碳纳米管/天然石墨复合负极材料的制备与表征

利用碳纳米管(CNT)独特的结构和良好的导电性等特征,提高天然石墨的电子传导能力,本文采用喷雾干燥再高温煅烧的方法制备CNT/天然石墨锂离子负极复合材料.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、电化学阻抗谱(EIS)和电化学测试技术等方法对复合材料的结构和形貌及电化学性能进行表征.碳纳米管的包覆有利于在电极中构建空间三维导电网络,大大提高充放电比容量和循环稳定性能.电化学测试结果:在0.1C,纯天然石墨的首次放电比容量为359 mAh/g,CNT/天然石墨负极材料放电比容量为417 mAh/g,且在0.1C下循环100次后容量保持率仍有93.2;,比天然石墨提高16;.     

复合碳纳米管纸制备及作为锂离子电池负极的研究

研究了一种由碳纳米管和纸纤维制备的新型导电纸.以纸纤维为基本骨架,碳纳米管为导电填充剂,通过真空抽滤法制备导电纸,对比了石墨化碳纳米管和未石墨化碳纳米管分别作为导电填料导电纸的性能.通过扫描电子显微镜、透射电镜、四探针电阻仪、XRD衍射、Raman光谱等进行性能表征.导电纸裁切为负极极片并组装成半电池,通过CT-3008W-5 V5 mA-S4电池放电柜检测电池电化学性能.研究表明:碳纳米管经高温石墨化处理后作为负极,在0.1C条件下电池稳定放电比容量为266 mAh/g,相比于改性前的142 mAh/g,提高了87.3;.     

CoO/NiO/CoNi复合材料的制备及其储锂性能的研究

将Al72 Ni13.4 Co14.6十次准晶作为前驱体合金,通过去合金化法制备了CoO/NiO/CoNi微纳复合材料作为锂离子电池负极材料。采用X射线衍射( XRD)、扫描电镜( SEM)等材料结构分析方法对产物进行表征。通过恒电流充放电技术研究该电极材料的电化学性能,结果表明,在200 mA·g-1电流密度下,首次充放电容量为417 mAh·g-1和617 mAh·g-1,库伦效率为67.6;,经过500圈循环后放电容量仍保持为585 mAh·g-1,表现出良好的循环性能。     

花状SnS2微球锂离子电池负极材料制备及性能

以SnCl4·5H2O和L-半胱氨酸为原料,通过水热法制备了直径约为1μm的均匀花状SnS2微球.利用X-射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)和氮气吸附-脱附测试(BET)对产物进行表征.电化学性能测试表明,花状SnS2微球作为锂离子电池负极材料,在1C电流密度下首次放电容量达到1379.5 mAh·g-1,30周后放电容量保持在400 mAh·g-1.     

钠离子电池负极材料二氧化钛的氮离子掺杂改性研究

二氧化钛(TiO2)作为钠离子电池负极材料有着极大的应用前景,但是,低的电导率限制其大规模应用.通过静电纺丝的方法,制备出碳复合的锐钛矿二氧化钛(TiO2)样品,并对样品进行氮掺杂,作为自支撑钠离子电池负极材料.通过XRD、SEM、XPS、充放电测试对其进行结构、形貌分析和电化学性能研究.结果发现,氮离子成功的掺入晶体内部,且对TiO2的晶型没有影响.氮离子掺杂后,样品N-TiO2的倍率性能有了明显的提高.在10 A· g-1电流密度下,样品TiO2和N-TiO2的可逆比容量分别为134.3 mAh· g-1和212.1 mAh· g-1.在1 A· g-1的电流密度下,样品N-TiO2和TiO2的可逆比容量分别为192.4 mAh· g-1、124.5 mAh· g-1,循环1000圈后,放电比容量依然高达195.5 mAh· g-1、120.9 mAh· g-1,样品N-TiO2和TiO2均具有优异的循环稳定性,但氮离子掺杂后,比容量有了显著的提高.实验表明,氮离子掺杂后,材料中产生的Ti3+和氧空位可以提高电子电导率和Na+在材料中的扩散效率,使得其电化学性能有了明显的改善.     

碳球/Fe3O4“海胆”状复合材料的制备及应用研究

以水热法合成的单分散碳球和三价铁盐为原料,通过水解反应和热还原得到碳球/Fe3O4“海胆”状复合材料.复合材料的结构和形貌特征通过SEM、EDS和XRD等进行表征,并通过充放电测试研究了复合材料作为锂离子电池负极材料的电化学性能.由于Fe3O4和球状碳材料各自独特的结构和优异的性能,二者之间的相互协同作用为复合材料提供了更多的储锂位点,提高了材料的电化学性能.用制得的复合物做为负极材料装配的扣式锂离子电池在电流密度为0.1A·g-1时的首次可逆放电比容量可达986 mAh·g-1,显示出优良的容量特性,但材料的倍率性能仍有待提高.     

柔性碳纳米管复合导电纸的制备及其在锌锰纸电池中的应用

以碳纳米管和纸纤维混合制成均匀液体经抽滤制备成复合导电纸.采用不同工艺将石墨化碳纳米管和纸纤维复合,通过四探针电阻仪表征表面电阻和XRD、TEM、SEM等表征内部结构.将制备的导电纸作为集流体,采用CT-3008W-5 V5 mA-S4检测仪测试锌锰纸电池电化学性能.结果表明,当碳纳米管与纸浆质量比为2∶1时,表面电阻为20Ω/□,碳纳米管与纸纤维复合效果最佳.使用碳纳米管导电纸作集流体时,和石墨集流体相比,放电时间增加36.7; ～ 122.4;,电池质量能量密度提高64.1; ～ 141;.碳纳米管导电纸作集流体能大幅提高电池的能量密度.     

Co3O4/C纳米纤维锂离子电池负极材料性能研究

采用优化的静电纺丝方法结合控制热解法制备出一维Co3O4/C纳米纤维,前驱纳米纤维均匀光滑,其纤维直径大约为200 nm左右,经退火处理后Co3O4颗粒镶嵌于碳纤维中.通过X射线衍射(XRD)表征,发现该Co3 O4结晶完整且无杂质.室温下用蓝电电池测试系统(CT2001A)测试其倍率性能和循环性能,首次放电比容量高达1314.5 mAh·g-1.分别以0.1 C、0.5 C、1 C、2 C、5 C、10 C、15 C和0.1 C的倍率进行充放电测试,其对应比容量分别为633 mAh·g-1、535 mAh·g-1、398 mAh·g-1、252 mAh·g-1、157 mAh·g-1、86 mAh·g-1、49 mAh·g-1和643 mAh·g-1,表现出良好的倍率性能.在倍率为0.5 C下测试其循环性能,50次循环后充电比容量为494 mAh·g-1,容量保持率为88.2;;200次循环后比容量仍能达到300 mAh·g-1,显示出优异的循环性能.这一优异的电化学性能归因于一维CNF网状结构的抗应力缓冲作用.     

新型锂离子电池复合负极材料3Li4Ti5O12·NiO的制备及性能研究

采用喷雾干燥法合成了3Li4Ti5O12·NiO复合负极材料.XRD结果表明,复合NiO没有改变Li4Ti5On的晶体结构.SEM结果表明,样品为直径0.5～3 μm的球形颗粒.电化学测试结果表明,3Li4Ti5O12·NiO较Li4Ti5O12倍率性能和循环性能得到极大地提高.该复合材料在0.1C、1C和20 C倍率下的放电比容量分别为372.8 mAh·g-1、252.6 mAh·g-1和204.8 mAh·g-1,在20C倍率下循环300次后的容量保持率为98.7;.     

草酸前驱体法制备高性能钠离子电池正极材料NaNi0.5Mn0.5O2

采用草酸前驱体法和传统固相法分别合成了钠离子电池正极材料镍锰酸钠(NaNi0.5Mn0.5O2),并通过XRD,SEM,恒流充放电测试,电化学阻抗图谱(EIS)和循环伏安(CV)等测试方法,考察了两种材料在结构、形貌和电化学性能方面的差异.结果显示,用草酸前驱体法制备的材料为结晶良好的层状结构,无杂相存在,颗粒直径在1μm左右.在0.5C(60 mA·g-1)的倍率下,充放电电压范围为2.0～3.8 V时,草酸前驱体法和高温固相法制备的材料首圈放电比容量分别为119.4 mAh·g-1和123.7 mAh·g-1,100次循环后,容量保持率分别为58.3;和35.6;.基于工艺上的简单和有效特性,草酸前驱体法很有潜力作为规模制备钠离子电池层状氧化物正极材料的方法.     

Space-resolved dynamics of a tracer in a disordered solid

The dynamics of a tracer particle in a glassy matrix of obstacles displays slow complex transport as the free volume approaches a critical value and the void space falls apart. We investigate the emerging subdiffusive motion of the test particle by extensive molecular dynamics simulations and characterize the spatio-temporal transport in terms of two-time correlation functions, including the time-dependent diffusion coefficient, the frequency-dependent conductivity, as well as the wavenumber-dependent intermediate scattering function. We rationalize our findings within the framework of critical phenomena and compare our data to a dynamic scaling theory.     

Tuning of a Dye Laser By a Liquid Crystal†

We describe how a cholesteric liquid crystal device can be used in a laser cavity to induce tuning of the laser line. Tuning of the order of 10Å is obtained by applying low voltages to the liquid crystals film. The problems, the advantages and the feasibility of the method is discussed, reporting several experimental data.     

Mechanical properties of a TAS fiber: a preliminary study

The mechanical properties, including elastic moduli, hardness, fracture toughness and tensile strength of a glass fiber in the Te-As-Se system (TAS) were studied. The values for the hardness (1.4 GPa) and the fracture toughness (0.18 MPa √m) show that this glass is both soft and brittle in comparison to glasses from other systems. However, indentation measurements should be interpreted with caution due to an indentation creep phenomenon and to a delayed fracture process. In addition, the effect of treatments in air (relative humidity about 60%) at different temperatures below T_g were investigated. The main result of this study is that the studied TAS glass is sensitive to the presence of humidity, and aging treatments have a pronounced detrimental effect on the strength of the uncoated fibers.     

Simulation of mass transfer in a kinetic experiment based on migration of flat layers of a solution in a melt in a temperature gradient field

Mass transfer upon migration of flat liquid layers of a solution in a melt under conditions of slow change in the average temperature at a constant rate has been analyzed for the dislocation and nucleation mechanisms of interface processes. It is shown that the experimental data on the dependence of the migration rate of flat layers on their thickness can be adequately described within the theory developed for strictly steady thermal conditions. A technique is proposed for determining the overall limitations on the mass transfer at interfaces and the migration rate in the diffusion mode from the experimental results obtained in a mixed migration mode.

     

Comparative Study of Mixed Monolayers of a Calixarene with a Fatty Acid and a Non-Amphiphilic Nematic Liquid Crystal

Abstract

Many nematic liquid crystals (NLCs) lack a polar headgroup and thus are not able to form stable monolayers at the air/water (a/w) interface. A way to obtain monomolecular films of these compounds is to incorporate them into host monolayers of amphiphilic molecules. We report a comparative investigation of mixed films of Calix[4]resorcinarene O-octacarboxymethylated (CRO) with the non-amphiphilic NLC MBBA and with the amphiphilic stearic acid (SA). The comparative study is useful for a better understanding of the characteristics of the CRO-MBBA mixed films. Surface-pressure and surface-potential measurements on the monolayers at a/w interface, as well as ellipsometric and spectroscopic measurements on transferred Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films, confirm that MBBA is additively incorporated into CRO films.     

Dopant concentration profile in a Czochralski flow of liquid metal in a vertical or a horizontal magnetic field

Dopant concentration profiles are obtained for a Czochralski flow of liquid metal in a static crucible under either an axisymmetric vertical magnetic field or a horizontal uniform magnetic field. The latter magnetic field inevitably requires fully three-dimensional cylindrical coordinate model equations, which are successfully solved for the representative parameters Gr = 10⁷, Pr = 0.01, Re = 1620 and Ha 1000. Asymmetric concentration profiles are obtained. The average heat flux decreased with the Hartmann number. The circumferential rotational direction was found to be reversed in a lower regime against that of a top rotating crystal rod in a strong lateral magnetic field. In a vertical magnetic field, the concentration profile approached the pure diffusion state.     

Diffraction reflection of a focused X-ray wave by a multilayer crystal

The Bragg diffraction of a narrow X-ray beam in a multilayer crystal is studied in the reflection geometry. It is shown by computer simulation of the experiment that strong integrated kinematic reflection occurs at any boundary of a multilayer crystal at the point of intersection of a narrow beam with the boundary. In contrast to the dynamic diffraction of a plane wave, attenuation of a narrow incident beam due to the reflection is small in comparison with the conventional absorption. As an example of a multilayer crystal, a Fabry-Perot interferometer is considered, which consists of two 70-μm-thick crystal Si layers separated by a 100-μm-thick air layer. The 12 4 0 reflection is studied at a photon energy of 15 keV. Three methods of formation of a narrow beam are considered: wavefront limitation by a slit, focusing with a parabolic lens, and focusing with a zone plate. It is shown that, for a local analysis of the thickness of layers and scattering parameters, the method of parabolic lens focusing has some advantages in comparison with the other methods.     

Ideal gas in a box — a numerical study

A numerical study of the ideal monoatomic gas in a rectangular box is presented. The spatial distribution of temperature, density, pressure and chemical potential is studied in detail with and without the presence of gravitational forces. Some conclusions are drawn regarding the importance of the particle-wall interaction.     

Grazing-incidence dynamic X-ray diffraction from a crystal with a shaped surface

The dynamic grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction from a crystal with a shaped surface in the form of one-dimensional submicron grating has been investigated. The interaction between the specularly reflected and diffracted waves and grating harmonics is taken into account for noncoplanar diffraction under the conditions of total external reflection. It is shown that this approximation exhibits good convergence in the number of harmonics taken into account. The influence of the angular divergence of the incident beam on the rocking-curve shape is shown.