SiO2/SnO2复合纳米微粒添加剂的摩擦学性能及其对磨损表面的修复作用研究

采用化学方法制备了SiO2 SnO2 复合纳米微粒，分别采用四球摩擦磨损试验机和环一块摩擦磨损试验机考察了其作为矿物油添加剂的抗磨减摩性能及对磨损表面的修复作用．用扫描电子显微镜观察、分析了磨斑表面形貌，并探讨了复合纳米微粒添加剂的润滑作用机理．结果表明，SiO2 SnO2 复合纳米微粒添加剂具有优良的减摩抗磨性能，且对磨损表面具有一定的修复作用．其原因在于，SiO2 SnO2 复合纳米微粒在摩擦表面沉积并在接触区的高温高压作用下熔融铺展，形成低剪切强度的表面膜．     

纳米铜添加剂改善钢-铝摩擦副摩擦磨损性能的研究

采用环-块摩擦磨损试验机对比考察了钢-铝摩擦副在液体石蜡与含纳米铜颗粒液体石蜡润滑下的摩擦磨损特性,研究了对纳米铜添加剂添加量与载荷对其摩擦磨损性能的影响,通过对磨损表面粗糙度、形貌及其主要元素的能谱分析,探讨了纳米铜颗粒作为添加剂时钢-铝摩擦副的润滑机制.结果表明:含0.25%纳米铜颗粒液体石蜡时,钢-铝摩擦副的摩擦磨损性能最优;在不同载荷下纳米铜颗粒可以改善铝的摩擦磨损性能,特别在中等载荷(50～125 N)下,其抗磨减摩作用更明显;纳米铜颗粒能够在磨损表面形成一层低剪切强度的铜保护膜,有效地避免粘着磨损,同时阻止铝元素向钢表面的转移,从而显著改善钢-铝摩擦副的摩擦磨损性能.     

含纳米添加剂的润滑体系在摩擦过程中的接触电阻研究

采用UMT-2型微摩擦磨损试验机考察了4种纳米颗粒LaF3、Ag、SiO2 及Al2O3作为润滑油添加剂在摩擦过程中的接触电阻随时间变化的情况,并由此监测摩擦副表面的成膜状况;采用X射线光电子能谱仪分析4种纳米添加剂润滑下磨损表面典型元素的化学状态,并结合接触电阻测试结果分析纳米油润滑添加剂的润滑机理.结果表明:接触电阻测试能够适时监测添加剂在摩擦副表面的成膜过程,4种纳米润滑油添加剂在边界润滑条件下均能够在磨损表面沉积成膜,其在试验过程中的化学状态没有发生变化,但4种纳米润滑油添加剂在摩擦过程中的成膜性能不同,Ag和LaF3在摩擦过程中的沉积速率、沉积膜厚度及其在摩擦副表面的结合强度优于SiO2和Al2O3.     

几种纳米微粒作为锂基脂添加剂对钢-钢摩擦副摩擦磨损性能的影响研究

采用四球摩擦磨损试验机考察了纳米SiO2、纳米LaF3及纳米Ni等3类纳米微粒作为锂基脂添加剂对钢-钢摩擦副摩擦磨损性能的影响;采用扫描电子显微镜、X射线能量色散谱仪及X射线光电子能谱仪分析了含纳米微粒添加剂的锂基脂润滑下的钢球磨损表面形貌、元素面分布及典型元素的化学状态.结果表明:3种纳米微粒作为添加剂均能够显著提高锂基脂的减摩抗磨能力;锂基脂及含不同纳米添加剂的锂基脂润滑下的钢球磨损表面形貌及其表面保护膜的性质存在明显差异,这种差异决定了钢-钢摩擦副在相应脂润滑条件下的摩擦磨损性能差异;含纳米SiO2的锂基脂润滑下的钢球磨损表面形成的含纳米SiO2的表面保护膜均匀且厚度适中,故其相应的减摩抗磨效果最佳.     

表面修饰SiO2纳米微粒对锂基脂抗磨性能影响的研究

合成了表面修饰SiO2纳米微粒,利用四球摩擦磨损试验机考察了SiO2纳米微粒作为锂基脂添加剂的摩擦磨损行为,用扫描电子显微镜、能量色散谱仪和X射线光电子能谱仪对钢球磨损表面进行了分析.结果表明:SiO2纳米微粒作为锂基脂添加剂具有良好的抗磨损性能,能够显著提高锂基脂的失效载荷.这是由于在摩擦过程中,SiO2纳米微粒富集在磨损表面并形成边界润滑膜,对磨损表面起到修复作用,从而使得锂基脂的抗磨和承载能力明显提高.     

蛇纹石矿物作为润滑油添加剂对锡青铜摩擦学行为的影响

采用SRV滑动磨损试验机考察了蛇纹石天然矿物粉体作为添加剂对油润滑条件下与钢对磨时锡青铜摩擦磨损的影响. 借助扫描电镜、能谱仪、X射线光电子能谱仪、纳米压痕仪等对磨损表面形貌、元素组成与化学状态，以及纳米力学性能进行了分析，探讨了蛇纹石添加剂改善锡青铜摩擦学性能的作用机制. 结果表明:蛇纹石矿物在锡青铜表面形成了1层由金属氧化物、氧化物陶瓷、石墨和有机物构成的复合摩擦反应膜，其纳米硬度和弹性模量呈表面低、内部高的梯度变化，从而显著改善了油润滑条件下锡青铜的摩擦学性能.      

蛇纹石润滑油添加剂摩擦反应膜的力学特征与摩擦学性能

文中考察了变载、变速条件下表面修饰蛇纹石超细粉体作为矿物基础油添加剂的摩擦学性能,利用扫描电镜、能谱仪、纳米压痕仪等对比分析了蛇纹石添加剂形成的摩擦反应膜和基础油润滑下的磨损表面微观形貌、元素分布及微观力学性能.在此基础上,通过改变旋转滑动试验过程中的载荷/速度比,建立了基础油/摩擦反应膜和基础油/普通磨损表面润滑体系的Stribeck曲线.结果表明:蛇纹石超细粉体作为润滑油添加剂形成的摩擦反应膜具有较高的硬度和近似于金属材料的弹性模量,氧化物颗粒的嵌入进一步改善了摩擦反应膜的微区纳米力学性能,同时膜层的多孔结构可起到储油和捕获磨粒的双重作用,从而使摩擦反应膜在边界和混合润滑状态下表现出优异的摩擦学性能.     

吗啉衍生物摩擦学性能研究

合成了一系列吗啉衍生物；利用四球摩擦磨损试验机考察了合成产物作为添加剂对聚α-烯烃减摩抗磨作用的影响；采用扫描电子显微镜和X射线光电子能谱仪分析了钢球磨损表面形貌和典型元素的化学状态．结果表明，所合成的吗啉衍生物作为添加剂可以有效地改善聚α-烯烃对钢-钢摩擦副的抗磨作用，但对其减摩作用影响不大．含添加剂的润滑油在摩擦过程中同钢发生了摩擦化学反应，形成了由有机含氮化合物、氧化铁和其它含氮有机化合物组成的边界润滑和防护薄膜，从而使得钢-钢摩擦副的摩擦磨损性能得以改善．     

含硼和氮的脂肪酸水基润滑添加剂的制备及其摩擦学性能

通过在脂肪酸分子中引入硼和氮，合成了新型水基润滑添加剂(BNR)，用红外光谱仪对其主要官能团进行了鉴定，用四球摩擦磨损试验机考察了合成产物在水中的抗磨和极压性能，用X射线光电子能谱仪分析了钢球磨损表面典型元素的化学状态，并探讨了该类添加剂的极压抗磨作用机理．结果表明：含硼和氮的水基润滑添加剂具有优良的抗磨和减摩性能；由于长链脂肪酸分子的载体作用、硼的缺电子性、氮的高反应活性以及三者的协同作用，添加剂在钢球磨损表面形成了高强度的吸附膜和(或)摩擦化学反应膜，从而表现出良好的抗磨和极压作用．     

含污染物油润滑条件下n-Al2O3/Ni复合电刷镀层的摩擦学性能研究

采用电刷镀技术制备了n-Al2O3／Ni复合镀层，在T-11型球一盘式摩擦磨损试验机上对比考察了快速镍镀层及纳米复合刷镀层在含污染物油润滑条件下的摩擦学性能．结果表明，由于纳米颗粒的强化作用，n-Al2O3/Ni复合镀层的硬度及含污染物油润滑条件下的耐磨性比快速镍镀层分别提高了60％和30％，其磨损机理在低载下以磨粒磨损为主，在高载下以粘着磨损为主。     

Preface: Current research progress on mechanics of high speed rail

The construction and operation of high-speed rail（HSR）grid within the past two decades in China,in terms of the scale,may be possibly comparable to any national-wide construction in the history of China,even the Great Wall.By counting railways with commercial train service at the speed of200 km/h,China has the world’s longest HSR network with over 19 369.8 km of track in service today and this number     

ACTA MECHANICA SINICA 2014 ANNUAL SUBJECT INDEX

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人造地震动合成中的位移误差分析

三角函数级数法是合成人工地震动常用算法之一,但是通过对加速度积分求取位移时,却存在与零线漂移相类似的位移漂移现象。     

Rainwater rivulets on a cable subject to windFilets d'eau de pluie sur un câble soumis au vent

Rainwater rivulets appear on inclined cables of cable-stayed bridges when wind and rain occur simultaneously. In a restricted range of parameters this is known to cause vibrations of high amplitudes on the cable. The mechanism underlying this effect is still under debate but the role of rainwater rivulets is certain. We use a standard lubrication model to analyse the dynamics of a water film on a cylinder under the effect of gravity and wind load. A simple criterion is then proposed for the appearance and position of rivulets, where the Froude number is the control parameter. Experiments with several geometries of cylinder covered with water in a wind tunnel show the evolution of the rivulets with the Froude number. Comparison of the prediction by the model with these experimental data shows that the main mechanism of rivulet formation and positioning is captured. To cite this article: C. Lemaitre et al., C. R. Mecanique 334 (2006).     

Hermitian space-time finite elements for estuarine mass transport

Space-time finite element solutions of the convection–dispersion equation using higher-order nodal continuity and Hermitian polynomial shape functions are described. Five separate elements ranging from a complete linear element with C^0,0 nodal continuity to a complete first-order Hermitian element with C^1,1 nodal continuity are subjected to detailed analysis. Wave deformation analyses identify the source of leading or trailing edge oscillations, trailing edge oscillations being the major source of difficulty. These observations are confirmed by numerical experiments which further demonstrate the potential of higher-order nodal continuity. The performance of the complete first-order Hermitian element is quite satisfactory and measurably superior to the linear element.     

Cristallisation par onde acoustique : le cas de l'héliumCrystallization by acoustic waves: the case of helium

We establish a theoretical model to explain the nucleation of a crystal of helium by an acoustic over-pressure. We explain the interfacial laws for this ultra-fast cristallization, close to the sound speed. Assuming spherical symmetry and taking into account the experimental data, we recover the dynamics of the growth and melting during an over-pressure impulse. To cite this article: M. Ben Amar et al., C. R. Mecanique 331 (2003).     

Structure initiale et propriétés de liquéfaction statique d'un sableInitial structure and static liquefaction properties of sand.

Based on the use of two different preparation procedures for reconstituting triaxial samples of sand, i.e. wet tamping and dry pluviation, significant differences in associated mechanical behaviour are observed on a reference sand with respect to the phenomenon of ‘static’ liquefaction. Wet tamping favours the initiation of liquefaction instability, whereas dry pluviation favours a more stable behaviour, less susceptible to liquefaction. Microscopic observation of corresponding sand specimens allows us to identify two well differentiated structures, i.e., for wet tamping, an irregular structure with predominance of aggregates (aggregated grains) and macropores, very contractant and unstable and, for dry pluviation, a more regular structure, without macropores, more dilatant and more stable. These observations show the importance of further characterization, based on the introduction of appropriate parameters, of the initial structure of sandy materials, strongly dependant upon their mode of formation (natural or artificial). To cite this article: N. Benahmed et al., C. R. Mecanique 332 (2004).     

Sources of Complexity in Human Systems

Complex is a special attribute we can give to many kinds of systems. Although it is used often as a synonym of difficult, it has a specific epistemological meaning, which is going to be shared by the incoming science of complexity. Difficult is an object which, by means of an adequate computational power, can be deterministically or stochastically predictable. On the contrary complex is an object which can not be predictable because of logical impossibility or because its predictability would require a computational power far beyond any physical feasibility, now and forever. For complexity refers to some observing system, it is always subjective, and thus it is defined as observed irreducible complexity. Human systems are affected by several sources of complexity, belonging to three classes, in order of descending restrictivity. Systems belonging to the first class are not predictable at all, those belonging to the second class are predictable only through an infinite computational capacity, and those belonging to the third class are predictable only through a trans-computational capacity. The first class has two sources of complexity: logical complexity, directly deriving from self-reference and Gödel's incompleteness theorems, and relational complexity, resulting in a sort of indeterminacy principle occurring in social systems. The second class has three sources of complexity: gnosiological complexity, which consists of the variety of possible perceptions; semiotic complexity, which represents the infinite possible interpretations of signs and facts; and chaotic complexity, which characterizes phenomena of nonlinear dynamic systems. The third class coincides with computational complexity, which basically coincides with the mathematical concept of intractability. Artificial, natural, biological and human systems are characterized by the influence of different sources of complexity, and the latter appear to be the most complex.