A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.     

Mechanism of spatial ordering of dislocations during plastic deformation of crystals

Mechanisms of spatial ordering of dislocations during plastic deformation of crystals are considered. The system of evolution equations, which take into account the effects of elastic and correlated interactions of screw dislocations, is derived. The study is performed with due regard for the dynamics of spatial fluctuations of the dislocation density.     

Study of the possibility of interactive control of the surface profile of X-ray optical elements

We investigate the possibility of controlling the curvature parameters of parabolic mirrors that are modular elements of two types consisting of a base and thin inserts placed at the opposite side of the work surface. In the first type of modular elements, bending is controlled by the difference in the coefficients of the thermal expansion of the base and inserts. In the second type of elements, the profile is changed by the piezoelectric straining of the inserts under an electric field. A correlation is established between the parameters of modular elements and their surface curvature profile.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

On the 70th anniversary of the Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of the Russian Academy of Sciences

We are celebrating the 70th anniversary of the Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography. The institute has gone from being a small laboratory of piezoelectric crystals to a large internationally known scientific center. The 1990s was a decade of ruin, both literally and figuratively, for our institute; however, it is hard to believe that was the case when walking through the corridors of the institute today.     

Mesomorphism Dependence on the Position of Substitution of a Pair of Esters

A novel homologous series of ethylene derivatives of thermotropic liquid crystals has been synthesized. The methoxy to octyloxy derivatives are nematogenic, the decyloxy to tetradecyloxy derivatives are smectogenic, in addition to nematogenic, and the hexadecyloxy homologue is smectogenic only. All the members of the series are enantiotropically mesogenic. Thermotropic behavior was determined by an optical polarizing microscope equipped with a heating stage and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) study. Analytical and spectral data confirm the molecular structures of homologues (infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectra, X-ray, and DSC data). Textures of the nematic phase are threaded or Schlieren and that of smectic phase are focal conic fan-shaped of smectic A or C. Transition curves of the phase diagram behave in a normal manner except one or two deviations from the normal trend. The mesophase range (Sm+N) varies from 3°C to 44°C. The average thermal stability for smectic is 93°C and that for nematic 117.4°C. The LC behavior of the novel series is compared with a structurally similar known series.     

Ordering of cations in the voids of the anionic framework of the crystal structure of catapleiite

The pseudohexagonal crystal structure of the mineral catapleiite Na_1.5Ca_0.2[ZrSi₃(O,OH)₉] · 2(H₂O,F) from the Zhil’naya Valley in the central part of the Khibiny alkaline massif (Kola Peninsula, Russia) is studied by X-ray diffraction (XCalibur-S diffractometer, R = 0.0346): a = 20.100(4), b = 25.673(5), and c = 14.822(3) Å; space group Fdd2, Z = 32, and ρ_calcd = 2.76 g/cm³. Fluorine atoms substituting part of H₂O molecules in open channels of the crystal structure have been found for the first time in the catapleiite composition by microprobe analysis. The pattern of distribution of Na and Ca atoms over the voids of the mixed anionic framework consisting of Zr-octahedra and three-membered rings of Si-tetrahedra accounts for the pronounced pseudoperiodicity along the a and c axes of the pseudohexagonal unit cell and for the lowering of crystal symmetry to the orthorhombic one. It is shown that part of the hydrogen atoms of water molecules is statistically disordered; their distribution correlates with the pattern of the population of large eight-vertex polyhedra by Na and Ca atoms.     

Luminescence of crystals of divalent tungstates

Crystals of divalent tungstates are characterized by two main luminescence spectral ranges: a short-wavelength (blue) luminescence band in the range 390–420 nm and a group (often two groups) of longer wavelength (green) bands in the range 480–520 nm. For crystals of calcium, strontium, barium, cadmium, magnesium, zinc, and lead tungstates, it is shown that the wavelength corresponding to the maximum of the blue luminescence band (λ_max) correlates with the melting temperature (T_m) of these compounds. The position of the blue luminescence band is the same (in the range 510–530 nm) for crystals with different divalent cations. Annealing in vacuum and electron irradiation decrease the intensity of both blue and green luminescence bands but do not change the ratio of their maximum intensities. This circumstance suggests that vacancies serve as luminescence quenchers to a greater extent rather than facilitate the formation of emission centers responsible for a particular luminescence band.     

The library as an element of the information infrastructure of crystallography (On the 75th anniversary of the library of the Institute of Crystallography of the Russian Academy of Sciences)

The role of a scientific library and, in particular, the library of the Institute of Crystallography of the Russian Academy of Sciences, in the development of crystallography has been considered as well as the place of the library of the Institute of Crystallography in the information flows based on the achievements in modern crystallographic research.     

X-ray studies of biological macromolecules at the Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of the Russian Academy of Sciences

The results of X-ray diffraction studies of a number of proteins and the carnation mottle virus performed over a period from 1970 to 2000 at the laboratory created by Academician B.K. Vainshtein at the Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of the Russian Academy of Sciences are surveyed. The fundamental principles of the spatial organization of protein structures are considered. The characteristic features of the three-dimensional structures of a number of various proteins performing various functions are discussed including leghemoglobin, catalases, pyrophosphatases, pyridoxal-dependent enzymes, nucleotide depolymerases, proteases, and plant toxins. The results obtained for carnation mottle virus are summarized. The contribution of X-ray diffraction studies to the understanding of mechanisms of functioning of the above macromolecules and the first stages of the crystallographic studies of nucleic-acid fragments are discussed. The present state and the prospects of studies of three-dimensional structures of macromolecules are also considered.     

Specific character of melt growth of low-temperature phase of aluminum beryllate

It is shown that the melt growth of low-temperature phase aluminum beryllate crystals, Al₂BeO₄ (ABO), requires specific metastable conditions. These are, first of all, the melt pretreatment and insertion of a “cold” seed preserving the stability of its structure and providing a local decrease in melt temperature in the seeding zone. Contact of thermally treated melt with the high-temperature phase must be avoided as the melt loses its metastable state. The role of d-element dope in polymorphous transformations of ABO and narrowing of crystallization field of its high-temperature phase from melt is demonstrated. Some features of polymorphism and crystallization of ABO melt are interpreted in terms of associative complexing as the basis of mechanism of structure formation in condensed media.     

Discussion of enthalpy,entropy and free energy of formation of GaN

Presented in this letter is a critical discussion of a recent paper on experimental investigation of the enthalpy, entropy and free energy of formation of gallium nitride (GaN) published in this journal [T.J. Peshek, J.C. Angus, K. Kash, J. Cryst. Growth 311 (2008) 185–189]. It is shown that the experimental technique employed detects neither the equilibrium partial pressure of N₂ corresponding to the equilibrium between Ga and GaN at fixed temperatures nor the equilibrium temperature at constant pressure of N₂. The results of Peshek et al. are discussed in the light of other information on the Gibbs energy of formation available in the literature. Entropy of GaN is derived from heat-capacity measurements. Based on a critical analysis of all thermodynamic information now available, a set of optimized parameters is identified and a table of thermodynamic data for GaN developed from 298.15 to 1400 K.     

Investigation of the effect of coefficient of thermal expansion on prediction of refractive index of thermally formed glass lenses using FEM simulation

During the cooling phase of thermal forming processes, the properties of glass undergo minor changes. These changes are a result of structural relaxation near the glass transition region. One such property, refractive index, is the most important material property that governs the optical performance of a glass lens. Therefore, it must be properly considered prior to manufacturing. A finite element model is established in this research to simulate structural relaxation behavior of glass during cooling. This is done in order to accurately predict the refractive index change which occurs during and after the forming process. This study shows that the success of the simulation model depends largely on the accuracy of material information available to the lens manufacturers. Specifically, the comparison between simulated and experimental data demonstrates that the published information for the generic coefficient of thermal expansion is inadequate for precisely predicting volume change. To resolve the issue, a reverse calculation method was presented. In addition, simulated finite element results showed that the value of the liquid coefficient of thermal expansion has a major effect on the simulated results, as compared to fraction parameter.     

电子显微分析在表征纳米晶体化学组分中的应用

纳米材料的化学组分及含量影响其光、电、声、热、磁等物理性能,电子显微分析是表征纳米晶体化学组分的重要方法之一.本文综述了X-射线能谱(EDS)、X-射线波谱(WDS)、电子能量损失谱(EELS)和选区电子衍射(SAED)等现代电子显微分析技术在表征纳米晶体化学组分、形貌、尺寸和结构等方面的应用及其研究进展,并比较了这些分析方法存在的差异,提出了其应用中存在的不足及今后的研发方向.     

On a number of some categories of the limiting groups of multidimensional plane crystallographic point groups of symmetry

Many categories of multidimensional crystallographic plane point groups of symmetry are established with the aid of two-and three-dimensional point groups of symmetry and the groups of simple and multiple antisymmetry generated by these point groups and the groups of rosette, tablet, hypertablet, crystallographic, and hypercrystallographic P symmetries. The numerical characteristics of all the categories of such groups are given and, for each of these groups, the numbers of the limiting groups of multidimensional symmetry (whose subgroups they are) are determined for each category based on the limiting symmetry groups of the classical point groups and the generalizing groups of l-tuple antisymmetry and the indicated particular cases of the P symmetry.     

Morphology of the Macrocrystals of Minerals: Empirical Principle of Complete Faceting

Crystallography Reports - An empirical principle of complete faceting of crystals, implemented during evolution of their free shape in nature, has been formulated: the set of polyhedra that can be...     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.