R面、C面蓝宝石上生长的InGaN多层量子点的发光性质研究

采用表面钝化和MOCVD低温生长在蓝宝石(0001)面(即C面)和蓝宝石(1102)面(即R面)上形成了InGaN量子点,并构成了该量子点的多层结构.原子力显微镜测试的结果表明单层InGaN量子点平均宽约40nm,高约15nm;而多层量子点上层的量子点则比单层的InGaN量子点大.R面蓝宝石衬底上生长的InGaN量子点和C面蓝宝石衬底上生长的InGaN量子点相比,其PL谱不仅强度高,而且没有多峰结构.这是由于在C面蓝宝石衬底上生长的InGaN/GaN多层量子点沿生长方向[0001]存在较强的内建电场,而在R面蓝宝石衬底上得到的多层量子点沿着生长方向[1120]没有内建电场.InGaN量子点变温光致发光(PL)谱研究发现量子点相关的峰有快速红移现象,这是量子点系统所特有的PL谱特征.用在R面蓝宝石上生长的InGaN量子点作有源层有望避免内建电场的影响,得到高量子效率且发光波长稳定的发光器件.     

金刚石自支撑膜拉曼光谱1420cm-1特征峰研究

采用带有半封闭式气体循环系统的100千瓦级直流电弧等离子体喷射CVD设备制备三组不同质量的金刚石膜,通过532 nm激光激发金刚石膜的拉曼光谱时,除1332 cm-1金刚石一阶拉曼峰外还出现了1420 cm-1宽峰,本文针对这一峰位的由来及分布进行研究。结果表明,增加或降低拉曼激发波长该峰为都不复存在,不符合材料的拉曼特征频移与激发波长无关这一原则,证明其并非本征拉曼峰;采用488 nm激发和514 nm激发时拉曼光谱分别出现了与1420 cm-1峰型一致的3125 cm-1和2060 cm-1峰,将拉曼频移转换为波长后发现,三个峰位都对应于波长575 nm(2.156e V);575 nm为金刚石膜荧光光谱中常见峰位,对应于氮杂质相关的[N-V]0中心,这表明含氮杂质金刚石膜采用532nm激发时产生的1420 cm-1峰是[N-V]0相关的氮杂质引起的荧光峰;采用532 nm对金刚石膜形核面和生长面的拉曼面扫描结果表明,[N-V]0相关的氮杂质存在于金刚石膜表面晶粒与晶界各处,并存在一定程度的偏聚。     

非晶锗的低温晶化和光学特性研究

本文采用直流磁控溅射在(100)硅衬底上沉积了单层锗薄膜,分别用拉曼光谱和X射线衍射研究了薄膜的结晶性,通过对结晶性的研究发现,在衬底温度为200℃时溅射功率为150W时结晶性开始变好,功率增至250W的过程,锗薄膜的择优取向发生(220)向(331)的变化.这样在无金属掺杂的情况下得到了结晶性较好的样品.光致发光结果表明,非晶锗在可见光区有较强的发光现象,发光峰位中心分别在648.1nm和713.0nm.发光峰位不随晶粒尺寸变化而变化,但峰强对晶粒大小的依赖性很强,平均晶粒较大的锗薄膜在可见光区发光现象不显著.     

6H-SiC衬底片的表面处理

相比于蓝宝石,6H-SiC是制作GaN高功率器件更有前途的衬底.本文研究了表面处理如研磨、化学机械抛光对6H-SiC衬底表面特性的影响.用显微镜、原子力显微镜、拉曼光谱、卢瑟福背散射谱表征了衬底表面.结果表明经过两步化学机械抛光后提高了表面质量.经第二步化学机械抛光后的衬底具有优异的表面形貌、高透射率和极小的损伤层,其表面粗糙度RMS是0.12nm.在该衬底上用MOCVD方法长出了高质量的GaN外延膜.     

熔盐法和水热法KTP晶体的晶胞参数及拉曼光谱特征

利用X射线衍射和显微激光拉曼光谱研究熔盐法自发结晶的KTP晶体、顶部籽晶熔盐法KTP晶体和水热法KTP晶体的晶胞参数和拉曼光谱特征,分析和比较不同方法生长的KTP晶体的晶体结构与化学键特征峰.研究表明:KTP晶体的晶胞参数与晶体生长方法有关,熔盐法自发结晶的KTP晶体生长过程中降温速率较快,晶胞体积相对较小;熔盐法和水热法KTP晶体中部分拉曼特征峰的位置因生长方法不同呈现一定的差异,水热法KTP晶体在782 cm-1、744 cm-1和515 cm-1处出现的特征峰可视为水热法KTP晶体的标志峰,借此可将其与熔盐法晶体相区分.     

GaN微米片的制备及性能研究

通过采用化学气相沉积法(CVD),以金属Ga和NH3为原料,在Si (100)衬底和蓝宝石衬底上采用催化剂Ni合成了GaN微米片.利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)、X-ray能谱仪(EDS)、光致发光谱(PL)和霍尔效应测试仪(HMS-3000)对样品进行表征.结果表明,生成的微米片为六方纤锌矿结构的GaN;样品在360 nm处有一近带边紫外发射峰,在676 nm处有一个因缺陷引起的弱的红光发射峰;不同衬底上产物GaN的电学性能有所不同.最后,对本实验所得的GaN微米片的形成机理进行了分析.     

低温磁控溅射法制备氧化锌薄膜的光学性能研究

采用射频磁控溅射法,在较低的衬底温度(100℃)下,改变溅射时间,制备了一组氧化锌(ZnO)薄膜.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)、X射线能谱仪(EDS)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)、拉曼光谱和紫外-可见分光光度计对制备的ZnO薄膜的微观结构、形貌和光学特性进行了研究.XRD图谱表明,制备的ZnO薄膜具有良好的结晶性和c轴择优取向,随着溅射时间的增加,(002)衍射峰的强度先增大后降低,溅射时间为40 min时,(002)衍射峰的强度达到最大,衍射峰半高宽最小;AFM测试表明制备的ZnO薄膜表面呈现球状颗粒,随着溅射时间的延长,薄膜的颗粒尺寸和表面均方根粗糙度均逐渐变大;EDS结果显示溅射时间较长(40 min和60 min)的ZnO薄膜,O和Zn的原子比更接近1:1.FTIR光谱中,发现位于408 cm-1附近的ZnO的E1(TO)声学模式和位于380 cm-1处的A1(TO)模式;拉曼光谱中,观测到了分别位于99 cm-1和438 cm-1处的ZnO的E2(Low)和E2(high)模式拉曼特征峰;紫外-可见透过光谱显示,在可见光范围,ZnO薄膜具有高的透光率,平均透光率高于90;,ZnO薄膜的光学禁带宽度范围为3.27～3.28 eV,溅射时间为40 min时,ZnO薄膜的光学禁带宽度最接近单晶ZnO的.     

ITO玻璃衬底上生长的Zn0.9Mg0.1S多晶薄膜特性研究

以ZnS和Mg粉末为原料,采用真空蒸镀技术在ITO玻璃上成功地制备了宽禁带三元化合物Zn0.9Mg0.1S多晶薄膜.原子力显微镜和X射线衍射研究表明:薄膜生长形貌和结晶性能良好,为择优取向的立方闪锌矿结构,晶粒直径约20nm,薄膜的X射线衍射峰较之ZnS的衍射峰向大角度方向移动了0.46°;室温下的拉曼谱峰相对于ZnS的拉曼谱峰出现蓝移,且347.67cm-1谱峰比较强;光致发光谱显示,Zn0.9Mg0.1S薄膜在410nm处有一个较强的发光峰.良好的结晶质量和发光特性为开发多功能材料和器件提供了可能性.     

AlGaN成核层对SiC衬底外延GaN薄膜应力及缺陷影响的研究

研究了成核层生长条件对SiC衬底上GaN薄膜晶体质量和剩余应力的影响.采用AlGaN成核层并提高其生长温度,能明显降低SiC衬底上GaN外延层的缺陷密度和剩余应力.GaN薄膜的高分辨XRD摇摆曲线(0002)和(10-12)面的半峰宽达到161 arcsec和244 arcsec,拉曼频移达到567.7 cm-1.成核层的原子力显微镜结果显示GaN薄膜的晶体质量随着成核岛密度的降低而提高.     

中子辐照α-Al2O3单晶的光学性质研究

本文利用吸收光谱法、光致发光光谱法和拉曼光谱法对中子辐照的α-Al2O3进行研究.吸收光谱表明,中子辐照除产生F2、F2+、F2+2和F3色心外,还能产生[Al-O]3-色心,它对应着325 nm和638 nm两个吸收峰,且具有较低的热稳定性,经300℃退火后消失.光致发光谱法除了检测到F2、F2+和F2+2色心对应的发光峰外,还检测到625nm和657 nm发光峰.625 nm发光峰可能对应着高剂量中子辐照下特有的发光中心.657 nm发光峰是经800℃处理后唯一存在的发光峰,它可能来自于反位铝缺陷(AlO).此外,拉曼光谱显示该剂量的中子辐照不能导致明显的拉曼峰频移和展宽.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

A SAXS study of kinetics of aggregation of silica sols

SAXS in situ experiments on the evolution of TMOS solutions during hydrolysis and polycondensation lead to power laws with scaling exponents ≈ 2. It is suggested that this could be the result of the polydispersity of the samples and that only an apparent fractal dimension can be obtained in this way. Kinetic studies tend to indicate that agglomeration in the sol is the result of a diffusion-controlled process.     

Study of the possibility of interactive control of the surface profile of X-ray optical elements

We investigate the possibility of controlling the curvature parameters of parabolic mirrors that are modular elements of two types consisting of a base and thin inserts placed at the opposite side of the work surface. In the first type of modular elements, bending is controlled by the difference in the coefficients of the thermal expansion of the base and inserts. In the second type of elements, the profile is changed by the piezoelectric straining of the inserts under an electric field. A correlation is established between the parameters of modular elements and their surface curvature profile.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.     

Mechanism of thermal expansion of structural modifications of zinc pyrovanadate

Crystal chemical characteristics of the α and β modifications of Zn₂V₂O₇ are calculated based on in situ high-temperature X-ray measurements. The expansion of the structure is found to be strongly anisotropic up to the negative volumetric thermal expansion of the α-Zn₂V₂O₇ unit cell in the temperature range of 300–600°С, α _V =–17.94 × 10^–6 1/K. The transformations of the “hard” and “soft” sublattices with an increase temperature and at the phase transition are considered in detail. It is shown that the negative volumetric thermal expansion of α-Zn₂V₂O₇ is due to the degeneracy of the zigzag-like shape of zinc–oxygen columns at constant distances between their vertices.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

Investigation of the Mechanism of Influence of Stress Corrosion on the Development of Macroplastic Instabilities of Aluminum–Magnesium Alloy

Crystallography Reports - Macroscopic jumps of plastic deformation (few percent in amplitude) on creep curves of aluminum–magnesium alloy, caused by a local effect of concentrated solution of...