铌酸锂基表面活性剂辅助的水合液滴光伏输运研究

本文提出了一种利用表面活性剂辅助的水合液滴光伏输运方法。该方法通过油/水/铌酸锂界面上非离子表面活性剂(Span 80)的自组装分子层,将光伏电荷隔离。利用表面活性剂分子层提供的强静电操控力、低操控阻力和高操控稳定性,使用微瓦级低功率激光束实现了飞升级单个水合液滴的光伏输运。实验结果显示,水合液滴对光伏电场的响应可分为三种状态：无响应、排斥和吸引。随着表面活性剂浓度的增加,水合液滴的驱动机制从库伦排斥转变为适用于光伏输运的介电泳吸引。光伏电场驱动水合液滴(介电泳吸引)所需的最小激光功率与NaCl溶质浓度有关。     

铌酸锂导电畴壁及其应用

铌酸锂(LiNbO₃,LN)是一种多功能的单轴铁电材料,广泛应用于光学调制器、光学频率梳、光波导等领域。导电畴壁(DW)作为镶嵌在绝缘材料中纳米尺度的导电通道,在非易失性存储器、逻辑门、晶体管等领域展现出重要的应用前景,促进了铌酸锂在纳米光电子学领域的应用。绝缘体上铌酸锂薄膜(LNOI)畴壁p-n结的实现有望进一步促进铌酸锂基光电一体化芯片的发展进程。本文简要回顾了铌酸锂导电畴壁的研究进展,介绍了畴壁的制备、导电机制、导电类型和畴壁的应用,重点介绍了铌酸锂畴壁p-n结的研究,进一步结合应用热点概述了铌酸锂畴壁光电子器件开发进程中的关键问题、机遇和挑战。     

铌酸锂的耄耋之路:历史与若干进展

铌酸锂集压电、倍频、电光和光折变等特性于一身,被认为是非线性光学的模型晶体,已经表现出巨大的实用价值。铌酸锂在其诞生以来的近百年中,已经在国土安全、医学检测、高能物理、工业探测等领域占据着不可或缺的地位。随着微纳技术的发展,近年来铌酸锂微纳结构中新型光学效应的研究,已经成为国际上竞相争夺的前沿热点之一,相关研究对于产生新型微纳光子学器件具有重要推动作用。本文主要围绕铌酸锂的光学性质综述了其发展历史,同时介绍其在微纳光学领域的研究现状,并对其未来发展进行了展望。     

铌酸锂晶体及其应用概述

铌酸锂晶体历史悠久,物理效应最为齐全,被用于制备声学滤波器、谐振器、延迟线、电光调制器、电光调Q开关、相位调制器等器件,在电子技术、光通信技术、激光技术等领域得到了广泛应用,并且在第五代无线通信技术、微纳光子学、集成光子学及量子光学等近期快速发展的领域中展示了重要的应用前景.本文简要综述了铌酸锂晶体的基本性质、晶体制备以及应用情况,对铌酸锂晶体未来的应用发展进行了简要分析.     

晶圆级薄膜铌酸锂波导制备工艺与性能表征

随着光子集成和光通信技术的快速发展,低损耗波导是实现高效光子传输的关键元件,其性能直接影响整个集成芯片的性能。因此,低损耗波导的制备技术是当前铌酸锂集成光子技术研究的热点和难点。本研究针对晶圆级低损耗薄膜铌酸锂波导的制备工艺进行了深入研究,在4英寸的薄膜铌酸锂晶圆上,基于深紫外光刻和电感耦合等离子体刻蚀技术,成功制备出了传输损耗低于0.15 dB/cm的波导,同时刻蚀深度误差控制在10%以内,极大地提高了波导结构的精确度。此外,本研究还提出了一种基于微环谐振腔的晶圆上波导损耗的表征方案,能更精确地评估波导性能。通过测试,发现所制备的波导合格率超过85%,显示出良好的可重复性和可靠性。本文中发展的晶圆级薄膜铌酸锂加工工艺,对推进铌酸锂波导的大规模制备和应用具有重要意义。     

掺锆铌酸锂系列晶体

本文简介了掺锆铌酸锂系列晶体的研究进展,包括单掺锆铌酸锂、锆铁双掺铌酸锂、锆铁锰及锆铜铈三掺铌酸锂。掺锆铌酸锂晶体不但在可见波段具有远优于掺镁铌酸锂的抗光损伤能力,即使在近紫外波段,也拥有其它掺杂晶体所不具备的抗光损伤性能。锆铁双掺铌酸锂晶体兼有高光折变灵敏度和高光折变衍射效率的性质。锆铁锰和锆铜铈三掺铌酸锂晶体不但能够实现非挥发存储,其光折变响应速度及灵敏度都较铁锰和铜铈双掺晶体有大幅提高。这些实验结果表明,掺锆铌酸锂有望成为出色的非线性光学晶体。     

铌酸锂晶体的生长研究

近年来,铌酸锂晶体由于其自身所具有的多种优异性能和巨大的应用前景而受到了人们的广泛关注,但生长出满足不同市场要求的高质量铌酸锂单晶体比较困难.本文从晶体生长技术的角度综述了铌酸锂单晶体不同的生长方法以及各自的特点,并分析了在生长铌酸锂晶体时出现的一些问题.     

8英寸铌酸锂晶体生长研究

铌酸锂单晶薄膜(LNOI)在新一代信息技术中关键通信器件领域的作用日益显著,随着铌酸锂单晶薄膜制备技术和光子集成技术的发展,降低芯片成本、增加芯片集成度是光子集成芯片永恒不变的发展方向,因此迫切需求大尺寸铌酸锂晶体。本文讨论了大尺寸坩埚中熔体自然对流随着液面下降的变化规律,研究了8英寸(1英寸=2.54 cm)铌酸锂Z轴、X轴两个提拉方向的生长特点,获得等径尺寸大于φ210 mm×50 mm的8英寸Z轴、X轴铌酸锂晶体。1 mm厚X轴铌酸锂晶圆的透过率显示波长380～3 300 nm光谱的透过率超过了70%,晶片纹影图像显示晶体中存在折射率脉理缺陷。     

铌酸钾锂铁电薄膜的脉冲激光沉积与光学性能

以K2CO3、Li2CO3和Nb2O5为原料,采用固相反应法制备了铌酸钾锂陶瓷;以此为靶材,采用脉冲激光沉积技术在石英玻璃上沉积了铌酸钾锂薄膜,系统研究了沉积温度对铌酸钾锂薄膜组成与结构的影响.利用X射线衍射、拉曼光谱等测试手段对薄膜的结构进行表征,通过紫外一可见光分光光度计测试薄膜的光学透过率.结果表明:所制备的铌酸钾锂靶材结构致密;在衬底温度为700℃、氧分压10 Pa的条件下可以制备纯的铌酸钾锂薄膜,所得到的多晶薄膜呈(310)取向;光学性能测试显示所制备的铌酸钾锂薄膜在可见光范围内的光学透过率为90;左右.     

晶体人生丨祝世宁:从天然结构到人工微结构

与天然或人工晶体结构类似,微结构材料是采用功能基元(即人工微结构,也可称为“人工原子”)加空间序构的方式构筑的新材料体系,它可以实现均匀材料所不具有的超常物性。从半导体超晶格开始,人工微结构经历了光学超晶格、光(声)子晶体、超构材料等的发展,性能调控范围也由原来的电性能扩展到光、声、热、磁、力等。近年来有关铌酸锂晶体及其人工微结构研究举世瞩目,以南京大学为代表的中国科研团队从铌酸锂晶体的畴结构调控开始,在该领域做出许多原创性工作,研究水平居国际前列。展望未来,发展铌酸锂集成光子学还面临三方面的挑战,包括LNOI器件的刻蚀技术、铌酸锂晶圆缺陷和大尺寸铌酸锂薄膜的制备。     

Theoretical and Practical Studies on Effects of External Electrostatic Electric Field on Nucleation and Growth Kinetics of Protein Crystals

The crystallization technique where an electric field is applied is an extremely powerful tool to control the crystallization processes of various materials. In particular, the method with application of an external electrostatic electric field can have a significant effect on the phase equilibrium of the liquid and solid phases. This review demonstrates that the crystallization processes of proteins are significantly impacted by the application of an external electrostatic electric field: (1) Control of both the increase and decrease in the nucleation rate can be achieved by changing the applied frequency of the external electrostatic electric field. (2) The effect of the external electrostatic electric field on the nucleation rate can be controlled by regulating the thickness of the electric double layer (EDL) formed at the interface. (3) The quality of the grown crystals can be improved by an increase in the step free energy under application of an external electrostatic electric field at 1 MHz. The effect of the external electrostatic electric field on nucleation and growth kinetics during crystal growth of proteins is also discussed based on a thermodynamic perspective.     

锂组分对纯铌酸锂晶体光折变性能的影响研究

本文研究了低光强下锂组分对纯铌酸锂晶体的可见光折变、紫外光致吸收及紫外光折变性能的影响,发现了光折变中心种类和数量随晶体组分的渐变行为.在组分较低的同成分晶体中,大量本征缺陷形成Q极化子,因而在可见光波段表现出较弱的光生伏打效应;在组分较高的近化学计量比铌酸锂晶体中,双极化子是主要光折变中心,从而引起较高的光生伏打电场.而纯铌酸锂晶体的紫外光致吸收以及紫外光折变性能则具有相似的组分依赖关系.它们随组分的增加过程可分为两个不同的阶段:当组分小于49.70 mol;时,随组分增加缓慢升高,而当组分高于49.70 mol;时,随组分突然猛增并迅速升高.上述实验结果也可采用本征缺陷由Q极化子主导向双极化子主导的渐变过程进行解释.     

Effect of fused thiazolothiazole on the photovoltaic performance of fluorene-thiazole-based conjugated polymers

In this work, we utilized two fluorene-based polymers (F8TBTT and F8TTZT) as donor materials in organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs) and compared their performance to explain the effect of substituting fused thiazolothiazole for the bithiazole moiety. The OPV device based on F8TTZT showed a power conversion efficiency of 0.24%, which is three times higher than that of F8TBTT (0.07%) under the same conditions. The better performance can be explained by the increased planarity and enhanced intermolecular charge transport.     

理论设计ZnTiS3化合物光电性能的第一性原理计算

根据实验上合成LiNbO₃(LN)构型的ZnTiO₃铁电化合物,基于第一性原理的方法设计研究了化合物LN-ZnTiS₃(LN构型)的特性。计算结果表明LN-ZnTiS₃化合物满足力学稳定条件。根据化学势平衡相图分析,LN-ZnTiS₃在常压下不会形成稳定结构,但施加外部压力可以形成稳定结构。电子态密度和带隙的计算结果表明,LN-ZnTiS₃的价带顶(VBM)主要由S-p轨道组成,导带底(CBM)则由Ti-d轨道组成,硫原子的替代可以促进体系费米能级以上的电子状态大幅度下降到较低的能级,从而减小LN-ZnTiS₃的带隙。LN-ZnTiS₃的带隙计算值为1.04 eV,可以促进可见光的吸收,可以看出LN-ZnTiS₃是一种潜在的高效率光伏材料。     

Synthesis of ZnSnN2 crystals via a high‐pressure metathesis reaction

The synthesis of crystals of a zinc‐ and tin‐based earth‐abundant element nitride (ZnSnN₂) semiconductor was successfully achieved via a metathesis reaction under high pressure. Pressures exceeding 5.5 GPa were required to obtain single‐phase crystals. The material's bandgap was determined to be 1.4 eV, which is ideal for photovoltaic absorbers and visible light‐active photocatalysts. The decomposition temperature of the material was estimated to be approximately 350‒400 °C at atmospheric pressure. Finally, the chemical stability of the material against alkali and acid solutions was sufficient for photovoltaic and photocatalytic applications.     

Spatiotemporal protein crystal growth studies using microfluidic silicon devices

Fundamental investigations of protein crystallization using miniaturized microfluidic silicon devices were presented towards achieving spatiotemporal nucleation and subsequent post-nucleation growth. The developed microfluidic silicon device was typically composed of crystal growth cell, reservoir cell, and optionally of heater elements for supersaturation control. A specific fine pattern area in the growth cell which was fabricated on the silicon substrate with doped p- and n-type silicon layers, served as spatially selective nucleation site of dissolved protein molecules through electrostatic attractive force. In a model material, hen egg white lysozyme, a large number of crystals were grown on the defined nucleation site evenly spaced from each other, whereas parasitic crystal growth positioned around the selective nucleation site, was suppressed by the effects of electrostatic repulsive force between the doped silicon surface and charged protein molecules. A possible crystallization mechanism of describing the heterogeneous nucleation during the initial stage and during the growth of the crystal at the electrolyte–semiconductor silicon surface is proposed and discussed.     

Nucleation rate enhancement of porcine insulin by application of an external AC electric field

The nucleation rate of porcine insulin increased under application of an external AC electric field at 3 MHz. This is attributed to the electrostatic energy added to the chemical potentials of both the liquid and solid phases; the chemical potential of the solid was significantly changed compared with that of the liquid, which lead to an increase in the driving force for nucleation. Therefore, application of an external AC electric field can be a useful technique for protein crystallization.     

钙钛矿太阳能电池的制备工艺与光伏性能研究

设计和制备结构为FTO玻璃/TiO2致密层/TiO2介孔层/CH3NH3PbI3吸收层/C电极的钙钛矿太阳能电池.采用两步法制备CH3NH3PbI3吸收层:首先通过旋涂技术制备PbI2薄膜,然后将PbI2薄膜在浓度为0.044 mol/L的甲基碘化胺/异丙醇(MAI/IPA)溶液中分别浸泡反应0.5 h、2.5 h、3.5 h和4.0 h后获得CH3NH3PbI3吸收层.研究了浸泡反应时间对CH3NH3PbI3吸收层的结构和形貌以及对电池光伏性能的影响.结果表明:PbI2薄膜在MAI/IPA溶液中反应后形成四方结构的CH3NH3PbI3晶粒,当浸泡反应3.5 h时,CH3NH3PbI3晶粒的平均尺寸最大,均匀性较好;XRD图谱中只有CH3NH3PbI3的特征峰,而PbI2的特征峰完全消失.同时,该条件下制备的钙钛矿太阳能电池的光伏性能最佳,其开路电压0.881 V、短路电流密度达到22.17 mA/cm2,光电转化效率6.79;,且在整个可见光区的光子-电子的转换效率接近50;.     

Synthesis of A-D-A type quinoxaline-based small molecules for organic photovoltaic cells

Abstract

We have synthesized two acceptor-donor-acceptor (A-D-A) type quinoxaline-based small molecules for organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs). To construct the A-D-A architecture, the electron-accepting quinoxaline derivative (Qx) was attached on both ends of the electron-donating benzodithiophene (BDT) unit via the Stille coupling reaction. After the confirmation of the structural features, the optical and electrochemical characteristics and the photovoltaic properties of the two small molecules were investigated. A typical inverted-type device with the configuration of ITO/ZnO/small molecules: PC₇₁BM/MoO₃/Ag was fabricated and examined. It has been observed that the performances of OPVs were improved by the incorporation of the additional thiophene linkage between the BDT and Qx moieties. Therefore, this study can provide insights into the design and structure–property correlation of quinoxaline-based organic small molecules for OPVs     

Emission from Charge-Transfer States in Bulk Heterojunction Organic Photovoltaic Cells Based on Ethylenedioxythiophene-Fluorene Polymers

We investigated the electroluminescence (EL) from charge-transfer (CT) in the interface state of PEDOTF/PC₇₀BM, known to be empirically related to V_oc, to elucidate a difference in V_oc of 0.24 V in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs) based on two polymers (H-PEDOTF and S-PEDOTF with a high and low molecular weight, respectively) having almost the same HOMO energy levels. The difference in the energies of CT EL peaks is relatively small (0.06 eV) compared to the difference in the V_ocs. Consequently, we mainly attribute the excessive loss of V_oc in S-PEDOTF-based OPVs to a trap assisted recombination mechanism.