基于柔性玻璃衬底ZnO∶B薄膜的非晶硅太阳能电池的制备及其光电性能研究

采用低压化学气相沉积法(LPCVD)在大面积(40 cm ×40 cm)超薄柔性玻璃和硬质玻璃衬底上分别制备了B掺杂的ZnO(BZO)透明导电薄膜及非晶硅薄膜太阳能电池,对比了两种衬底上BZO薄膜的形貌、光学和导电性能及其非晶硅薄膜电池的性能.结果表明,在相同LPCVD工艺下,超薄柔性玻璃衬底上BZO薄膜的生长速率相对减小;当生长相同厚度BZO薄膜时,超薄柔性玻璃衬底的透光率相对于硬质玻璃衬底提高约2;,同时并具有相同的导电能力.在柔性玻璃衬底上制备的非晶硅薄膜电池的初始和稳定转化效率也相对提高,分别达到9.16;和7.82;.     

水浴温度对CdS薄膜性能的影响

采用化学水浴法,以不同水浴温度在玻璃衬底上沉积CdS薄膜并制备CIGS薄膜太阳能电池,研究了水浴温度对CdS薄膜和CIGS太阳能电池性能的影响.结果表明:水浴温度对CdS薄膜的致密性、沉积速率、透过率和成分比率都有影响.在65-80℃之间制备的CdS薄膜均匀致密且透过率高,可作为CIGS太阳能电池的缓冲层;另外,CdS缓冲层的厚度对CIGS电池的性能影响显著,较薄的CdS缓冲层能够增加CIGS电池在400-500 nm波段对光线的吸收,提高CIGS电池的短路电流.     

P／I界面处理对a-Si：H柔性太阳能电池性能的影响

采用等离子体辅助化学汽相沉积(PECVD)技术制备本征非晶硅薄膜,对p/i界面进行处理.在此基础上,制备P型微晶硅(μc-Si:H)薄膜与柔性太阳能电池.对P型硅薄膜及太阳能电池的性能进行研究.结果表明:对p/i界面采用H等离子体处理,再引入一定厚度的成核层,可以成功得到高电导率的P型微晶硅窗口层,提高柔性太阳能电池的光伏特性.其中的成核层,不仅促进微晶相P层的生长,还可以起到界面缓冲层的作用.     

硅基薄膜太阳能电池发展研究及出路

薄膜太阳能电池是缓解环境危机和能源危机一条崭新的道路。本文综述了薄膜太阳电池的优缺点。主要介绍了非晶硅太阳能薄膜电池、多晶硅太阳能薄膜电池和微晶硅太阳能薄膜电池的国内外发展现状,并从材料、光电转换性能、制备工艺、价格成本等方面进行了比较和总结。提出了硅基太阳能薄膜电池未来的研究方向和市场前景。     

氯离子添加剂对钙钛矿太阳能电池性能的调节

过去几年,有机无机杂化的钙钛矿太阳能电池在光伏领域引起了广泛地关注,钙钛矿电池性能提升的关键是制备高质量的钙钛矿薄膜,而引入添加剂是制备高质量钙钛矿薄膜的重要方法之一.本文引入了两种不同的添加剂(浓盐酸和PbCl2)到钙钛矿前驱体溶液中,通过不同摩尔比的掺杂来调控钙钛矿薄膜的结晶度和表面覆盖率.然后采用SEM、XRD和紫外可见吸收光谱等表征手段分析钙钛矿薄膜的性能.结果表明:少量的Cl-添加剂可以优化钙钛矿薄膜的性能,提高钙钛矿层的覆盖率和光吸收特性.当掺杂PbCl2:PbI2摩尔比为1:9时,钙钛矿电池的各项参数有明显的提升,电池的PCE达到了11.35;;作为对比,当掺入HCl:PbI2的摩尔比为1:9时,电池的PCE仅为6.19;.因此PbCl2是比浓盐酸更好的Cl-添加剂,可以改善钙钛矿薄膜质量和提升钙钛矿太阳能电池性能.     

镓(Ga)的含量及分布对CIGS薄膜电池量子效率的影响

采用两步法制备CuGaxIn1-xSe2薄膜,Cu-In-Ga金属预制层采用铜镓合金靶及铟靶通过磁控溅射方法沉积而成,采用固态源硒化法在硒蒸气密闭环境中硒化,通过调整镓(Ga)比例及分布控制CIGS薄膜的带隙,采用镓元素梯度分布,使CIGS薄膜带隙呈现抛物线状分布,电池的量子效率得到明显提高,制备出的CIGS薄膜电池开路电压与转换效率都得到很大程度的改善,电池最高转换效率已达9.4;.     

溅射硒化物靶与金属单质靶制备Cu2 ZnSnSe4薄膜及电池的比较研究

采用磁控溅射SnSe-ZnSe-Cu硒化物靶和Sn-Zn-Cu金属单质靶的方法制备两种Cu2 ZnSnSe4(CZTSe)预制层,并将两种预制层采用相同的硒化工艺制备出CZTSe薄膜吸收层.分别采用XRD、Raman、SEM、EDS等分析了薄膜的晶体结构、相的纯度、表面及截面形貌和元素组分,结果发现采用硒化物靶制备的CZTSe吸收层薄膜更为平整致密且无明显孔洞.同时采用Hall测试和J-V测试对太阳电池薄膜的电学性质进行了表征,结果表明硒化物靶制备的CZTSe太阳电池的电流密度以及光电转化效率要高于金属单质靶,金属单质靶制备的CZTSe薄膜电池的开路电压为356 mV,短路电流密度为20.61 mA/cm2,光电转换效率为2.18;,而硒化物靶制备的CZTSe薄膜电池的开路电压为354 mV,短路电流密度为28.41 mA/cm2,光电转换效率为3.33;.     

液相沉积低温制备染料敏化太阳能电池光阳极及表征

本研究采用液相沉积法在恒温与变温两种条件下进行沉积,选用FTO导电玻璃与柔性PET-ITO作为基底.由XRD结果可知产物均为锐钛矿相二氧化钛,80℃条件下结晶性更好;SEM测试结果表明TiO2薄膜层为多孔结构.变温条件制备的电池效率最高,而60℃恒温条件制备的电池效率略高于80℃.FTO作为基底在梯度温度下制备组装的电池效率达到5.71;,相同条件下制备的柔性基底组装的电池效率为4.07;.     

柔性钙钛矿太阳能电池的研究进展

柔性钙钛矿太阳能电池因质轻、价廉的优点,有望实现大规模卷对卷应用生产和制成可穿戴移动式电源的目标,因而在有机-无机杂化钙钛矿太阳能电池研究领域占据着重要地位.目前该类电池的最高光电转换效率已超过16;.本文综述了近年以不同柔性基底材料制备的钙钛矿电池的研究进展,详细阐述了不同条件制备的电池各功能层及基底柔韧性对电池性能的影响,并探讨了未来柔性电池产业化面临的关键性问题,最后展望了柔性钙钛矿电池的发展趋势.     

ITO/BZO复合薄膜制备及在非晶硅薄膜太阳能电池的应用

采用低压化学气相沉积(LPCVD)法在沉积ITO薄膜的玻璃衬底上制备了硼掺杂氧化锌(BZO)薄膜,研究了ITO缓冲层对ITO/BZO复合薄膜表观形貌、导电性能和光学性能的影响;并研究了ITO/BZO薄膜在非晶硅薄膜太阳能电池的应用.结果表明,以ITO作为缓冲层来沉积BZO薄膜,有利于BZO晶粒尺寸的长大,并可以显著提高BZO薄膜的导电能力.ITO/BZO复合薄膜具有相对较高的导电能力和光学透光率,应用在非晶硅薄膜太阳能电池时转化效率提高0.20;.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

A SAXS study of kinetics of aggregation of silica sols

SAXS in situ experiments on the evolution of TMOS solutions during hydrolysis and polycondensation lead to power laws with scaling exponents ≈ 2. It is suggested that this could be the result of the polydispersity of the samples and that only an apparent fractal dimension can be obtained in this way. Kinetic studies tend to indicate that agglomeration in the sol is the result of a diffusion-controlled process.     

Study of the possibility of interactive control of the surface profile of X-ray optical elements

We investigate the possibility of controlling the curvature parameters of parabolic mirrors that are modular elements of two types consisting of a base and thin inserts placed at the opposite side of the work surface. In the first type of modular elements, bending is controlled by the difference in the coefficients of the thermal expansion of the base and inserts. In the second type of elements, the profile is changed by the piezoelectric straining of the inserts under an electric field. A correlation is established between the parameters of modular elements and their surface curvature profile.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.     

Mechanism of thermal expansion of structural modifications of zinc pyrovanadate

Crystal chemical characteristics of the α and β modifications of Zn₂V₂O₇ are calculated based on in situ high-temperature X-ray measurements. The expansion of the structure is found to be strongly anisotropic up to the negative volumetric thermal expansion of the α-Zn₂V₂O₇ unit cell in the temperature range of 300–600°С, α _V =–17.94 × 10^–6 1/K. The transformations of the “hard” and “soft” sublattices with an increase temperature and at the phase transition are considered in detail. It is shown that the negative volumetric thermal expansion of α-Zn₂V₂O₇ is due to the degeneracy of the zigzag-like shape of zinc–oxygen columns at constant distances between their vertices.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

Investigation of the Mechanism of Influence of Stress Corrosion on the Development of Macroplastic Instabilities of Aluminum–Magnesium Alloy

Crystallography Reports - Macroscopic jumps of plastic deformation (few percent in amplitude) on creep curves of aluminum–magnesium alloy, caused by a local effect of concentrated solution of...