掺杂镁钴锌的微纳结构球形氢氧化镍的高温电性能研究

利用共沉淀法,制备出具有微纳结构的球形氢氧化镍,并通过掺杂镁钴锌,制备出掺杂球形氢氧化镍.通过XRD和SEM表征了掺杂氢氧化镍的晶体结构和形貌,采用循环伏安测试和充放电循环测试研究了不同掺杂元素对氢氧化镍电化学性能的影响.结果表明,同时掺杂1;钴、1;锌、1;镁的氢氧化镍样品在高温下具有优异的电性能表现.在65℃时,其带电比容量、△Ea.c、△Ea.o分别为288 mAh/g、0.38 V、0.12 V.     

晶硅太阳能电池背面银浆所用片状银粉的研究

为了确保晶硅太阳能电池在拥有较高光电转换效率的同时降低投入成本,本文研究了45wt;的低固相含量状态下不同粒径及振实密度的片状银粉对背面银浆性能的影响.将球形银粉经过不同时间的球磨得到不同粒径的片状银粉.用这四种银粉制成背面银浆并经过印刷烧结形成背电极,研究了粒径、振实密度对背电极烧结膜形态及电性能的影响.结果证明平均粒径为2.5 μm的片状银粉具有最高的振实密度,由其制备背电极的烧结膜最为致密,焊接强度达到8.5 N,硅太阳能电池的光电转换效率达到18.09;,可以满足目前背面银浆的商业使用需要.     

铁位掺杂对LiFePO4-C性能的影响

本文从体相铁位掺杂出发,以二氧化钛、乙酸镍、乙酸锰、氢氧化镁等为原料,合成LiFe0.9M0.1PO4-C材料,考察了不同掺杂元素对LiFePO4性能的影响。与碳包覆LiFePO4材料相比较,Ti的掺杂使Li+扩散系数提高了两个数量级,达到4.117E-09 cm2.s-1;将材料的振实密度显著提高到了1.62 g/ml;循环30次,容量保持在79.8 mAh/g,保持率达92%。即铁位掺杂Ti的复合材料在高倍率下的性能远远好于未掺杂LiFePO4材料。     

Cr掺杂V6O13锂离子电池正极材料的合成及电化学性能研究

采用水热合成的方法,在合成过程中通过添加Cr(NO3)3·9H2O对V6O13进行了掺杂改性.测试了不同掺杂量样品的XRD图谱并相互做了比较.分析了样品中Cr、V元素化合价的变化.分析了不同掺杂量对前驱体形貌的影响.对其进行充放电循环测试后,发现Cr3+的掺入使得V6O13的放电容量有明显的增长,当掺杂量为0.06g时其第1次放电容量达到337 mAh/g,比未掺杂的样品多出了60 mAh/g.循环伏安测试结果表明Cr3+的掺入能够改变Li离子嵌入/脱出V6O13的行为,提高其充放电电压,有益于提高V6O13的电化学性能.     

锂硫电池硫-膨胀石墨正极材料的制备和性能研究

采用热膨胀法制备出膨胀率较高的膨胀石墨,并将膨胀石墨和升华硫进行混合热处理,制备出硫-膨胀石墨复合正极材料.利用X-射线衍射、扫描电镜及电化学测试等方法表征材料的结构、形貌和电化学性能.结果表明,这种复合正极材料在25 mA/g的充放电条件下表现出良好的充放电性能,首循环放电比容量接近1600 mAh/g,经过50个放电循环后其比容量仍旧保持在1200 mAh/g之上.     

纳米花瓣状Ni（OH）2的制备及性能研究

以硝酸镍为镍源,用水热法合成纳米花瓣状氢氧化镍微球,研究不同沉淀剂、p H值和硝酸镍浓度对氢氧化镍形貌和结构的影响,利用XRD、SEM和恒电流充放电技术测试其结构、表面微观形貌和充放电性能。结果表明:以氨水为沉淀剂得到具有六方晶体结构的β-Ni(OH)2,而以尿素为沉淀剂制备样品为α/β混合型晶体结构。当p H=9,硝酸镍浓度0.6 mol/L时,65℃样品2 C的放电容量约为310 m Ah/g,显示了优异的高温循环性能。     

生物质炭的杂元素掺杂及其在电极中的应用

近些年,由于制备工艺的不断优化,生物质炭材料作为储能器件(锂离子电池、超级电容器、锂硫电池等)的电极材料得到了快速发展.与此同时,由于存在首次库伦效率低,不可逆容量大,电压滞后,大电流充放电能力弱等问题,大大阻碍了生物质炭材料作为电极材料的应用.而通过杂元素掺杂生物质炭(尤其是杂原子掺杂),可以有效地提高炭材料的润湿性和电子传导性,增加炭材料的缺陷以及活性位点,使其具有优异的电化学性能.本文归纳了杂元素掺杂生物质炭的研究进展,分别对其制备方法,以及在锂离子电池、超级电容器和锂硫电池等能源领域中的应用和前景进行介绍.     

富锂锰基正极材料衰减机理及改性研究现状

富锂锰基正极材料因具有能量密度高、成本低廉以及环境友好等优点,成为最具发展潜力的动力型电池材料之一.然而,由于循环过程中材料电化学性能的衰减,阻碍了其实际商业应用.本文介绍了富锂锰基正极材料的结构特性和充放电机理,综述了其首次和循环过程中的衰减机理及几种重要的抑制材料性能衰减的改性方法,并对富锂锰基正极材料的进一步发展进行了展望.     

自模板法合成5V尖晶石LiNio.5Mn1.5O4正极材料及电化学性能研究

通过自模板法采用马来酸酐与丙烯酸接枝共聚得到改性聚丙烯酸碳酸盐前驱体,模板结构呈交联网状稳固致密,高温烧结制得5V锂离子电池LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4正极材料.经XRD、SEM、恒电流充放电和电化学循环伏安测试,所得材料具有微纳米结构,晶型规则,粒径大小一致.工作平台为4.7V,在0.5C倍率下充放电循环测试,首次放电容量132 mAh/g,循环50次容量保持率为93;,电化学性能优良.     

氢氧化镍超级电容器电极材料电流变化规律研究

用水热法制备了氢氧化镍超级电容器材料,对它的充放电电流强度随时间的变化进行测试分析,确定变化规律的解析式.在此基础上,应用速度反应理论,得到放电电流强度的半衰期tm、衰减常数β随温度等的变化关系.结果表明:充放电过程中的电流强度随时间的变化均具有指数形式,材料放电过程的电流随时间的变化按负指数规律减小,其半衰期、衰减常数,除与反应常数以及生成物与底物的化学势有关外,还与反应室的温度有关:升高反应室的温度,会使半衰期增大.理论与实验结果基本符合.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

A SAXS study of kinetics of aggregation of silica sols

SAXS in situ experiments on the evolution of TMOS solutions during hydrolysis and polycondensation lead to power laws with scaling exponents ≈ 2. It is suggested that this could be the result of the polydispersity of the samples and that only an apparent fractal dimension can be obtained in this way. Kinetic studies tend to indicate that agglomeration in the sol is the result of a diffusion-controlled process.     

Study of the possibility of interactive control of the surface profile of X-ray optical elements

We investigate the possibility of controlling the curvature parameters of parabolic mirrors that are modular elements of two types consisting of a base and thin inserts placed at the opposite side of the work surface. In the first type of modular elements, bending is controlled by the difference in the coefficients of the thermal expansion of the base and inserts. In the second type of elements, the profile is changed by the piezoelectric straining of the inserts under an electric field. A correlation is established between the parameters of modular elements and their surface curvature profile.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.     

Mechanism of thermal expansion of structural modifications of zinc pyrovanadate

Crystal chemical characteristics of the α and β modifications of Zn₂V₂O₇ are calculated based on in situ high-temperature X-ray measurements. The expansion of the structure is found to be strongly anisotropic up to the negative volumetric thermal expansion of the α-Zn₂V₂O₇ unit cell in the temperature range of 300–600°С, α _V =–17.94 × 10^–6 1/K. The transformations of the “hard” and “soft” sublattices with an increase temperature and at the phase transition are considered in detail. It is shown that the negative volumetric thermal expansion of α-Zn₂V₂O₇ is due to the degeneracy of the zigzag-like shape of zinc–oxygen columns at constant distances between their vertices.     

Investigation of the Mechanism of Influence of Stress Corrosion on the Development of Macroplastic Instabilities of Aluminum–Magnesium Alloy

Crystallography Reports - Macroscopic jumps of plastic deformation (few percent in amplitude) on creep curves of aluminum–magnesium alloy, caused by a local effect of concentrated solution of...     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.