基于CFD-DEM的高炉风口回旋区形状和传热特性数值模拟研究

采用计算流体力学-离散单元法(CFD-DEM)耦合方法,对高炉风口回旋区进行了数值模拟研究。首先通过与实验结果对比,验证了CFD-DEM模型的正确性;然后考察了不同气速对风口回旋区形状和传热特性及颗粒接触的影响。数值模拟结果表明:风口回旋区的大小和形状均受气速影响较大,在较大进气速度下,颗粒受到的曳力大于颗粒间的摩擦阻力并破坏颗粒间的桥力,形成较大尺寸的回旋区;且颗粒之间接触力较小,形成较大的空隙结构,更有利于热气体向周围扩散以强化传热。目前考察的三种气速结果表明:当气速为11m/s时,热量向下方传递速度最快;当气速为13m/s时,热量向上方传递速度最快;而当气速为15m/s时,热量向右方传递速度最快;此外,气速越大流态化越明显,颗粒间接触越少,接触力也越小。     

The Role of Capillarity in Two-Phase Flow through Porous Media

When determining experimentally relative permeability and capillary pressure as a function of saturation, a self-consistent system of macroscopic equations, that includes Leverett's equation for capillary pressure, is required. In this technical note, such a system of equations, together with the conditions under which the equations apply, is formulated. With the aid of this system of equations, it is shown that, at the inlet boundary of a vertically oriented porous medium, static conditions pertain, and that potentials, because of the definition of potential, are equal in magnitude to pressures. Consequently, Leverett's equation is valid at the inlet boundary of the porous medium, provided cocurrent flow, or gravity-driven, countercurrent flow is taking place, and provided the porous medium is homogeneous. Moreover, it is demonstrated that Leverett's equation is valid for flow along the length of a vertically oriented porous medium, provided cocurrent flow, or gravity-driven, countercurrent flow is taking place, and provided the porous medium is homogeneous and there are no hydrodynamic effects. However, Leverett's equation is invalid for horizontal, steady-state, forced, countercurrent flow. When such flow is taking place, it is the sum of the pressures, and not the difference in pressures, which is related to capillary pressure.     

Stagnation-point flow of a viscoelastic fluid towards a stretching surface

An analysis is made of the steady two-dimensional stagnation-point flow of an incompressible viscoelastic fluid over a flat deformable surface when the surface is stretched in its own plane with a velocity proportional to the distance from the stagnation-point. It is shown that for a viscoelastic fluid of short memory (obeying Walters’ B′ model), a boundary layer is formed when the stretching velocity of the surface is less than the inviscid free-stream velocity and velocity at a point increases with increase in the elasticity of the fluid. On the other hand, an inverted boundary layer is formed when the surface stretching velocity exceeds the velocity of the free stream and the velocity decreases with increase in the elasticity of the fluid. A novel result of the analysis is that the flow near the stretching surface is that corresponding to an inviscid stagnation-point flow when the surface stretching velocity is equal to the velocity of the free stream. Temperature distribution in the boundary layer is found when the surface is held at constant temperature and surface heat flux is determined. It is found that temperature at a point decreases with increase in the elasticity of the fluid.     

Variational formulation of the equivalent eigenstrain method with an application to a problem with radial eigenstrains

In this paper a variational formulation of the equivalent eigenstrain method is established. A functional of the Hashin–Shtrikman type is proposed such that the solution of the equivalent eigenstrain equation is a unique minimizer of the functional. Moreover, it is also shown that the equivalent eigenstrain equation is the Euler–Lagrange equation of the potential energy of the inclusions. An approximate solution of the equivalent eigenstrain equation is then found as a minimizer of the functional on a finite dimensional span of basic eigenstrains. Special attention is paid to possible symmetries of the problem. The variational formulation is illustrated by determination of effective linear elastic properties. In particular, material with a simple cubic microstructure is considered in detail. A solution for the polynomial radial basic eigenstrains approximation is found. In particular, for the homogeneous eigenstrain approximation, the effective moduli are derived in an exact closed form.     

Absorption of thermal radiation in a semi-transparent spherical droplet: a simplified model

The boundary-value problem for calculation of differential absorption of thermal radiation is formulated based on the modified DP₀ approximation. The solution of this problem is supplemented by simple analytical approximations for the normalised absorbed radiation power. The latter is used together with the analytical approximation for the efficiency factor of absorption, suggested earlier. The resulting simplified model is applied to the specific problem of absorption of thermal radiation by a diesel fuel droplet. Two types of diesel fuel have been considered. It is pointed out that the radial distribution of absorbed thermal radiation power is non-monotonic. The power absorbed in the droplet core is shown to be rather large and almost homogeneous. Also, the absorbed power is large in the vicinity of the droplet surface, but is minimal in the intermediate region. It is pointed out that the variations of the refractive index of diesel fuel with wavelengths can smooth the predicted radial dependence of the thermal radiation power, absorbed in diesel fuel droplets.     

Oscillatory Couette flow of rotating Sisko fluid

The oscillatory Couette flow of a magnetohydrodynamic （MHD） Sisko fluid between two infinite non-conducting parallel plates is explored in a rotating frame. The lower plate is fixed, and the upper plate is oscillating in its own plane. Using MATLAB, a numerical solution to the resulting nonlinear system is presented. The influence of the physical parameters on the velocity components is analyzed. It is found that the effect of rotation on the primary velocity is more significant than that on the secondary velocity. Further, the oscillatory character in the flow is also induced by rotation. The considered flow situation behaves inertialess when the Reynolds number is small.     

Hydraulic analysis of free-surface flows with solidification

Summary The paper is concerned with a one-dimensional analysis of plane open-channel flow with continuous solidification. The process is of relevance for recent developments in the casting of steel and other metals. The bottom of the channel consists of a rotating casting roll and a horizontal cooling table, where the solidified material is withdrawn with given velocity. The study is restricted to the region downstream of the top of the casting roll. Surface tension is neglected. In the main part of the analysis inviscid fluid flow is considered since the Reynolds number is very large in the applications. It is found that the steady-state solutions are nonunique in a certain parameter range. In addition to a continuous solution, there are two solutions including hydraulic jumps, with one hydraulic jump being located on the casting roll, the other one on the cooling table. Regarding the stability of the non unique solutions, the evolution of disturbances is investigated numerically as an initial-value problem. It is concluded that the hydraulic jump on the cooling table is unstable, while the other discontinuous solution as well as the continuous solution are stable for sufficiently small disturbances. Which stable solution is attained in the steady state, depends on the history of the process. Friction at the liquid/solid interface is taken into account in the last part of the analysis. A constant friction coefficient is assumed. It is found that the history of the process determines the steady-state solution if, and only if, the friction coefficient is sufficiently small. For larger values of the friction coefficient, the steady-state solution is unique and independent of the history of the transient process. Furthermore, for sufficiently large friction coefficients, stable hydraulic jumps are found, in contrast to the inviscid case, also on the cooling table. Received 19 March 1999; accepted for publication 3 May 1999     

Entropy of microstructure

Two points are made in this paper: first, energy of random structures is not determined uniquely by any finite set of the characteristics of microstructure. The information lost is characterized by entropy of microstructure; it describes the scattering of the values of energy. Therefore, entropy of microstructure is a key thermodynamic parameter in phenomenological modeling of the behavior of random structures. Second, mathematical modeling of a random structure is based on the construction of its probabilistic measure; a way to select the probabilistic measure from the experimental data is outlined. The corresponding probabilistic measure is remarkably similar to that of classical statistical mechanics, though the underlying physics is quite different. After the probabilistic measure is chosen, the entropy of microstructure can be found from the analysis of the homogenization problem. Entropy of microstructure is computed in two example problems. Applications to phenomenological modeling of work hardening are discussed.     

小波分析用于陀螺仪漂移测试信号分析的研究

为建立陀螺仪漂移特性模型，需对其进行测试。由测试得到的数据是含有噪声的，且一般是非平稳的，用小波分析测试数据是一种很有效的方法。在简述小波分析中的多分辨分析理论的基础上，用其对某型陀螺仪的实测数据进行了分析－预处理，其结果证实了所研究方法的有效性。     

Momentum equation for straight electrically charged jet

A one-dimensional momentum conservation equation for a straight jet driven by an electrical field is developed. It is presented in terms of a stress component, which can be applied to any constitutive relation of fluids. The only assumption is that the fluid is incompressible. The results indicate that both the axial and radial constitutive relations are required to close the governing equations of the straight charged jet. However, when the trace of the extra stress tensor is zero, only the axial constitutive relation is required. It is also found that the second normal stress difference for the charged jet is always zero. The comparison with other developed momentum equations is made.     

ANALYSIS OF GROUNDING CHARACTERISTICS AND STRAIN ENERGY OF RADIAL TIRES WITH RADIAL STIFFNESS1)

利用轮胎综合试验机对径向刚度下子午线轮胎进行性能试验,采用正交试验法针对不同胎压、垂向载荷下轮胎的接地特性进行分析,结合仿真软件ABAQUS与试验进行对比。结果表明,橡胶材料Mooney-Rivli模型也具有一定的适用性,胎压增大时径向刚度发生线性变化,胎面印痕由椭圆形转变成近似矩形,印痕面积略微增大;随着胎压的不断增大,胎面印痕的面积显著减小,接触面的压力主要集中在胎肩,胎冠处也有所增加;胎压一定时,垂向载荷逐渐增大时,整个印痕面的应力呈对称分布,印痕面应力由内高外低逐渐向外高内低变化。建立数学模型与有限元软件同时对轮胎进行应变能分析,发现在低胎压150 kPa下受载荷时轮胎容易发生微小侧向位移同时发生变形,此时极易引起迟滞损失并造成应变能急剧增加。     

自适应卡尔曼滤波在惯性测量组合误差补偿中的应用

惯性元件误差是捷联惯导系统的主要误差源，必须在导航过程中加以补偿。根据机动目标跟踪理论和惯性测量组合动态模型，分别建立状态方程和观测方程，利用机动频率自适应的算法进行卡尔曼滤波，以此达到惯性测量组合动态误差和随机误差补偿的目的。仿真结果说明该方法可行有效，优于传统的误差补偿算法，能较好地提高系统导航精度。     

Rayleigh-Taylor instability of an interface in a nonwettable porous medium

The diffusion of vapor through the roof of an underground structure located beneath an aquifer is considered. In the process of evaporation, an interface between the upper water-saturated layer and the lower layer containing an air-vapor mixture is formed. A mathematical model of the evaporation process is proposed and a solution of the steady-state problem is found. It is shown that in the presence of capillary forces in the case of a nonwettable medium the solution is not unique. Using the normal mode method, it is shown that Rayleigh-Taylor instability of the interface can develop in the nonwettable porous medium. It is found that there are two scenarios of loss of stability corresponding to the occurrence of the most unstable wavenumber at zero and at infinity, respectively. It is shown that for zero wavenumber the stability limit is reached at the same time as the solution of the steady-state problem disappears.     

某软土深基坑工程时间效应有限元分析

软土地区的深基坑因土体的固结作用和流变性而具有了时间效应。本文以Biot固结有限元法为基础,用三元件模型中的第一个线性弹簧模拟固结作用,弹性模量考虑了开挖应力路径和应力历史的影响;另外一部分(KELVIN模型)来模拟土体的流变性,以实际变形的反演来得到两个参数的大致取值,再对基坑的变形情况以及进一步开挖进行分析。假定为正常固结饱和粘土,平面应变问题。通过对某饱和软粘土地基深基坑开挖工程实例的分析,得到的挡墙水平位移曲线与实测曲线很吻合,表明程序较好地反映出基坑的时间效应。     

用改进的揭层技术研究含表面裂纹层压板的损伤

本文对揭层技术进行了改进,作为标记溶液的氯化金乙醚溶液用硝酸铜酒精溶液代替,并改进了标记溶液的渗透方法,采用改进了的揭层技术,对含表面裂缝正交铺层玻璃纤维/环氧层压板的损伤形貌进行了检测,并分别对表面裂缝的裂缝面形状和深度对损伤形貌的影响进行了探讨。结果表面,新的揭层枝术是方便而有效的,同时所得结果是有意义的。     

A VIEWPOINT OF THE TENSORAL PROPERTY OF COORDINATE TRANSFORMATION COEFFICIENT AND ANALYSISON THE CONCEPT OF HYBRID TENSOR1)

本文致力于澄清一个十分基本的问题：坐标变换系数是否为张量?传统观念认为,坐标变换系数不是张量。为了揭示坐标变换系数的本质,本文采用“从一般到特殊”的研究策略,重塑了张量的内涵和外延,引入了杂交张量概念,进而颠覆了坐标变换系数不是张量的传统观念,确切地讲,它就是度量张量的杂交分量。这一结果扩张了张量概念的集合,提升了张量分析学内在的统一性、对称性和不变性,减少了连续介质力学的运算量。     

Analysis of a quasistatic contact problem with adhesion and nonlocal friction for viscoelastic materials

A mathematical model is established to describe a contact problem between a deformable body and a foundation. The contact is bilateral and modelled with a nonlocal friction law, in which adhesion is taken into account. Evolution of the bonding field is described by a first-order differential equation. The materials behavior is modelled with a nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive law. A variational formulation of the mechanical problem is derived, and the existence and uniqueness of the weak solution can be proven if the coefficient of friction is sufficiently small. The proof is based on arguments of time-dependent variational inequalities, differential equations, and the Banach fixed-point theorem.     

Steady sliding frictional contact problem for a 2d elastic half-space with a discontinuous friction coefficient and related stress singularities

The steady sliding frictional contact problem between a moving rigid indentor of arbitrary shape and an isotropic homogeneous elastic half-space in plane strain is extensively analysed. The case where the friction coefficient is a step function (with respect to the space variable), that is, where there are jumps in the friction coefficient, is considered. The problem is put under the form of a variational inequality which is proved to always have a solution which, in addition, is unique in some cases. The solutions exhibit different kinds of universal singularities that are explicitly given. In particular, it is shown that the nature of the universal stress singularity at a jump of the friction coefficient is different depending on the sign of the jump.     

伪可变体系的几何构造分析

伪可变体系几何可变性的研究，对轻型结构的设计分析已变得十分重要。本文先分析能量与平衡之间的普遍关系，进而得出判定体系可变性的能量准则。通过拉格朗日乘子的引入，建立能量泛函，得出判定极值的二次型。然后证明了乘积力法与能量法的一致性，并讨论了宜于计算机分析实现的矩阵表示方法。结果表明，若二次型确定，则体系伪可变；当半确定时，体系部分伪可变部分可变；否则体系含二阶以上的无穷小机构。     

往复泵自动球阀的精确运动微分方程及其数值解

综合考虑了液体可压缩性与泵阀运动的魏氏效应对液缸内液体连续流条件的影响,并考虑泵阀运动的动力特性,建立了描述往复泵自动球阀运动规律的精确运动微分方程,它是关于液缸内液体压力、泵阀升程与泵阀运动速度的一阶常微分方程组,在泵阀的整个运动周期内都不存在奇点．本文应用数值积分方法求解了该微分方程组．