考虑人载的汽车多自由度3维动力学模型

在目前的汽车柔顺性分析中,通常使用的2/4/7自由度动力学模型一般都未考虑车中人载质量,而在有人载与无人载时,汽车的动力学模型是不同的,它们代表了不同的动力学系统。因此未考虑人载质量的汽车动力学模型不能全面、准确地给出汽车的动力学特性,不能准确地反映柔顺性所包含的车身垂直方向、俯仰与侧倾振动,以及车轮跳动的加速度等物理量的变化。本文提出了考虑车中人载质量-座椅附加系统的汽车振动分析的3维动力学模型,给出了系统相应的动力学方程,并以轿车为例,给出了不同模型的动力学特性与响应的仿真分析结果,说明了汽车在考虑了人载-座椅附加系统后的多自由度3维动力学模型的正确性与必要性。     

基于分数阶磁流变液阻尼器模型的车辆悬架组合控制

磁流变液阻尼器的分数阶Bingham模型结构形式简单, 而且可以更好地描述系统的滞回特性. 建立了含有分数阶Bingham模型的单自由度1/4车辆悬架系统模型, 利用磁流变液阻尼器对在路面简谐激励下的非线性车辆悬架系统进行振动控制. 研究了含有分数阶Bingham模型的悬架系统在天棚阻尼半主动控制下的主共振响应, 利用平均法得到了系统的近似解析解. 求解了系统定常解的幅频响应方程, 并根据李雅普诺夫稳定性理论得到了悬架系统的稳定性条件. 通过绘制数值解和解析解的幅频响应曲线对比图, 验证了近似解析解的正确性. 利用簧载质量垂直方向的加速度均方根值分析了半主动控制对车辆乘坐舒适性的影响, 发现天棚阻尼半主动控制策略在低频激励区域反而会降低车辆的乘坐舒适性. 因此提出了一种被动控制与半主动控制相结合的组合控制策略, 并分析了半主动控制参数对振动控制效果的影响. 分析结果表明, 该组合控制策略不但能够提高车辆的乘坐舒适性, 而且能有效抑制悬架系统的主共振振动幅值.      

轮胎非线性对汽车悬架系统的影响

本文首次运用现代非线性动力学与分岔理论对采用轮胎非线性模型的汽车悬架运动特性进行了研究。并仿真比较了轮胎线性悬架模型和非线性模型对路面激励的响应。结果表明轮胎的非线性特性对汽车悬架的动力学特性有很大影响,在一定条件下产生了Hopf分岔,并求出了产生Hopf分岔的条件。     

基于并联机构的车辆座椅参数优化及性能分析

为进一步提升车辆座椅悬架的隔振性能,利用连杆弹簧并联机构,设计了一种具有准零刚度的非线性座椅;在对座椅参数进行加速粒子群算法优化后,建立了"人-座椅-车"七自由度集中参数耦合模型,完成了汽车在不同路面激励下的人体动力学响应仿真实验,对比分析了相同激励下线性座椅人体动力学响应。研究结果表明:参数经过加速粒子群优化算法处理的并联机构座椅满足汽车座椅设计国标GB 15083—2006和行标QC/T 740—2005要求;该座椅具有准零刚度特性,在各种路面激励下均能保持较好的隔振效果,在随机路面激励下并联机构非线性座椅悬架系统的人体各部位加速度均方根值下降了86%,位移均方根值下降了38%。     

高冲击载荷作用下弹载记录仪防护系统动力学响应特性

为了给弹载记录仪的防护设计提供依据，从机械振动的角度揭示了高冲击载荷作用下弹载记录仪防护系统的动力学响应机理。在分析弹载记录仪内部载荷传递关系的基础上，基于双自由度弹簧-质量-阻尼系统建立了一种简化的防护系统动力学响应模型，并开展了数值模拟，通过脉冲响应分析和谐响应分析辨识了模型参数。理论计算与数值模拟的对比分析结果表明:建立的动力学响应模型能较准确地预测高冲击载荷作用下弹载记录仪防护系统的动力学响应特性。在此基础上，以模型的幅频响应特性为依据，分析了防护系统动力学响应特性随各种参数的变化规律。研究结果可为更有效地指导弹载记录仪的防护设计提供依据。     

粘弹性阻尼器动力设计及其应用的实验研究

本文提出一种圆柱式剪切型粘弹性阻尼器，给出其具有结构阻尼特性的单自由度动力学系统模型，用正弦扫频实验技术实现了对阻尼器动力学特性的测量。通过实验，研究了粘弹性材料动态特性与阻尼器动力学特性的关系，并给出这种关系的数学表示，给出了这类阻尼器的设计方法和基本公式。实验结果表明，应用这种阻尼器可有效控制桁架结构的振动，实现对结构的阻尼控制。     

高速列车磁流变半主动悬挂控制策略研究

为了提高列车运行平稳性,在经典的天棚控制和加速度控制的基础上,提出了一种新型混合控制策略,对高速列车磁流变半主动悬挂控制系统进行了仿真和实验研究.首先,对磁流变阻尼器(MRD)的力学特性测试分析,引入具有电流饱和特性的修正函数,建立了MRD的修正扩展双曲正切模型.然后,设计了面向列车平稳性的新型混合控制策略,通过分析车体加速度传递特性,比较了不同控制策略在全频域内的控制效果.此外,从相频特性的角度阐释了新型混合控制策略在全频段的控制优势.将MRD修正模型应用于悬挂控制,利用UM和Simulink软件建立了整车磁流变半主动悬挂控制系统联合仿真模型,分析不同控制策略对车辆动力学性能的影响.最后,构建了基于MRD的整车悬挂系统硬件在环实验台,通过开展硬件在环实验分析不同控制策略下的车体响应.结果表明,相比传统的控制策略,新型混合控制策略能兼顾低频段和高频段的振动控制效果,不仅可以提高列车的运行平稳性,而且不会恶化列车的运行安全性.硬件在环实验证明了新型混合控制策略的有效性,以及高速列车应用半主动控制悬挂的可行性.     

单自由度超弹性SMA减振结构随机振动控制理论研究

利用形状记忆合金（Shape Memory Alloy，简称SMA）丝的超弹性，提出了一种具有复位功能的阻尼器。在SMA丝的Graesser本构模型基础上，建立了阻尼器恢复力的滑移双线性模型；假定滞回面积相等，提出了恢复力的滑移刚塑性模型以近似简化滑移双线性模型。采用等价线性化法建立了单自由度超弹性SMA减振结构在高斯白噪声激励下的平稳随机振动分析公式。通过一算例，考虑不同激励谱密度和结构阻尼比：比较了等价线性法和蒙特卡罗（Monte Carlo）模拟法计算的结构振动响应（位移标准差和速度标准差），证明了SMA减振结构随机振动控制理论的有效性；比较了等价线性减振结构和无控结构的动力特性（刚度和阻尼比）和振动响应，说明了SMA阻尼器能提高结构的刚度和阻尼比，因而可有效抑制结构的振动。     

汽车多自由度悬架的非线性振动特性

以研究主、副簧组成的悬架系统出发,建立了分段线性非线性悬架系统的动力学模型,运用KB方法求出了此类系统运动的解析解。其幅频响应曲线表明,当缓冲簧间隙适当时,系统非线性特征十分明显,相当于一种缓冲器的趋硬弹簧的作用。同时讨论了非线性弹簧刚度、阻尼系数、地面不平度对共振曲线的影响,分析了轮胎的等效刚度、阻尼系数和质量对系统振动的影响,得到了此类主、副簧组成的悬架结构的运动形式及特征。由理论分析和数值计算画出的幅频特性曲线基本吻合,可为汽车悬架系统的分段线性非线性振动的参数识别、稳定区域的分析研究和优化设计提供理论依据。     

中心刚体-柔性梁系统的最优跟踪控制

对考虑阻尼影响的中心刚体-柔性梁系统的动力特性和主动控制进行研究. 研究 中考虑了3种动力学模型：一次近似耦合模型、一次近似简化模型和线性化模型. 一次近 似模型中同时考虑了柔性梁的轴向变形和横向变形. 若在一次近似耦合模型中忽略轴向变 形的影响，则可得出一次近似简化模型. 线性化模型是对一次近似简化模型的线性化处理. 另外研究中考虑了3种阻尼因素：结构阻尼、风阻、中心刚体轴承处的阻尼. 控制设计采 用最优跟踪控制方法. 给出了从物理测量中提取模态坐标的滤波器方法. 研究结果显 示，一次近似简化模型能够有效地对系统的动力学行为进行描述；阻尼对系统的动力学特 性有着重要影响；当系统大范围运动为低速时，模态滤波器能够较好地提取出控制律所需 的模态坐标，最优跟踪控制方法能够使得系统跟踪所期望的运动轨迹，并且柔性梁的弹性 振动可得到抑制.     

Nonlinear Stiffness of a Magneto-Rheological Damper

The last decade has witnessed an important role of magneto-rheological dampers in the semi-active vibration control on the basis of empirical models. Those models established by fitting experimental data, however, do not offer any explicit expressions for the stiffness and the damping of magneto-rheological dampers. Hence, it is not easy for engineers to get any intuitive information about the effects of stiffness and damping of a magneto-rheological damper on the dynamic performance of a controlled system. To manifest the nonlinear properties of a magneto-rheological damper, this paper presents the hysteretic phenomena and the additional nonlinear stiffness of a typical magneto-rheological damper in terms of equivalent linear stiffness and equivalent linear damping. Then, it gives a brief discussion about the effect of nonlinear stiffness on the vibration control through the numerical simulations and an experiment for the semi-active suspension of a quarter car model with a magneto-rheological damper installed. Both numerical simulations and experimental results show that the additional nonlinear stiffness in the magneto-rheological damper is remarkable, and should be taken into consideration in the design of vibration control.     

ON INFLUENCE OF KINEMATICS TO EQUIVALENT LINEAR DAMPING OF HELICOPTER BLADE HYDRAULIC DAMPER

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Transient dynamics,damping, and mode coupling of nonlinear systems with internal resonances

In this paper, we study and compare performance and robustness of linear and nonlinear Lanchester dampers. The linear Lanchester damper consists of a small mass attached to a primary system through a linear dashpot, whereas the nonlinear Lanchester damper is linked to the primary mass through dry friction forces. In each case, we propose a semi-analytical method for computing the frequency response, for different values of the design parameters, in order to evaluate the performance and robustness of the two kinds of damper. Overall, it is shown that linear Lanchester dampers perform better than nonlinear damper both in terms of attenuation and robustness. Moreover, the nonlinear frequency response curves, that include the intrinsic non-smooth nature of the friction force, may serve as reference curve for further numerical studies.

     

Behavior explanation and a new model for nonlinear viscous fluid dampers with a simple annular orifice

Viscous fluid dampers have been used in many building and bridge construction projects for earthquake damage mitigation. Previous study has shown that silicone oil properties, such as the fluid shear-thinning and relaxation effects, play important roles for the annular-orificed fluid damper behavior, and the Navier-Stokes equations based on these mechanisms were developed. In the current study, attempts are made to explain the effects of frequency, damper dimensions, and viscosity of silicone oil on the damper stiffness behavior using the developed equations. It is found that the developed equations successfully explain the observed phenomena. To avoid the complicated fluid dynamics analyses for damper parameters, such as the damping factor and the velocity power exponent, a new four-parameter equation considering both the fluid shear-thinning and stiffness effects, with a form similar to the widely used two- or three-parameter equation is proposed. The results of the new model successfully capture the damper behavior both at low and high frequencies and show an advantage that better consistent results can be obtained in the velocity range for the building and bridge applications.     

质量阻尼器的发展

广泛评述了调谐质量阻尼器(TMD)、多重调谐质量阻尼器(MTMD)、主动质量阻尼器(AMD)、半主动 TMD(SATMD)、主动调谐/主被动调谐/混合质量阻尼器(ATMD/APTMD/HMD)的研究现状.TMD, MTMD, AMD, SATMD, ATMD/APTMD/HMD能够有效地减小结构的风振与地震反应.指出强震下结构设置TMD, MTMD, AMD, SATMD, ATMD/APTMD/HMD的主要目的是限制结构屈服的进一步发展.因此，基于非线性结构模型的TMD, MTMD, AMD, SATMD, ATMD/APTMD/HMD研究具有重要意义.指出了TMD, MTMD, AMD, SATMD, ATMD/APTMD/HMD 有待于进一步研究的若干问题.提出了结构主动多重调谐质量阻尼器(AMTMD)和多重主被动调谐质量阻尼器(MAPTMD)的新控制策略.介绍了AMTMD和MAPTMD的研究进展并指出了进一步研究的发展方向.     

Rheology and dynamics of repulsive clathrates

The physical and thermodynamic properties of a repulsive clathrate used as a working body for the dissipation, storage, and conversion of energy in thermomechanical systems are studied. In repulsive clathrates, use is made for the first time of the molecular repulsive forces acting in large interfacial areas in a system consisting of a fluid and a capillary-porous matrix not wetted by this fluid. Based on experimental studies of a car damper with a repulsive clathrate, a rheological model of energy dissipation was developed which can be used to design compact high-performance dampers for different purposes and anti-seismic systems of new generation.     

任意荷载作用下液体粘滞阻尼器在桥梁工程中减震作用探讨

在桥梁工程中，当需要限制梁端的碰撞或过大的相对位移，经常会在梁端设置液体粘滞阻尼器。由于技术原因，液体粘滞阻尼器在桥梁设计中的参数选取基本上是通过全桥模型的地震非线性时程分析得到的。而在寿命期内，桥梁需要承受各种随机荷载，在具有不同力学特性荷载的激励作用下引起梁端纵向大的响应时，液体粘滞阻尼器是否始终起有利的减震作用，一直困扰着其在桥梁工程中的实践。在液体粘滞阻尼器力学特性研究的基础上，通过矩阵变换得到关于阻尼器的局部动力方程，从变形和受力两个方向对此问题进行探讨，得到液体粘滞阻尼器对于梁端的相对位移、相对速度、相对加速度均有减震作用。但不会得出始终对所有构件的受力有利的结论，并进行了验证。     

Design method for fluid viscous dampers

A basic design method of doubly acting fluid viscous dampers with double guide bars is presented. The flow of the viscoelastic fluid between two parallel plates, one of which is started suddenly and the other of which is still, is analyzed. According to this solution, the velocity and the shear stress of the fluid at the fringe of the piston are solved approximately. A mathematical model of viscous dampers is derived, and the shock test is carried out. From experimental results, the parameters of the mathematical model are determined. Consequently, a semi-empirical design equation is obtained. Applying this equation to a certain practical damper, the damping material is chosen and the physical dimensions of the damper are determined. Shock tests using this damper are performed. Theoretical results are in good agreement with experimental results, which validates the reliability of the calculated physical dimensions of the specimen damper and the validity of the basic design equation. An erratum to this article can be found at     

Nonlinear modeling and experimental characterization of hydraulic dampers: effects of shim stack and orifice parameters on damper performance

A nonlinear model of monotube hydraulic dampers is presented with an emphasis on the shim stack properties and their effects on the overall damper performance. There has been no published detailed analysis of the effects of shim stack design in a hydraulic damper to date. Other damper models have used simplifying assumptions for the shim stack deflection and effects of the shim stack have not been completely studied. Various parameters affecting the nonlinear characteristics of monotube dampers such as the hysteresis region are studied. The model presented in this paper can be used for design purposes and helps in developing controllable valvings based on shim stacks. It can also be used to design controllable bypasses in hydraulic dampers. The mathematical model is validated by comparison against experimental test results carried out on an OHLINS CCJ 23/8 monotube damper, in CVeSS test facilities.     

Fluid formulae for damping changeability conceptual design of railway semi-active hydraulic dampers

Damping changeability design and evaluation is the most fundamental issue at the beginning of any new railway semi-active hydraulic damper development. Therefore, physical fluid mechanics for the calculation of basic structure and resistance parameters of the damper should be carefully studied in the conceptual phase. Fluid formulae for changeable damping performance evaluation of two commercial railway semi-active hydraulic dampers are established. Simulation results show that the damper switched by high-speed solenoid valves obtains a wide range of changeable damping coefficients, which guarantees the absorption of a wide spectrum of vibrations; however, a different low cost damper regulated with an inversely proportional relief valve, whose Force-velocity characteristics share the same rising curve, is relatively limited in damping ability. In order to overcome the drawback of the latter one with no obvious cost increase, a new semi-active hydraulic damper which is regulated by a simple proportional throttle valve is proposed. Continued fluid formulation and simulation suggests that the damper can change its damping force rising curves or “effective” damping coefficients continuously, within a considerably wide range. Thus, fluid formulae explicitly established in this study are of significance in the damping changeability conceptual design, further refinement and control design for the three semi-active hydraulic dampers. The proposed new damper, which has both a simple configuration and an easy-to-control ability, might be feasible for industry applications.