电阻蒸发铝薄膜结构及其对非晶硅太阳电池性能的影响

本文首先采用电阻蒸发法制备了不同厚度的Al薄膜,并选择了两个典型厚度的Al薄膜制备工艺来制备非晶硅太阳电池的Al背电极,研究了Al背电极厚度对电池性能的影响.结果表明,Al背电极的厚度由800nm减薄到70nm时,电池的Voc平均值由0.826V增加到0.829V,电池的Jsc平均值由11.747mA/cm2减小到11.318 mA/cm2,电池的FF平均值由0.701增加到0.728,而电池效率的平均值略有增加,由6.803;增加到6.833;.用扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)研究了玻璃衬底上蒸发的Al薄膜和非晶硅电池Al背电极表面形貌和微观结构的变化,分析了电池性能随Al背电极厚度变化的原因.     

背电极面积优化对非晶硅太阳能电池的影响

光伏发电技术中,非晶硅薄膜太阳能电池由于其高透光性、弱光发电、价格低廉等优势被广泛使用.在工业化量产中通过背电极面积优化以提高非晶硅薄膜太阳能电池发电效率等性能的研究还未见报道.本文以蓬安金石光电科技有限公司的5020-9型电池为研究对象,探讨了在PECVD镀膜工艺和背电极丝网印刷方式下背电极设计对非晶硅太阳能电池性能的影响.结果 表明,在限定外形尺寸为50 mm×20 mm且必须为9结(PIN结)串联的条件下,背电极优化后的电池表现出较好的光电转化性能,其短路电流、开路电压、最大功率、填充因子平均值分别为7.13 mA、7.04 V、12.41 mW、25.36;.相比于原设计方案,短路电流在原基础上提高约47;,良品率提高约58;.本文还指出集成型电池背电极设计的基本原则:尽量保证各单结背电极面积相等,以提高整体电流匹配程度;优化激光蚀刻线相对位置提高活性区面积.     

AZO薄膜刻蚀形貌优化及其在硅基薄膜双结太阳能电池中的应用

采用磁控溅射结合酸腐蚀法制备掺铝氧化锌透明导电氧化物薄膜,研究关键溅射工艺参数对AZO薄膜腐蚀后性能的影响.研究发现,在较低沉积温度和较大溅射压强条件下,样品腐蚀后可以形成粗糙度和雾度更大的表面形貌,有利于提高电池性能;而溅射功率增加,虽然能提升样品腐蚀后的粗糙度,但雾度的增加则呈现饱和趋势.将具有优良光电性能、不同雾度的AZO薄膜作为前电极制备非晶/微晶硅薄膜双结太阳能电池,发现雾度越大,电池的短路电流密度越大,特别是底电池电流密度越大,从而电池的光电转换效率也获得提高.这一发现有助于通过优化溅射工艺参数来改进AZO薄膜表面形貌和电池性能.     

溅射功率对ZnO∶Si透明导电薄膜性能的影响

采用直流磁控溅射法在室温玻璃基片上制备出了掺硅氧化锌(ZnO∶ Si)透明导电薄膜.研究了溅射功率对ZnO∶ Si薄膜结构、形貌、光学及电学性能的影响.结果表明,溅射功率对ZnO∶ Si薄膜的生长速率、结晶质量及电学性能有很大影响,而对其光学性能影响不大.实验制备的ZnO∶Si薄膜为六方纤锌矿结构的多晶薄膜,且具有垂直于基片方向的c轴择优取向.当溅射功率从45 W增加到105 W时,薄膜的晶化程度提高、晶粒尺寸增大,薄膜的电阻率减小;当溅射功率为105 W时,薄膜的电阻率达到最小值3.83×10-4 Ω·cm,其可见光透过率为94.41;.实验制备的ZnO∶ Si薄膜可以用作薄膜太阳能电池和液晶显示器的透明电极.     

ITO/BZO复合薄膜制备及在非晶硅薄膜太阳能电池的应用

采用低压化学气相沉积(LPCVD)法在沉积ITO薄膜的玻璃衬底上制备了硼掺杂氧化锌(BZO)薄膜,研究了ITO缓冲层对ITO/BZO复合薄膜表观形貌、导电性能和光学性能的影响;并研究了ITO/BZO薄膜在非晶硅薄膜太阳能电池的应用.结果表明,以ITO作为缓冲层来沉积BZO薄膜,有利于BZO晶粒尺寸的长大,并可以显著提高BZO薄膜的导电能力.ITO/BZO复合薄膜具有相对较高的导电能力和光学透光率,应用在非晶硅薄膜太阳能电池时转化效率提高0.20;.     

射频溅射功率对ZnO透明导电薄膜光电性能的影响

采用磁控溅射技术在不同溅射功率下制备了ZnO薄膜.研究了薄膜的沉积速率、光电特性以及不同功率条件下制备的ZnO薄膜对HIT电池开路电压的影响.结果表明:在溅射功率为200 W时制备的薄膜,具有良好的导电性和光透过性;将其应用到HIT电池中,得到的开路电压最高.该研究对提高HIT电池性能具有一定的参考意义.     

基于P3HT空穴传输层的钙钛矿太阳能电池性能仿真研究

利用AMPS-1D软件对钙钛矿太阳能电池性能进行仿真.研究发现,当P3HT厚度500 nm时,钙钛矿太阳能电池的短路电流密度Jsc=18.995 mA/cm2,光电转换效率Ef=17.425;,填充因数FF=0.824,开路电压Voc=1.113 V.钙钛矿太阳能电池的光吸收层厚度为400 nm时,钙钛矿太阳能的光电转化效率最大.钙钛矿太阳能电池开路电压、短路电流密度、填充因数和光电转化效率等性能随着阴极材料功函数的增大而减.通过理论计算对制备高性能的太阳能电池具有指导性作用.     

用于薄膜太阳能电池的非晶硅锗制备与性能研究

利用射频等离子体增强化学气相沉积工艺(RF-PECVD)制备非晶硅锗薄膜,研究氢稀释率和衬底温度对薄膜光电性能的影响.通过二者的优化制备出光学带隙1.5 eV、光敏性6×104的高质量非晶硅锗薄膜.在此基础上制备出效率为6.65;的非晶硅锗(a-SiGe∶H)单结太阳能电池.     

硅基薄膜太阳能电池发展研究及出路

薄膜太阳能电池是缓解环境危机和能源危机一条崭新的道路。本文综述了薄膜太阳电池的优缺点。主要介绍了非晶硅太阳能薄膜电池、多晶硅太阳能薄膜电池和微晶硅太阳能薄膜电池的国内外发展现状,并从材料、光电转换性能、制备工艺、价格成本等方面进行了比较和总结。提出了硅基太阳能薄膜电池未来的研究方向和市场前景。     

P／I界面处理对a-Si：H柔性太阳能电池性能的影响

采用等离子体辅助化学汽相沉积(PECVD)技术制备本征非晶硅薄膜,对p/i界面进行处理.在此基础上,制备P型微晶硅(μc-Si:H)薄膜与柔性太阳能电池.对P型硅薄膜及太阳能电池的性能进行研究.结果表明:对p/i界面采用H等离子体处理,再引入一定厚度的成核层,可以成功得到高电导率的P型微晶硅窗口层,提高柔性太阳能电池的光伏特性.其中的成核层,不仅促进微晶相P层的生长,还可以起到界面缓冲层的作用.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

A SAXS study of kinetics of aggregation of silica sols

SAXS in situ experiments on the evolution of TMOS solutions during hydrolysis and polycondensation lead to power laws with scaling exponents ≈ 2. It is suggested that this could be the result of the polydispersity of the samples and that only an apparent fractal dimension can be obtained in this way. Kinetic studies tend to indicate that agglomeration in the sol is the result of a diffusion-controlled process.     

Study of the possibility of interactive control of the surface profile of X-ray optical elements

We investigate the possibility of controlling the curvature parameters of parabolic mirrors that are modular elements of two types consisting of a base and thin inserts placed at the opposite side of the work surface. In the first type of modular elements, bending is controlled by the difference in the coefficients of the thermal expansion of the base and inserts. In the second type of elements, the profile is changed by the piezoelectric straining of the inserts under an electric field. A correlation is established between the parameters of modular elements and their surface curvature profile.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.     

Mechanism of thermal expansion of structural modifications of zinc pyrovanadate

Crystal chemical characteristics of the α and β modifications of Zn₂V₂O₇ are calculated based on in situ high-temperature X-ray measurements. The expansion of the structure is found to be strongly anisotropic up to the negative volumetric thermal expansion of the α-Zn₂V₂O₇ unit cell in the temperature range of 300–600°С, α _V =–17.94 × 10^–6 1/K. The transformations of the “hard” and “soft” sublattices with an increase temperature and at the phase transition are considered in detail. It is shown that the negative volumetric thermal expansion of α-Zn₂V₂O₇ is due to the degeneracy of the zigzag-like shape of zinc–oxygen columns at constant distances between their vertices.     

Investigation of the Mechanism of Influence of Stress Corrosion on the Development of Macroplastic Instabilities of Aluminum–Magnesium Alloy

Crystallography Reports - Macroscopic jumps of plastic deformation (few percent in amplitude) on creep curves of aluminum–magnesium alloy, caused by a local effect of concentrated solution of...     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.