构和表面形貌.研究了不同温度和不同沉积电压对薄膜表面硫与镉的化学成分比的影响.最佳的沉积电压为2.5～3V之间.制作了ITO/n-CdS/p-SnS/Ag结构的太阳能电池,在100mW/cm2的光强下其开路电压0.2V,短路电流13.2mA/cm2,填充因子0.31,转换效率0.81;.     

Heat treatment of amorphous silicon p-i-n solar cells with high-pressure H2O vapor

We report improvement in characteristics of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H ) p-i-n structured solar cells by high-pressure H₂O vapor heat treatment. a-Si:H p-i-n solar cells were formed on glass substrates coated with textured SnO₂ layer. P-, i-, and n-type a-Si:H layers were subsequently formed by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Finally an indium-tin-oxide layer was coated on the n-type a-Si:H surface. Heat treatment at 210 °C with 2 × 10⁵ Pa H₂O vapor for 1 h was applied to the a-Si:H p-i-n solar cells. Electrical characteristics were measured when samples were kept in dark and illuminated with light of AM 1.5 at 100 mW/cm². The heat treatment with H₂O vapor increased fill factor (FF) and the conversion efficiency from 0.54 and 7.7% (initial) to 0.57 and 8.4%, respectively. Marked improvement in solar cell characteristics was also observed in the case of a poor a-Si:H p-i-n solar cell. FF and the conversion efficiency were increased from 0.29 and 3.2% (initial) to 0.56 and 7.7%, respectively.     

Growth of semi-insulating InP by GSMBE

Fe doped semi-insulating InP layers have been grown by gas source MBE with a solid iron source. Structure as n-i-n, p-i-n and p-n-i-n were characterized by I(V) measurements and secondary ion mass spectroscopy profiling (SIMS). As shown by SIMS, uniform Fe doping and abrupt transitions are achieved for the different structures studied. Resistivities as high as 1.5×10⁹ Ω cm are determined from I(V) curves for Fe concentrations in the 10¹⁷ cm^-3 range. Lasers with semi-insulating layers have been realized for the first time by gas source MBE. Preliminary results show power emission of 43 mW, without antireflecting coating, comparable to state-of-the-art characteristics.     

In situ measurement of the thermal and photo-assisted MOVPE of ZnTe using laser reflectometry

In situ laser reflectometry has been used to study the growth kinetics of ZnTe under pyrolytic and photo-assisted conditions from diisopropyltellurium (DIPTe) and dimethylzinc.triethylamine (DMZn.TEN). The growth rate of ZnTe was monitored as a function of VI:II ratio, temperature and laser power density. From the results a model for the growth involving the surface decomposition of DIPTe via a bimolecular reaction with methyl radicals homolytically released from the decomposition of DMZn.TEN is proposed. The activation energy under pyrolytic conditions in the low temperature regime for a 1:1 VI:II ratio was found to be 27.6 kcal/mol and under photo-assisted conditions this activation energy was seen to be lowered to 21.9 kcal/mol. The growth kinetics are explained in terms of two competitive processes. The decomposition of DMZn on the surface will be enhanced with increasing substrate temperature; however, the desorption rate of DIPTe will also be enhanced. The competitive nature of these two processes is seen to be particularly pronounced under laser illumination at high power densities, where a growth rate of 13 a.u./s was observed at 360°C, laser power density 67 mW/cm², whereas at 380°C for a similar power density the growth rate was seen to be reduced to 10.5 a.u./s.