基于边缘破碎驱动裂纹推挤加工的破碎模拟实验研究

工程陶瓷基于边缘破碎驱动裂纹软推挤加工是一项创新性的非传统接触式加工技术,可采用单晶压头挤压破碎模拟实验研究新技术的加工特征.通过对挤压破碎曲线、微观形貌观察以及有限元仿真讨论了挤压驱动裂纹失稳的机理,以及预制缺陷的应力集中效应起到的重要作用.通过正交实验探讨了加载速度、凸缘宽度、压痕位置离外边缘距离、槽深对挤压破碎力的影响规律,并采用多元回归模型实现较好的拟合.     

KDP晶体金刚石线锯切割表面缺陷分析

采用树脂金刚石线锯对KDP晶体进行了锯切实验,使用扫描电子显微镜对KDP晶体锯切的表面缺陷进行了分析,分析了走丝速度和工件进给速度对KDP晶体表面缺陷特征的影响.分析发现线锯锯切的晶片表面缺陷主要有呈锯齿状形态的沟槽、表面破碎、划痕、橘皮状的外观、凹坑、以及锯切表面嵌入脱落磨粒和切屑.走丝速度增大,工件进给速度降低,锯切材料的表面缺陷逐渐由以脆性破碎凹坑为主转变为以材料微切削去除留下的沟痕为主.锯丝表面脱落的金刚石磨粒在锯切过程中在锯丝压力作用下挤压嵌入或冲击加工表面造成凹坑,对材料表面和亚表面质量的损害严重.其分析结果为获得高质量的锯切表面,进一步优化工艺参数提供了实验参考依据.     

基于裂纹扩展效应的切槽-推磨复合加工陶瓷方法的可行性研究

提出了基于裂纹扩展效应的切槽-推磨复合陶瓷加工新方法,完成了借助金刚石砂轮片切割预制缺陷和小砂轮轴向推磨加工工艺实验.通过收集推磨后的块状碎屑,测定其在总去除质量中所占比例,作为裂纹扩展效应在材料去除中所占比重的依据.通过单因素实验着重研究了凸缘厚度、凹槽深度、砂轮转速和工件转速四个加工参数对块状屑占比和推磨力的影响规律.借助激光共聚焦显微镜和金相显微镜测定,分析了该方法的加工机理,即该加工方法去除陶瓷材料是在预制缺陷、裂纹扩展和砂轮磨削的综合作用下完成的.     

固结磨料研磨镁铝尖晶石的材料去除机理

研磨过程中机械去除作用与化学去除作用的有效分离是实现研磨过程可控调节及提高加工表面质量的前提.本文通过尖晶石在不同介质中的材料去除速率,对其在不同研磨液中化学与机械作用的材料去除率进行了分离和计算;采用微/纳压痕仪测量了不同研磨液作用下工件表面的显微硬度,依此分析了其软化层厚度.结果表明:研磨液对镁铝尖晶石工件具有一定的化学去除作用,研磨过程中材料去除以机械作用下的脆性去除为主;研磨液的化学作用主要体现在工件表面形成了一层软化层,其中乙二醇产生的软化层最厚,三乙醇胺最薄.     

玻璃陶瓷车削表面形成机制及实验研究

以玻璃陶瓷为加工对象,通过单因素车削实验研究了硬脆性材料车削机理,分析了车削深度、车削速度和进给速度对表面粗糙度的影响规律.已加工表面质量观测结果表明,随着切削深度的增加,刀具与工件挤压作用增强,表面损伤加重;随着切削速度的增加,刀具与工件作用时间减小,裂纹扩展缩短,表面破坏减弱;将切削过程分为挤压与切削两个阶段,随着进给速度的增加,在挤压阶段刀尖和工件的接触区域产生更深层裂纹,切削阶段材料崩碎加剧.测量已加工表面粗糙度,结果表明:粗糙度随切削深度和进给速度增加而增加,随切削速度增加而减小.     

断续磨削加工聚晶金刚石的机理研究

分别采用超声振动冲击和脉冲激光加热技术对开槽金刚石砂轮断续磨削加工聚晶金刚石过程中的机械冲击和热冲击进行了模拟实验研究.研究结果表明,在断续磨削加工过程中,由于开槽砂轮和工件之间接触面积变化引起的磨削力周期性变化,有利于聚晶金刚石材料加工表面上的晶粒产生脆性微细破碎去除;由于开槽砂轮和工件之间接触面积变化引起的热冲击,有利于聚晶金刚石材料加工表面上的晶粒产生微细裂纹和疲劳破碎.实验结果表明,开槽金刚石砂轮磨块切入部分的磨粒以破碎损耗为主,磨块切出部分的磨粒以机械磨耗、氧化、石墨化损耗为主.     

铣削方式对高体分SiCp/Al复合材料薄壁件高速铣削表面质量影响研究

应用聚晶金刚石(PCD)刀具对高体分SiCp/Al复合材料薄壁件进行了高速铣削实验.在不同铣削速度下,研究了顺、逆两种铣削方式对薄壁件高速铣削的表面粗糙度及表面形貌的影响,提出了不同铣削方式下已加工表面的形成机理,揭示了铣削方式和铣削速度对试件切入部、中部和切出部处表面粗糙度的影响规律.结果表明:在相同的切削用量和刀具几何参数下,顺铣加工的表面粗糙度小于逆铣,且顺铣加工表面粗糙度的变化幅度小于逆铣;薄壁件在切出部的表面粗糙度大于中部和切入部的表面粗糙度;顺铣时已加工表面的形成以切削层金属的滑移为主,材料内部SiC颗粒的滑移、刻划造成已加工表面沿刀具进给方向的微观沟痕;逆铣时已加工表面主要由后刀面的挤压、摩擦作用形成;宏观上顺铣的已加工表面存在由残留面积高度形成的平行于刀具轴线方向的残留痕迹,而逆铣这一特征则不明显.     

影响化学机械抛光4H导电SiC晶片表面质量的关键参数研究

选用二氧化硅抛光液抛光4H导电SiC晶片表面,探究影响SiC晶片表面质量的关键参数,获得更高的去除效率和表面质量.实验结果表明,SiC表面的氧化是氢氧根离子和双氧水共同作用的结果.保持压力不变并增加氢氧根离子或双氧水的含量,SiC表面去除速率先增加后保持不变.在更大的压力下增加氢氧根离子的含量,SiC表面的抛光去除速率进一步增加.通过优化的抛光参数,SiC表面的抛光去除速率达到142 nm/h.进一步研究结果表明,保持化学机械抛光过程中氧化作用与机械作用相匹配,是获得高抛光效率和良好的表面质量的关键.表面缺陷检测仪(Candela)和原子力显微镜(AFM)的测试结果表明,SiC抛光片表面无划痕,粗糙度达到0.06 nm.外延后总缺陷密度小于1个/cm2,粗糙度达到0.16 nm.     

P型掺杂金刚石厚膜的电火花加工

CVD金刚石具有和天然金刚石相近的一系列独特的力学、热学、声学、电学、光学和化学性能,在航空、航天、国防等高科技领域具有广阔的应用前景.但是,普通CVD金刚石膜是绝缘体,无法直接进行电加工.本文在分析了电火花加工半导体材料去除速率的基础上,通过掺硼对CVD金刚石厚膜进行半导体改性,继而实现了其电火花加工.通过研究,建立了掺硼金刚石厚膜电火花加工去除速率的经验公式.最后,通过Raman和SEM分析对CVD金刚石厚膜的电火花加工机理进行了初步探讨.     

LBO晶体超光滑表面抛光机理

胶体SiO2抛光LBO晶体获得无损伤的超光滑表面,结合前人对抛光机理的认识,探讨了超光滑表面抛光的材料去除机理,分析了化学机械抛光中的原子级材料去除机理.在此基础上,对胶体SiO2抛光LBO晶体表面材料去除机理和超光滑表面的形成进行了详细的描述,研究抛光液的pH值与材料去除率和表面粗糙度的关系.LBO晶体超光滑表面抛光的材料去除机理是抛光液与晶体表面的活泼原子层发生化学反应形成过渡的软质层,软质层在磨料和抛光盘的作用下很容易被无损伤的去除.酸性条件下,随抛光液pH值的减小抛光材料的去除率增大;抛光液pH值为4时,获得最好的表面粗糙度.     

CsI-LiCl共晶材料的坩埚下降法生长与闪烁性能研究

本文采用坩埚下降法,在真空密封的石英坩埚中成功生长出CsI-LiCl与CsI-LiCl:Na共晶闪烁体。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察晶体微结构表明该共晶中LiCl相与CsI相存在周期性的层状排列,CsI相的厚度在5 μm左右。共晶样品的X射线激发发射谱显示在CsI-LiCl和CsI-LiCl:Na共晶样品存在缺陷发光,在CsI-LiCl样品中还观察到了纯CsI的自陷激子(STE)发光。CsI-LiCl样品在α粒子激发下的多道能谱中观察到明显的全能峰,这一结果证明CsI-LiCl共晶可用于热中子探测的潜力。     

静电纺丝法制备CeO2微纳米纤维及其除氟性能

以聚丙烯腈(PAN)为载体,六水合硝酸铈[Ce(NO₃)₃·6H₂O]为原料,采用静电纺丝法制备了Ce(NO₃)₃/PAN纤维,在空气中热处理得到CeO₂微纳米纤维,通过XRD、BET和SEM对CeO₂微纳米纤维进行表征。采用静态吸附实验探讨了CeO₂微纳米纤维去除水溶液中氟离子的性能,考察了溶液pH值、初始氟离子浓度及共存阴离子等对吸附性能的影响。结果表明,pH=3时,CeO₂微纳米纤维对F^-的吸附性能最佳,CeO₂吸附量随着F^-浓度的增大呈上升趋势。CeO₂微纳米纤维对F^-的吸附等温线遵循Langmuir模型,二级动力学模型能很好地描述CeO₂微纳米纤维对F^-的吸附过程。CeO₂微纳米纤维的除氟性能优良,可为其实际应用提供理论参考。     

X-ray analysis of sideroxol from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sideritis leptoclada</Emphasis>

Sideroxol (1), a kaurane diterpene which has the ent-7α,18-dihydroxy-15β,16β-epoxykaurane structure (MW = 320.47, C₂₀H₃₂O₃) was obtained from the acetone extract of Sideritis leptoclada plant as well as from some other Sideritis species. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P2₁, 2₁, 2₁ with a = 10.967(3), b = 24.555(5), c = 6.372(4) Å, Dc = 1.240 g cm⁻³, Z = 4, and refines to R = 0.065 for 721 independent reflections. The skeleton consists of three fused six-membered rings and a five-membered ring with fused epoxide. The six membered rings exhibited slightly distorted chair conformation. In addition to sideroxol, two kaurane and five kaurene diterpenes were isolated from the hexane and acetone extracts of the studied plant.     

Photoluminescence characteristics of Mg- and Si-doped GaN thin films grown by MOCVD technique

We have studied the optical, structural and surface morphology of doped and undoped GaN thin films. The p- and n-type thin films have been successfully prepared by low-pressure MOCVD technique by doping with Mg and Si, respectively. The different carrier concentrations were obtained in the GaN thin films by varying dopant concentrations. Photoluminescence (PL) studies were carried to find the defect levels in the doped and undoped GaN thin films at low temperature. In the undoped GaN thin films, a low intensity and broad yellow band peak was observed. The donor–acceptor pair (DAP) emission and its phonon replicas were observed in both the Si or Mg lightly doped GaN thin films. The dominance of the blue and the yellow emissions increased in the PL spectra, as the carrier concentration was increased. The XRD and SEM analyses were employed to study the structural and surface morphology of the films, respectively. Both the doped and the undoped films exhibited hexagonal structure and polycrystalline nature. Mg-doped GaN thin films showed columnar structure whereas Si-doped films exhibited spherical shape grains.     

New zeotype borophosphates with chiral tetrahedral topology: (H)0.5M1.25(H2O)1.5[BP2O8]·H2O (M = Co(II) and Mn(II))

Two new isostructural open‐framework zeotype transition metal borophosphate compounds, (H)_0.5M_1.25(H₂O)_1.5[BP₂O₈]·H₂O (M = Co(II) and Mn(II)) were synthesized by mild hydrothermal method. The structure of compounds were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction which have ordered, alternating, vertex‐sharing BO₄, PO₄, and (MO₄)OM(H₂O)₂ groups with hexagonal, P 6₁ 2 2 (No 178) space group and unit cell parameters for Co a = 9.4960(6) Å, c = 15.6230(13) Å, for Mn a = 9.6547(12) Å, c = 15.791(3) Å, Z = 1 for both of them. TGA/DTA analysis, IR spectroscopy were used for characterization. Magnetic susceptibility measurements for both of the compound indicate strong antiferromagnetic interaction between metal centers. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Solubility of Ag2O into the Na2O–B2O3–Al2O3 system

The solubility of Ag₂O was measured for the Na₂O–B₂O₃ and Na₂O–B₂O₃–Al₂O₃ system with the rotating crucible method and static method, respectively, under air atmosphere at temperatures ranging from 1273 to 1423 K. The contamination of melts from crucibles could be avoided by the rotating crucible method, with which it became possible to measure the solubility of Ag₂O for the Na₂O–B₂O₃ system above the melting point of Ag for the first time. It was found that the addition of Na₂O decreases the solubility of Ag₂O while the addition of Al₂O₃ had little effect on the solubility. The effect of Na₂O and Al₂O₃ on the solubility of Ag₂O is expressed by interaction coefficients and is analyzed in terms of the basicity of melts. The solubility of Ag₂O in Na₂O–B₂O₃–Al₂O₃ melts increased with increased temperature. This phenomena was explained by a small enthalpy change in oxidation of silver.     

Selinidin: Crystal structure generated by C–H···O, C–H···π and π-π interactions

The title compound, 9,10-dihydro-8,8-dimethyl-2-oxo-2H,8H-benzo[1,2-b:3,4-b']dipyran-9-yl-2-methyl-2-butenoate, C₁₉H₂₀O₅, was isolated from the roots of Selinum vaginatum. The compound crystallizes into monoclinic space group P2 ₁ with unit cell parameters: a = 12.830(2) Å, b = 9.041(1) Å, c = 14.983(1) Å, β = 95.09(1)°, Z = 4. The crystal structure has been determined using direct methods and refined by full-matrix least-squares to a final R value of 0.0529 for 3142 observed reflections. There are two independent molecules, A and B, per asymmetric unit. In both the molecules, the coumarin nucleus is planar. However pronounced differences are observed in the conformation of dihydropyran ring which has a half-chair conformation with an 8β-9α orientation in molecule A and is intermediate between half-chair and sofa in molecule B. Differences also occur in the conformation of the 2-methylbutenoyloxy side chain at C9 due to the different geometry of C–H···π interactions in molecules A and B. Molecules A and B are connected by π–π interactions between their coumarin fragments forming dimers. The dimers interact through C–H···O and C–H···πhydrogen bonds.     

Chromene and Imidazole Based D-π-A Chemosensor Preparation and Its Anion Responsive Effects

We have designed and synthesized the colorimetric chemosensor through the reactions of 2-(4H-chromen-4-yildene)malonitrile and 4-imidazolecarboxaldehyde. Due to its well conjugated D-π-A system and the existence of NH- fragment in structure, we expected that the chemosensor can detect anion using NH- fragment in the imidazole moiety of the structure. In this regard, UV-Vis absorption spectra were measured to investigate sensing properties of the probe toward different anions in DMSO. This chemosensor can detect both fluoride and cyanide ion with absorption change in intensity. In addition, pH sensing property was also investigated upon the addition of hydroxide ion. These properties are related to the deprotonation effect. The ICT system in this molecule was also observed by the computational approach using Material Studio 4.3 package.     

电子显微分析在表征纳米晶体化学组分中的应用

纳米材料的化学组分及含量影响其光、电、声、热、磁等物理性能,电子显微分析是表征纳米晶体化学组分的重要方法之一.本文综述了X-射线能谱(EDS)、X-射线波谱(WDS)、电子能量损失谱(EELS)和选区电子衍射(SAED)等现代电子显微分析技术在表征纳米晶体化学组分、形貌、尺寸和结构等方面的应用及其研究进展,并比较了这些分析方法存在的差异,提出了其应用中存在的不足及今后的研发方向.     

Considerations on the structure and physical properties of B2O3-SiO2 and GeO2-SiO2 glasses

Data of density, refractive index and thermal expansion coefficient for B₂O₃-SiO₂ and GeO_2-SiO₂ glasses have been analyzed. The volumes of the structural units are the same found for the vitreous B₂O₃, GeO₂ and SiO₂. The volume of any structural unit is constant over the entire composition region of the glass system. The same has been found for the differential refraction and unit refraction of the structural units in these glasses. Different features are observed for the differential expansion of the structural units. There is a considerable change with composition in the differential expansion of BO₃, GeO₄ and SiO₄ units. The effect is attributed to a change in the asymmetry of vibrations with the number of Si-O-B or Si-O-Ge linkages in the matrix. The thermal expansion coefficient is mainly determined by the contribution of B₂O₃ or GeO₂ in the concerned glasses.