LaAlO3晶体点缺陷的电子结构和磁性的第一性原理研究

利用密度泛函理论计算了LaAlO3晶体点缺陷的电子结构和磁学性质.结果表明,LaAlO3中La,Al空位缺陷具有铁磁性,O空位缺陷没有磁性.La,Al空位磁性源于体系中所有O原子2p轨道的部分极化.     

Na掺杂和空位对ZnO磁性及电子结构的影响

通过第一性原理,对Na掺杂(NaZn)与Zn空位(VZn)及Na掺杂与O空位(VO)共存的ZnO体系的形成能、电子结构及磁性机理进行了研究.结果表明,Na原子与空位(VZn或VO)空间位置最近时,掺杂体系的形成能最低;与诱导VZn相比,Na掺杂在ZnO体系中更易诱导VO,并且过量的Na掺杂必然导致VO的形成.另外,磁性研究发现,Na掺杂与空位(VZn或VO)共存的体系都具有磁性.并且Na掺杂与VZn共存的ZnO体系磁性源于VZn的本征缺陷,而Na掺杂与VO共存的ZnO体系的磁性源于Na原子与VO的电子关联交互作用.     

B掺杂BaTiO3的电子结构和磁性的第一性原理研究

利用基于第一性原理的自旋极化密度泛函理论计算了B掺杂BaTiO3的稳定性、电子结构和磁学性质.结果表明B掺杂BaTiO3体系稳定,并表现为铁磁性.B替位掺杂BaTiO3体系的磁性机制可归结为部分B2p电子的自旋极化和B2p/O2p与Ti3d电子的p-d耦合作用,B间隙掺杂BaTiO3体系中磁性源于未配对Ti3d电子的自旋极化.     

BaTiO3-Nb2O5-Fe2O3陶瓷介电性能的研究

利用传统方法制备了BaTiO3-Nb2O5-Fe2O3(BTNF)陶瓷,采用X射线衍射仪、电容测试仪、电滞回线测量仪等测试手段研究了不同添加剂(Fe2O3、Co2O3、Nb2O5)对陶瓷晶体结构、介电性能及铁电性的影响.结果表明:Nb2O5是施主掺杂,易引起晶格畸变,使四方率增大;而Fe2O3为受主掺杂,其可提高氧空位浓度,促进BaTiO3陶瓷晶粒生长.同时掺杂Fe2O3、Nb2O5时,可以相互补偿.当Fe2O3浓度约为0.15;摩尔分数,Nb2O5浓度为0.79;摩尔分数时,陶瓷的介电常数达到4443,温度特性≤±10;,可以满足Y5P瓷料的要求.     

Ce掺杂与O空位对锐钛矿相TiO2磁学和光学性能影响的第一性原理研究

基于第一性原理计算,建立了含有不同Ce与O空位配比的锐钛矿TiO2模型.对各个体系的稳定性、磁性、电子结构及吸收光谱进行了计算.结果表明:Ce与近邻O空位间的自旋电子交换是锐钛矿TiO2净磁矩的来源,因此体系的磁性与Ce和O空位的相对位置有关.Ce或O空位浓度增加在费米能级附近形成的施主能级使得带隙宽度进一步减小,因此体系对可见光的吸收系数进一步增加.与局域性更强的Ce-4f电子相比,Ti-3d电子更易受激参与光催化反应,因此Ce掺杂引起的O空位及其浓度是影响锐钛矿TiO2光催化性能的主要因素.     

拓扑化学法制备棒状(KxNa1-x)NbO3粉体

以Na2CO3、K2CO3、Nb2O5和KCl为原料,采用拓扑化学反应法合成出一维方向生长钙钛矿结构的棒状KxNa1-x NbO3 (KNN)粉体.首先采用熔盐法合成出棒状的前驱体K2Nb8O21晶体,系统研究了Nb2O5与KCl的起始质量比、合成温度对kNb8O21晶体显微结构和形貌的影响,研究发现当Nb2O5与KCl的质量比为3/8,850℃下保温3h可以获得长度为80～100 μm,直径为3～8 μm的棒状K2Nb8O21晶体,且晶体沿[100]方向生长;然后以棒状的前驱体K2Nb8O21为模板晶粒,采用拓扑化学反应法制备出棒状KNN晶体,研究了Na2 CO3的添加量、烧成温度和保温时间对棒状KNN晶体显微结构和形貌的影响.结果表明:添加过量10wt;的Na2CO3,在900℃下保温3h可以获得沿[001]方向生长的棒状KNN晶体,其中K/Na =47.31/52.69,接近1/1,其长度和宽度分别为30 ～ 50 μm和2～6 μm.     

电场调控Pt/Co∶ZnO/Nb∶SrTiO3异质结阻变与磁性研究

利用脉冲激光沉积法在0.7; Nb∶ SrTiO3衬底上制备了Co∶ ZnO薄膜,并构建了Pt/Co∶ ZnO/Nb∶ SrTiO3异质结器件.该器件表现出典型的双极性阻变效应,在正、负向电压作用下,器件电阻可以在低阻态和高阻态之间变换,电阻变换比值可达到104,阻态具有一定的保持性与耐久性,同时Co∶ ZnO薄膜的饱和磁化强度会产生与阻变相关联的可逆调控.结合ZnO薄膜阻变与磁性调控结果发现,氧空位在Co∶ ZnO/Nb∶ SrTiO3异质结的阻变及磁性调控中具有重要作用,并采用氧空位产生与湮灭结合载流子注入-束缚/解束缚模型解释阻变与磁性调控.     

N掺杂LaAlO3电子结构的第一性原理研究

采用第一性原理计算N掺杂LaAlO3的稳定性、电子结构和磁学性质.计算结果表明:N掺杂LaAlO3的结构稳定;而且从生成焓数值看,替位掺杂比间隙掺杂结构更稳定.形成能计算结果表明,还原环境比氧化环境更适合N掺杂,并且在还原环境下,NH3作为N源生成替位掺杂的LaAlO3-x Nx的形成能最小,即最容易形成替位掺杂.N替代LaAlO3中的O原子和位于LaAlO3晶胞间隙均产生铁磁性,其磁性均源于掺杂N-2p电子与体系价带顶O-2p电子间的p-p耦合作用.     

Cu替位与空位及Cu、S共掺SnO2的光磁性质研究

运用第一性原理,基于密度泛函理论,计算了Cu分别以替位和空位两种方式掺杂SnO2的电子结构和光电特性,并对两种掺杂方式做了一定的比较研究;磁性方面,主要研究了Cu、S共掺SnO2后的磁学性能.计算表明,两种方式掺杂,都使SnO2具有半金属特性,Cu原子将与周围的O原子发生强烈的交换作用,Cu原子对态密度的贡献主要在费米能级附近.相比之下,空位掺杂后的晶胞体积略大于替位掺杂后的SnO2,对光的能量损耗也比替位掺杂的低.对于Cu、S共掺的体系,计算表明:每个Cu原子的掺入将产生0.46μB的磁矩,而一个S原子将引入0.36μB的磁矩,Cu原子周围的O原子也对磁矩有一定的贡献.经过分析,发现体系的磁性来源主要是Cu-3d和S-3p,以及Cu-3 d与O-2 p间的强烈耦合作用.     

织构化K0.5Na0.5NbO3无铅压电陶瓷的性能研究

以分析纯Na2CO3、Bi2O3和Nb2O5为原料,以NaCl为熔盐,采用二次熔盐法和拓扑化学反应法合成各向异性片状NaNbO3粉体.以该片状NaNbO3粉体为模板品粒,以固相法合成的NaNbO3和KNbO3粉体为基料,采用流延工艺制备出较高取向度的织构化K0.5Na0.5NbO3(KNN)无铅压电陶瓷,系统研究了模板含量、烧结温度和保温时间等工艺参数对织构化KNN陶瓷显微结构和压电性能的影响规律.研究结果表明:随着模板含量的增加,陶瓷的取向度逐渐增加,当模板含量为15 wt;时,陶瓷的取向度可达0.69,当模板含量为10 wt;,1100 ℃下保温5 h烧结,可以获得具有一定织构度(f=0.58)的KNN陶瓷,并表现出优异的压电性能,d33=128 pC/ N.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

A SAXS study of kinetics of aggregation of silica sols

SAXS in situ experiments on the evolution of TMOS solutions during hydrolysis and polycondensation lead to power laws with scaling exponents ≈ 2. It is suggested that this could be the result of the polydispersity of the samples and that only an apparent fractal dimension can be obtained in this way. Kinetic studies tend to indicate that agglomeration in the sol is the result of a diffusion-controlled process.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.     

Investigation of the Mechanism of Influence of Stress Corrosion on the Development of Macroplastic Instabilities of Aluminum–Magnesium Alloy

Crystallography Reports - Macroscopic jumps of plastic deformation (few percent in amplitude) on creep curves of aluminum–magnesium alloy, caused by a local effect of concentrated solution of...     

Study of the possibility of interactive control of the surface profile of X-ray optical elements

We investigate the possibility of controlling the curvature parameters of parabolic mirrors that are modular elements of two types consisting of a base and thin inserts placed at the opposite side of the work surface. In the first type of modular elements, bending is controlled by the difference in the coefficients of the thermal expansion of the base and inserts. In the second type of elements, the profile is changed by the piezoelectric straining of the inserts under an electric field. A correlation is established between the parameters of modular elements and their surface curvature profile.     

Mechanism of thermal expansion of structural modifications of zinc pyrovanadate

Crystal chemical characteristics of the α and β modifications of Zn₂V₂O₇ are calculated based on in situ high-temperature X-ray measurements. The expansion of the structure is found to be strongly anisotropic up to the negative volumetric thermal expansion of the α-Zn₂V₂O₇ unit cell in the temperature range of 300–600°С, α _V =–17.94 × 10^–6 1/K. The transformations of the “hard” and “soft” sublattices with an increase temperature and at the phase transition are considered in detail. It is shown that the negative volumetric thermal expansion of α-Zn₂V₂O₇ is due to the degeneracy of the zigzag-like shape of zinc–oxygen columns at constant distances between their vertices.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.