物理法制备芒硝基复合相变材料及其性能研究

以芒硝(Na2SO4· 10H2O)为主相变材料,采用物理共混法,筛选出合适添加辅助材料组成多元混盐体系,制备出相变温度在25℃左右的Na2SO4· 10H2O基复合相变材料,研究了原料配比对相变材料相变温度和相变潜热的影响.通过热重分析、T-history曲线、差示扫描量热法等表征了制备的芒硝基相变储能材料性质.结果表明:二元相变材料相变温度随着Na2CO3·10H2O增加而先降低后增大;相变材料相变潜热密度基本不变.三元相变材料相变温度随着NaCl、KCl、NH4Cl量增加相变温度降低;相变材料相变潜热密度相比于二元体系有所减小,且在一定范围内随着成核剂硼砂含量的增加该体系相变潜热密度基本保持不变,过冷度有明显下降.当Na2SO4· 10H2O量为86.4;、Na2CO3 · 10H2O量为9.6;、NaCl量为4;,对该配方改性添加3;的硼砂和0.1;的羧甲基纤维素钠时,此相变材料的相变温度为24.6℃,过冷度为0.3℃,相变潜热密度为179.6 J/g.     

无机盐／微结构陶瓷基复合储能材料的制备工艺和热物理性能

本文讨论了微结构陶瓷/无机盐复合储能材料的制备工艺及其对热物理性能和组织结构的影响.将NaNO2-NaNO3,Na2SO4,Na-BaCO3等无机盐嵌入多孔陶瓷体内的微米级多孔网络中,从而形成显热和潜热复合储能的新型储能材料.这种材料不仅蓄热量大,可以定形且可与流体直接接触换热.文章介绍了混合烧结和熔盐自浸渗两种制备工艺,详细分析了各制备工艺对微结构陶瓷/无机盐复合储能材料性能的影响.对材料进行了TW、DSC热分析和XRD、SEM显微结构分析,得出不同制备工艺下材料的热物理性能,其最大值可达:相变潜热92.67 J/g,比热1.54 J/g·℃,蓄热密度240 J/g(△T=100℃).     

钾明矾蓄热性能的研究与改善

钾明矾(KAl(SO4)2·12H2O)有较高的潜热和良好的导热性(熔化热232.4kJ/kg,导热系数为0.55W/m·K),熔点为91℃,是中低温相变材料中较有开发价值的一种.但是它的过冷度高达19.8℃,并且由于相变过程伴随着结晶水的蒸发使无机盐的使用寿命大大降低.本文通过冷指法及添加成核剂的方法对硫酸铝钾的过冷现象进行了研究,结果表明成核剂NiSO4·6H2O、MgCl2·6H2O能较好的改善过冷现象,当MgCl2·6H2O的添加量为2;时可使过冷度降为零,且能保持钾明矾的相变温度而不使其降低.利用MgCl2·6H2O具有很强的吸湿性,可以补充相变过程中损失的水分,使相变材料的使用寿命大大提高.     

不同载体的Na2SO4·10H2O基定形相变材料的制备和热性能研究

基于节能减排的重要性,针对Na2 SO4·10H2 O基相变材料相变过程中液相泄露和长期使用的热稳定性问题,采用直接浸渍的方法将其封装入不同载体(SiO2气凝胶、X型分子筛、膨胀珍珠岩、活性炭和硅藻土)中,成功制备了不同载体的定形相变材料.通过SEM、XRD、DSC等表征方法,测定了饱和吸附时各自的相变材料占比分别为80.0;、82.2;、76.9;、89.2;及60.6;;并且从热性能、机械性能、成本等方面综合对比了不同载体的性能,发现膨胀珍珠岩(EP)是性价比最优的载体材料.进一步对Na2 SO4·10H2 O/EP复合相变材料进行了熔冻循环实验测试,经过100次循环实验,热值损耗保持在15;以内,过冷度稳定在10℃以内,热稳定性良好.     

HPO42-与H2PO4-在水热法制备CeO2纳米颗粒过程中的影响

以Ce(NO3)3·6H2O、Na5P3O10和Na3PO4·12H2O为原料,用水热法在180℃反应60h分别制备了CeO2纳米八面体和纳米棒,且对Na5P3O10与Na3PO4 · 12H2O系统同时调节pH =2时180℃反应12 h制备了纳米棒.通过XRD、FE-SEM、TEM等方法对CeO2纳米棒和纳米八面体进行了测试和分析.结果表明,对于Na5P3O10与Na3PO4·12H2O系统,初始时CeO2八面体与纳米棒共存,但随着水热时间的延长,Na5 P3O10系统中CeO2八面体成为主要产物,而在Na3PO4·12H2O系统中CeO2纳米棒成为主要产物.Na5P3O10水解产生的HPO42-是CeO2纳米八面体形成的主要原因,而Na3PO4·12H2O水解产生的H2PO4-是纳米棒形成的主要原因.     

二维石墨烯片增强芒硝基复合相变材料导热性研究

探究了二维石墨烯片(GNPs)对复合相变材料导热性的影响,以芒硝基复合相变材料(SCNa)为原料,制备出石墨烯片增强芒硝基复合相变材料(SCNaG).探讨了GNPs添加量对SCNa相变材料导热率的影响,并对其过冷机理进行了讨论.结果表明:复合相变材料导热系数随着GNPs添加量呈线性增加,当GNPs=0wt;时,相变材料导热系数为0.854 W/(m·K);当GNPs=3wt;时,相变材料导热系数为1.405 W/(m·K);随着GNPs添加量的增大相变材料过冷度先减小后增大,当GNPs=0.5wt;时,过冷度低于纯SCNa相变材料,为2.5℃C,当GNPs=3wt;时,过冷度增大至10.9℃.GNPs的添加量对相变材料相变温度影响不大,相变潜热略有减小.     

钾明矾基低共熔相变储热材料的制备与研究

以钾明矾(KAl(SO4)2·12H2O)为基元,分别加入不同质量比例的七水硫酸镁(MgSO4·7H2O)和芒硝(NaSO4·10H2O)混合均匀后加热融化,研究制备出的低共熔材料的相变温度、潜热释放平台及过冷和相分离变化情况.结果表明,七水硫酸镁和钾明矾在任意比例下的混合都能制得低共熔相变储热材料,共晶点在质量比5∶5附近,相变温度41.19℃,持续放热时间长,过冷度1.15℃,无相分离现象出现;而以芒硝与钾明矾混合制备低共熔相变储热材料,共晶点在质量比2∶8附近,相变温度50.10℃,过冷度1.2℃且无相分离现象出现.这两种处于共晶点成分(附近)的低共熔相变储热材料都是很有潜力的低温相变储热材料.     

多孔碳球/SiC纳米纤维/十八醇复合相变材料定型封装及其热性能研究

以SiC纳米纤维为传热介质,在其表面采用原位生长的方法,均匀负载了多孔碳材料,从而制备了多孔碳球/SiC纳米纤维载体材料.然后以十八醇为相变芯材,通过物理吸附法制备了多孔碳球/SiC纳米纤维/十八醇复合相变材料,研究了不同相变芯材负载量的复合相变材料的储热性能与稳定性能.DSC检测表明,负载40wt;十八醇的复合相变材料的熔点和凝固点分别为58.16℃和52.25℃,熔化潜热为101.42 J/g;负载50wt;十八醇的复合相变材料的熔点和凝固点分别为58.01℃和51.93℃,熔化潜热为115.47 J/g.与十八醇相比,负载40wt;十八醇的复合相变材料的导热率提高了71;;负载50 wt;十八醇的复合相变材料的导热率提高了62;.该复合相变材料在循环使用300次后,其导热率基本保持相同,具有稳定性高;相变芯材封装安全性好,相变潜热大,具有非常优异的应用性能.     

MgO-Al2O3-ZrO2复合粉的制备与表征

以Mg Cl2·6H2O,Al Cl3·6H2O和Zr OCl2·8H2O为原料,NH3·H2O为沉淀剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了三种Mg O/Al2O3/Zr O2质量比分别为10.0/41.4/48.6、15.0/39.1/45.9、20.0/36.8/43的Mg O-Al2O3-Zr O2复合粉。借助X-ray荧光分析仪、同步热分析仪、X-ray衍射仪、激光粒度分析仪、扫描电子显微镜对Mg O-Al2O3-Zr O2复合粉进行了表征。研究结果表明:Mg O-Al2O3-Zr O2复合粉前驱体的分解在600℃之前完成,之后随着温度升高,复合粉体析晶程度逐渐提高,在800℃的热处理温度下四方相少量析出,Mg O和Al2O3仍处于非晶相,此状态下的复合粉应具有较高的反应活性;制得的Mg O-Al2O3-Zr O2复合粉体化学成分均匀性好,粒径较细,且与氧化锆原料尺寸相匹配,可作为氧化锆质定径水口改性的添加剂。     

邻菲咯啉铜微纳米棒的制备及其影响因素研究

以五水硫酸铜和1,10-邻菲咯啉为原料,采用液相沉淀法制备邻菲咯啉铜(Ⅱ)微纳米棒,研究 pH 值和温度对产物形貌和尺寸的影响.通过 XRD、SEM、UV-Vis、FT-IR、元素分析和荧光光谱表征产物的结构与性能.结果表明,硫酸铜溶液的 pH 值显著影响室温时反应产物的物相和形貌.当起始 pH 值为 2.0和5.0时,分别生成了微米级的花状和长片状的单斜品系[Cu(phen)(H2O)2]·SO4;当 pH 值上升至 9.0和11.0时,分别生成了平均直径172 nm 和253 nm 的[Cu(phen)(OH)]2SO4·5H2O 棒状结构.在 pH 值为9.0条件下,棒状产物的直径随着反应温度的降低而减小,4℃时可获得平均直径为87 nm 的纳米棒.此外,片状[Cu(phen)(H2O)2]·SO4 的荧光光谱相对于纳米棒状[Cu(phen)(OH)]2SO4·5H2O 出现蓝移和发射增强现象.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.     

Investigation of the Mechanism of Influence of Stress Corrosion on the Development of Macroplastic Instabilities of Aluminum–Magnesium Alloy

Crystallography Reports - Macroscopic jumps of plastic deformation (few percent in amplitude) on creep curves of aluminum–magnesium alloy, caused by a local effect of concentrated solution of...     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

A SAXS study of kinetics of aggregation of silica sols

SAXS in situ experiments on the evolution of TMOS solutions during hydrolysis and polycondensation lead to power laws with scaling exponents ≈ 2. It is suggested that this could be the result of the polydispersity of the samples and that only an apparent fractal dimension can be obtained in this way. Kinetic studies tend to indicate that agglomeration in the sol is the result of a diffusion-controlled process.     

Study of the possibility of interactive control of the surface profile of X-ray optical elements

We investigate the possibility of controlling the curvature parameters of parabolic mirrors that are modular elements of two types consisting of a base and thin inserts placed at the opposite side of the work surface. In the first type of modular elements, bending is controlled by the difference in the coefficients of the thermal expansion of the base and inserts. In the second type of elements, the profile is changed by the piezoelectric straining of the inserts under an electric field. A correlation is established between the parameters of modular elements and their surface curvature profile.