压剪复合平板冲击加载技术进展及其应用

自20世纪70年代末发明压剪炮以来, 压剪复合冲击加载实验技术和诊断技术 有了长足进展, 应用也日益广泛.由于压剪联合加载波直接反映了材料的动态 剪切特性, 对于认识材料的屈服、损伤演化、失效、相变、界面滑移等动态行 为和机理, 构筑更全面的本构模型能够提供必要的附加信息.本文主要讨论气 炮实验中压剪复合应力波的产生方式, 诊断技术, 以及在压剪复合塑性波和动 高压本构模型、聚合物压剪冲击行为、剪切波跟踪法(SWT)和水泥基复合材料的 损伤和失效、界面动摩擦行为、冲击相变、动态损伤和断裂等方面的研究与应 用进展.     

混凝土材料冲击特性的研究

基于混凝土材料强冲击加载下的试验研究，提出了两种损伤型动态本构模型： 损伤型黏弹性本构模型和损伤与塑性耦合的本构模型. 通过模型计算结果与冲击试验结果的 比较可发现，随着冲击速度的提高，混凝土材料内部产生了显著的塑性变形，由此 损伤型黏弹性本构模型的应用就存在一些不足. 而损伤与塑性耦合的本构模型由于考虑了裂 纹扩展引起的材料强度和刚度的弱化，以及微空洞缺陷塌陷引起的塑性变形，因而能更好地 用于模拟强冲击载荷作用下混凝土材料的冲击响应特性.     

混凝土材料动态性能的经验公式、强度理论与唯象本构模型

混凝土是一种应用广泛的结构工程材料, 其材料组份复杂、变化因素多, 因而力学 特性也复杂多变. 动\linebreak 态/强冲击载荷作用下, 还涉及了材料应变率敏感效应和静水 压力相关特性等诸多影响因素, 使得其本构理论的研究更加困难. 本文中, 回顾了 近20多年来混凝土材料动态力学特性和本构关系研究方面的进展状况, 主要总结了 混凝土材料动态本构特性研究中的经验公式、强度理论和本构模型, 并在分析 比较的基础上给出了相应的讨论和评述.     

混凝土静力与动力损伤本构模型研究进展述评

对混凝土材料在静力和动力载荷作用下的损伤本构关系模型进行了评述.梳理了混凝土本构关系研究的历史脉络和逻辑脉络;归纳总结了在混凝土本构关系研究发展过程中具有代表性意义、并且对重大工程建设具有参考意义的若干混凝土静力和动力损伤本构模型.基于对混凝土材料非线性及随机性的理解和诠释,阐述了混凝土静力和动力本构关系研究的发展趋势.      

强动载荷下金属材料塑性变形本构模型评述

爆炸、高速冲击等强动载荷作用下金属材料塑性流动的本构模型研究是冲击动力学 领域备受关注的课题,近几十年来的研究成果极大地推动了冲击波物理、冲击动力 学、材料科学等领域的发展. 本文对金属材料塑性变形动力学数值计算中重要的、得 到普遍应用的本构模型进行了回顾和评述,进一步明确其适用范围、优点和不足,为 冲击载荷下材料响应的数值模拟对本构模型的选取提供参考. 其中最新的、适用范 围最广的PTW本构模型应给以特别地关注,其研究方法及应用前景都值得我们借鉴和 期待.     

聚碳酸酯类非晶聚合物力学性能及其本构关系

聚碳酸酯是一类玻璃态非晶聚合物材料,由于其出色的耐热和抗冲击能力,被广泛地应用于国防军事和工业领域.针对主要应用于聚碳酸酯材料类非晶聚合物,首先回顾了其力学性能实验研究现状,从唯象的角度分析实验结果,揭示这类材料力学性能.其次介绍了这类材料的各种本构模型的发展历程、物理机制、力学特性、适用范围等.最后,概述了各类本构模型在聚碳酸酯类聚合物材料中的应用,从工程应用的角度进一步讨论了本构模型对材料力学行为的表征,同时给出了聚碳酸酯类材料在实验和理论研究中仍然存在的关键科学问题及进一步的研究展望.     

Mechanical behaviors and constitutive models of polycarbonate amorphous polymers

聚碳酸酯是一类玻璃态非晶聚合物材料,由于其出色的耐热和抗冲击能力,被广泛地应用于国防军事和工业领域.针对主要应用于聚碳酸酯材料类非晶聚合物,首先回顾了其力学性能实验研究现状,从唯象的角度分析实验结果,揭示这类材料力学性能.其次介绍了这类材料的各种本构模型的发展历程、物理机制、力学特性、适用范围等.最后,概述了各类本构模型在聚碳酸酯类聚合物材料中的应用,从工程应用的角度进一步讨论了本构模型对材料力学行为的表征,同时给出了聚碳酸酯类材料在实验和理论研究中仍然存在的关键科学问题及进一步的研究展望.     

填药柱壳在内部爆炸载荷下的变形和破坏

采用一种计及三轴因子的损伤模型,以本构关系的内变量理论为基础得到了热塑性本构关系的普适显武表达式;得到了改进的Johnson-Cook本构模型的增量形式; 考虑温度和损伤对材料参数的影响,计入温度和损伤对材料塑性变形发展的耦合作用,给出完备的计算方程组;用Lagrange显示差分的方法对填药柱壳在内部爆炸载荷下的变形和破坏进行了数值模拟,并对结果进行分析,与实验结果进行了比较.     

湍流冲击射流流动与传热的数值研究进展

湍流冲击射流由于其冲击表面时具有很高的局部传热率和冲击 力,被广泛应用于如表面的加热、电子元件的冷却、纸张的干燥和材料 的切割等工程应用和工业过程中.由于其流动的复杂性,也常被作为一 种理想的测试实例来评价湍流模型的性能.此外,湍升力射流与地面之 间的空气动力作用对V/STOL (垂直或短距离起落)飞机的性能具有很大 的影响.长期以来,人们从理论分析、实验测量和数值模拟方面对冲击 射流进行了广泛而系统的研究,积累了丰富的资料.本文在分析了湍流 冲击射流的数值研究现状的基础上,对近年来有关湍流冲击射流流动与 传热的数值研究方面的文献有选择地进行了综述,重点评述了不同湍流 模型对冲击射流流动与传热的预测能力,讨论了存在的问题并对该领域 今后的研究方向进行了展望.     

聚碳酸酯类非晶聚合物力学性能及其本构关系

聚碳酸酯是一类玻璃态非晶聚合物材料，由于其出色的耐热和抗冲击能力，被广泛地应用于国防军事和工业领域。针对主要应用于聚碳酸酯材料类非晶聚合物，首先回顾了其力学性能实验研究现状，从唯象的角度分析实验结果，揭示这类材料力学性能。其次介绍了这类材料的各种本构模型的发展历程、物理机制、力学特性、适用范围等。最后，概述了各类本构模型在聚碳酸酯类聚合物材料中的应用，从工程应用的角度进一步讨论了本构模型对材料力学行为的表征，同时给出了聚碳酸酯类材料在实验和理论研究中仍然存在的关键科学问题及进一步的研究展望。     

磁致伸缩材料的非线性本构关系

给出了磁致伸缩材料的两个非线性本构关系,即标准平方型和双曲正切型。在确定一维问题的本构系数时,基于已有的实验结果,引进一个材料函数,用来描述磁致伸缩材料的压磁系数随预应力变化的关系。将非 线性本构关系的理论模型计算结果与实验曲线对比,结果表明标准平方型本构关系在中低磁场下能精确地模拟实验曲线,而双曲正切型本构关系在高磁场时能反映材料的磁致应变饱和现象。讨论了在标准平方型本构的一般三维情形,给出了确定本构系数的方法。     

循环载荷下砂质土的本构模型

提出了一个描述砂质土循环载荷条件下主要特性的本构模型，并且采用不同围压下多种加载途径的土力学实验确定了模型中的待定材料常数，由本构模型的增量工数值积分计算所得到的理论曲线与不同应力路径下实验曲线十分接近，经实验验证这种本构模型能广泛地应用土工问题的弹－塑性有限元分析中。     

Modelling of off-road wheeled vehicles for real-time dynamic simulation

Simulation of wheel-ground and vehicle-ground interactions is very important in many applications. Achieving accuracy and efficiency is challenging for both soft and hard terrains. This is not only because of the simulation and numerical challenges, but also due to the questionable nature of the existing terrain models. For example, the most widely used terramechanics model is not a representative constitutive relation for a full range of dynamic conditions and applications, but rather a parametrization of steady state conditions. In general, the selection and development of the proper constitutive model and the parametrization of the ground properties are very challenging. Here, we present a unified framework for general wheel-ground interaction which can be used with different terramechanics models. The framework is based on a complementarity formulation and also uses the concept of kinematic constitutive relations, beside the other known concepts for modelling and parametrizing the soil properties. The framework makes it possible to consider the appropriate modelling of the terrain for a broad range of dynamic behaviours and simulation conditions. We will illustrate the material with several examples for off-road conditions.     

组合截面轴压短柱的非线性有限元分析

圆管或方管内填充另一种工程材料构成的组合截面构件（如钢管混凝土）在工程结构中得到了广泛的应用。本文借助商用有限元分析软件ABAQUS，利用软件子程序接口，引入应力场变量，来考虑两种材料本构关系的非线性以及受力过程中Poisson比、模量的变化等因素，建立了组合截面短柱在轴心压力作用下的非线性有限元计算模型。并通过数值算例，计算了组合截面短柱在轴心压力作用下两种材料共同受力工作的荷载－变形曲线，与试验结果基本符合，同时得到了管材对核心材料约束的变化规律。     

On the Correlation of FEM and Experiments for Hyperelastic Elastomers

Correlation of modern finite element methods (FEM) with advanced experimental techniques for elastomers, biomedical materials, and living organs requires study and modification of the behavior of these materials. In this study, the mechanical behavior of a commonly-used elastomer, silicone rubber, which provides excellent biocompatibility, was examined under different applied loading configurations, and large deformations were investigated through both experiment and simulation. The stress-strain behaviors of silicone rubber were tested, using multiple homogeneous experiments, including uniaxial extension and equibiaxial tension, the load-apex displacement response, and digitized deformed shapes of two of the most-used structures for nonlinear hyperelasticity—the inflation of a clamped circular membrane, and indentation of the membrane by a spherical indenter. Uniaxial and equibiaxial data were evaluated simultaneously, characterized by various constitutive models for implementation in the FE simulation. These constitutive models examined the prediction of the FE simulations for the inflation and indentation tests in comparison to the results of experiments at various load-apex displacement levels. The results showed that the constitutive models calibrated with the uniaxial and equibiaxial tests, predicted nearly the same results as the actual experimental results, particularly for the applied loads that generated moderate strain. However, when the FE simulations based on the constitutive models were adjusted, employing only uniaxial or equibiaxial tests, they predicted different results, where the degree of their correlations with experimental results was incomplete or in some states simply poor. The simulations suggested that the inverse FE procedure should not be restricted to the choice of material models, while more attention should be given to the choice of ranges of deformation.     

An empirical statistical constitutive relationship for rock joint shearing considering scale effect

The scale effect of rock joint shearing is of great significance in rock engineering. Most existing shear constitutive models could describe the pre- and post-peak deformation of rock joints, but only in one particular scale, that is, those existing models will fail to depict the rock joint shearing in different length scales. Therefore, this study aims to establish a constitutive relationship for rock joints with considering the scale effect. Based on the assumption of a random statistical distribution of rock material strength and statistical mesoscopic damage theory, damage variables are defined as the ratio of the number of damaged elements to the total number in the shear process. Together with the nonlinear relationship between the microelement failure and the joint scale, an empirical statistical constitutive relationship for joint is established. And then, the determination method of constitutive relationship parameters and the variation laws with the scale are discussed. Results show that the predicted results of the proposed empirical relationship not only agree well with the experimental results but also fully describe nonlinear deformation, pre-peak softening, post-peak softening, residual stage, and other mechanical properties of the shear deformation of joint with different dimensions, thereby demonstrating the rationality of the constitutive relationship. The physical meaning of the constitutive relationship parameters is clear, and the expressions of the constitutive relationship parameters can be deduced from the experimental results. In addition, the influence of scale effect on the shear deformation of rock joints can be quantified using parameters, which help accurately describe the action form of scale effect.     

损伤弹性材料的有效模量及本构关系

考虑了微裂纹之间的相互作用，利用随机熔断丝网络（Ｒａｎｄｏｍｆｕｓｅｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ）作为模型，模拟了脆性材料在外载荷作用下，其有效模量随损伤的演变行为，并考察了系统含损伤的本构关系。发现在损伤初期，有效模量和损伤具有线性下降关系；而在后期，由于损伤局部化，有效模量迅速下降，提出了一个有效模量随损伤变化的非线性关系。讨论了利用网络模型来研究材料含损伤本构关系的可行性和优越性。     

On the extension of the Gurson-type porous plasticity models for prediction of ductile fracture under shear-dominated conditions

One of the major drawbacks of the Gurson-type of porous plasticity models is the inability of these models to predict material failure under low stress triaxiality, shear dominated conditions. This study addresses this issue by combining the damage mechanics concept with the porous plasticity model that accounts for void nucleation, growth and coalescence. In particular, the widely adopted Gurson–Tvergaard–Needleman (GTN) model is extended by coupling two damage parameters, representing the volumetric damage (void volume fraction) and the shear damage, respectively, into the yield function and flow potential. The effectiveness of the new model is illustrated through a series of numerical tests comparing its performance with existing models. The current model not only is capable of predicting damage and fracture under low (even negative) triaxiality conditions but also suppresses spurious damage that has been shown to develop in earlier modifications of the GTN model for moderate to high triaxiality regimes. Finally the modified GTN model is applied to predict the ductile fracture behavior of a beta-treated Zircaloy-4 by coupling the proposed damage modeling framework with a recently developed J₂–J₃ plasticity model for the matrix material. Model parameters are calibrated using experimental data, and the calibrated model predicts failure initiation and propagation in various specimens experiencing a wide range of triaxiality and Lode parameter combinations.     

Characterizing void nucleation in a damage-based constitutive model using notched tensile sheet specimens

An experimental and numerical test programme was conducted to investigate damage-induced ductile fracture in notched tensile sheet specimens of an aluminum–magnesium alloy. An upper bound, damage-based constitutive model was employed to estimate the formability of the material over a range of stress states found in sheet metal forming. Stress- and strain-based nucleation models are evaluated to characterize damage initiation and fracture of the material. The ligament strain-to-failure, elongation-to-failure and load–displacement curves can be captured using either nucleation rule. The advantages of each nucleation model are discussed in relation to quantitative measurements of damage available in the literature. Stress-based nucleation provides a promising approach for characterizing the nucleation behaviour over a range of stress states compared to strain-based nucleation.     

A continuum damage model for delaminations in laminated composites

Delamination, a typical mode of interfacial damage in laminated composites, has been considered in the context of continuum damage mechanics in this paper. Interfaces where delaminations could occur are introduced between the constituent layers. A simple but appropriate continuum damage representation is proposed. A single scalar damage parameter is employed and the degradation of the interface stiffness is established. Use has been made of the concept of a damage surface to derive the damage evolution law. The damage surface is constructed so that it combines the conventional stress-based and fracture-mechanics-based failure criteria which take account of mode interaction in mixed-mode delamination problems. The damage surface shrinks as damage develops and leads to a softening interfacial constitutive law. By adjusting the shrinkage rate of the damage surface, various interfacial constitutive laws found in the literature can be reproduced. An incremental interfacial constitutive law is also derived for use in damage analysis of laminated composites, which is a non-linear problem in nature. Numerical predictions for problems involving a DCB specimen under pure mode I delamination and mixed-mode delamination in a split beam are in good agreement with available experimental data or analytical solutions. The model has also been applied to the prediction of the failure strength of overlap ply-blocking specimens. The results have been compared with available experimental and alternative theoretical ones and discussed fully.