热流密度/对流换热边界下双向梯度板的瞬态温度场分析

采用有限单元-有限差分法研究了热流密度/对流换热边界条件下双向梯度板的瞬态热传导问题。采用细观力学方法结合混合律准则描述了材料的热物理属性,通过推导一种8节点高阶双向梯度单元建立了结构的连续梯度有限元模型。计算给出了在考虑组份属性的温度效应下,温度场的时间响应历程以及不同时刻温度场的空间分布形式,并与材料属性温度无关时的计算结果进行了比较,最后讨论了相关参数对瞬态温度场的影响规律。结果表明：温度较低时,组份属性的温度效应对瞬态温度场影响很小;在 y 方向热流密度载荷的作用下,温度场沿 x、y 方向均存在明显的梯度;x 方向组份体积分布系数的增大,延长了温度场达到稳态需要的时间,绝对温度梯度沿 x、y 方向均增大,稳态温度场升高;增大 y 方向组份体积分布系数的值,情况相反。     

基于状态空间理论的功能梯度圆球瞬态热传导分析

基于状态空间理论研究功能梯度圆球的球对称瞬态热传导问题。根据热传导方程和热流密度的定义,取温度场和热流密度为系统的状态向量,通过将圆球分层和在时域内应用差分格式对控制方程进行离散,建立了系统的状态方程,给出了功能梯度圆球瞬态热传导问题的半解析解。算例分析表明:本文解不但结果正确、计算效率高,而且适用于材料参数沿径向任意梯度变化的圆球瞬态热传导分析。     

AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION FOR FUNCTIONALLY GRADED SPHERES BASED ON STATE SPACE THEORY1)

基于状态空间理论研究功能梯度圆球的球对称瞬态热传导问题。根据热传导方程和热流密度的定义,取温度场和热流密度为系统的状态向量,通过将圆球分层和在时域内应用差分格式对控制方程进行离散,建立了系统的状态方程,给出了功能梯度圆球瞬态热传导问题的半解析解。算例分析表明：本文解不但结果正确、计算效率高,而且适用于材料参数沿径向任意梯度变化的圆球瞬态热传导分析。     

功能梯度板条的热弹性力学解

本文利用推广后的Mian 和Spencer 功能梯度板理论,研究了功能梯度板条在非均布温度场作用下的热弹性问题．采用该理论中的位移展开公式,在板厚度方向上考虑热传导引起的稳态温度场,材料常数沿板厚方向可以任意连续变化,从而得到了基于弹性理论的功能梯度板条在温度场作用下的解析解．通过数值算例分析,验证了本文理论的正确性并讨论了边界条件和梯度变化程度对功能梯度板条热弹性响应的影响．     

功能梯度材料板件三维分析的半解析梯度有限元法

将半解析有限元与梯度有限元相结合,形成一种半解析梯度有限元来求解功能梯度材料板件问题。该方法兼有有限元法的适应性强、程序统一,半解析有限元法的节省单元与计算工作量,梯度有限元法的适应构件内部材料性能任意梯度分布等特点,并实现用一维数值计算给出构件三维分析结果。算例分析表明了方法的精度、功能与上述特点,充分揭示了功能梯度材料板件力学响应的三维形态。半解析梯度有限元法可推广应用到其他功能梯度材料面结构的各类分析中。     

非保守力下温度场中FGM圆板的非线性力学行为

研究了温度场中非保守功能梯度材料(FGM)圆板的非线性力学行为。基于经典板理论,推导了受非保守力作用的FGM圆板在温度场中的控制微分方程。采用打靶法分析了由陶瓷二氧化锆和金属钛合金两相材料组成的非保守FGM圆板在均匀和非均匀升温场中的非线性力学行为。给出了不同均匀升温和非均匀升温场下,FGM圆板在非保守载荷作用下的平衡路径和平衡构形。分析并讨论了均匀和非均匀升温、材料梯度指数对非保守圆板过屈曲和弯曲行为的影响。结果表明:温度场中,非保守FGM圆板发生弯曲而纯陶瓷圆板会发生过屈曲行为;当梯度指数p=2,非保守载荷q=52时,均匀升温场中非保守圆板的变形大于非均匀升温场中非保守圆板的变形。     

热/机械载荷下功能梯度材料矩形厚板的弯曲行为

采用Reddy高阶剪切板理论，考虑材料物性参数随坐标和温度变化的特性，研究在均匀变化的温度场内功能梯度材料矩形板在面内与横向载荷共同作用下的横向弯曲问题，基于一维DQ法和Galerkin技术，给出了一对边固支，另对边任意约束时板弯曲问题的半解析解，以Si3N4/SUS304板为例考察了材料组份，温度场，面内载荷及边界约束条件等对功能梯度材料板弯曲行为的影响。     

功能梯度压电材料板的有限元解

本文利用变分原理和功能梯度压电材料的本构关系、几何关系、板的边界条件等，推导出功能梯度板的有限元方程。其中考虑了横向剪切变形的影响，采用了板变形问题的Mindlin假设，板内电势设为声：Ф=ψ0（x,y）＋ψ1（x,y）z＋ψ2（x,y）z^2＋ψ1（x,y）g（z），并假设材料的力学和电学常数均沿板厚度z方向按同一函数规律K=K^0f（z）变化，其中f（z）为任意的函数形式。为了验证本文方法的正确性，以功能梯度压电材料正方形板为例，使板所受的机械荷载和电荷载以及函数f（z）的形式与参考文献中所给出的相同，利用本文中提出有限元法计算了功能梯度板的电势和位移，所得结果与参考文献中的几乎一致。最后用此法计算四边简支，接地，线性梯度的PZT-4正方形板受均布荷载作用下的挠度和电势分布。     

功能梯度压电材料圆环在位移和反对称电势边值条件下的解析解

采用了在径向极化情况下横观各向同性的线性本构关系,考虑了材料性质沿径向的梯度分布,对功能梯度压电材料圆环在给定的位移和电势边界条件下,导出了问题的一般解．推导了外壁固定、接地,内壁沿垂向有一微小位移、电势为反对称分布问题的解析解,并计算了该问题在位移和电势作用情况下的位移、电势在不同梯度分布时的数值结果．     

SiC增强颗粒分布规律对梯度装甲板抗侵彻过程的影响

利用LS-DYNA软件,对SiC颗粒增强铝合金复合材料的增强相体积百分含量沿厚度连续分布的梯度装甲板进行了抗侵彻过程的数值分析。给出了四种SiC体积含量连续分布的梯度板模型抗侵彻过程的数值计算结果,并与钢板材料进行比较。结果表明:改变梯度装甲板增强颗粒的体积含量沿装甲板厚度方向的分布,能极大地提高梯度装甲板的抗弹击性能,大大地降低防护装甲的自身重量。当SiC颗粒平均体积含量一定时,SiC增强颗粒在表面的体积含量越高,抗侵彻性能越好,也就是f0=0.80,参数b＝4时,具有最佳的抗侵彻能力,比同厚度的钢板要好得多。     

Study on flow past two spheres in tandem arrangement using a local mesh refinement virtual boundary method

A local mesh refinement virtual boundary method based on a uniform grid is designed to study the transition between the flow patterns of two spheres in tandem arrangement for Re=250. For a small gap (L/D=1.5), the flow field is axisymmetric. As the spacing ratio increases to 2.0, the pressure gradient induces the circumferential fluid motion and a plane‐symmetric flow is constructed through a regular bifurcation. For L/D?2.5, the vortices are periodically shed from the right sphere, but the planar symmetry remains. The case for L/D=3.0 is picked up to give a detail investigation for the unsteady flow. The shedding frequency of vortical structure from the upper side of the right sphere is found to be double of the frequency of the lower side. With the flow spectra of various gaps given, the underlying competitive mechanism between the two shedding frequencies is studied and a critical spacing gap is revealed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

AN EFFECTIVE BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD FOR ANALYSIS OF CRACK PROBLEMS IN A PLANE ELASTIC PLATE

A simple and effective boundary element method for stress intensity factor calculation for crack problems in a plane elastic plate is presented. The boundary element method consists of the constant displacement discontinuity element presented by Crouch and Starfield and the crack-tip displacement discontinuity elements proposed by YAN Xiangqiao. In the boundary element implementation the left or the right crack-tip displacement discontinuity element was placed locally at the corresponding left or right each crack tip on top of the constant displacement discontinuity elements that cover the entire crack surface and the other boundaries. Test examples (i. e. , a center crack in an infinite plate under tension, a circular hole and a crack in an infinite plate under tension) are included to illustrate that the numerical approach is very simple and accurate for stress intensity factor calculation of plane elasticity crack problems. In addition, specifically, the stress intensity factors of branching cracks emanating from a square hole in a rectangular plate under biaxial loads were analysed. These numerical results indicate the present numerical approach is very effective for calculating stress intensity factors of complex cracks in a 2-D finite body, and are used to reveal the effect of the biaxial loads and the cracked body geometry on stress intensity factors.     

基于物质点法的船体板架结构高速侵彻毁伤模式研究

本文通过数值模拟的方法研究了截卵型弹体冲击下921A钢板的毁伤模式。 跟以往试验进行对比，发现数值结果与实验结果吻合良好。 在3种不同工况下，剩余速度与实验结果吻合良好，误差小于5%。随着弹着点位置的变化，加筋板的失效模式发生变化。击中靶板中心时，加强筋发生撕裂，目标板在左右两侧产生对称的花瓣型破坏模式。 随着弹着点位置的偏移，加强筋的撕裂程度逐渐减小，最后仅仅发生塑性应变。并且目标板上的破坏不再对称，左侧板的动态响应从花瓣破坏变为小面积断裂，最后仅保留塑性变形。右侧板始终产生花瓣型失效模式，但花瓣的数量和形式始终在变化。结果表明，物质点法可以很好地应用，并为今后舰船穿透研究提供参考。     

Role of the inclination of an inverted‐V upper plate on the heat and flow behavior of trapped gases in a modified Rayleigh–Bénard cavity

Thermal buoyant air inside a modified Rayleigh–Bénard (RB) cavity bounded by a lower flat plate and an inverted‐V upper plate has been investigated numerically using the finite‐volume method. The second‐order‐accurate QUICK and SIMPLE schemes were used for the discretization of the convective terms and the pressure–velocity coupling in the set of conservation equations, respectively. The problem under study is controlled by two parameters: (1) the Rayleigh number ranging from 10³ to 10⁶ and (2) the relative height of the vertical sidewalls d. In reference to the latter, it varies from one limiting case corresponding to the standard RB cavity (a rectangle with d = 1) to another limiting case represented by an isosceles triangular cavity where d = 0. The numerical results for the velocity and temperature fields are presented in terms of streamlines, isotherms, local and mean heat fluxes. An additional effort was devoted to determine the critical Ra values characterizing the transition from symmetrical to asymmetrical buoyant airflow responsive to incremental changes in Ra. For purposes of engineering design, a general correlation equation for the Nusselt number in terms of the pertinent Ra and d was constructed using nonlinear multiple regression theory. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A generalized method for photoelastic studies of transient thermal stresses

This paper describes the apparatus and experimental method which was developed for generalized studies of transient thermal stresses in photoelastic models of many different shapes under a variety of steady-state or transient temperature conditions. It explains how the desired temperature gradients are established in the models and how rapidly changing temperature and stress profiles are monitored during a test. The experimental method is used to study the stresses in a three-dimensional photothermoelastic model subjected to three different temperature sequences. These are: symmetrical cooling of both faces of a thick plate initially at a uniform temperature; heating of one face only of a thick plate initially at a uniform temperature; and heating of only the cold face of a thick plate with an initial linear temperature gradient through its thickness. The last sequence generated temperature profiles which relate to conditions where internal heating is present. The resultant temperature and stress histories for each case are presented graphically and similarity scales are applied to give correct time-stress relations for a typical steel prototype. The magnitude and time of occurrence of the peak stresses on the boundary, as well as in the interior of the plate are found. These stresses are very high and occur comparatively late in each test, at a time when the temperature of the central plane has already started to respond to the changing conditions at the surface. The model was of the sandwich-type construction used by previous investigators, which has a built-in polariscope to isolate a transverse plane for viewing.     

Hybrid LES-RANS study of an effusion cooling array with circular holes

A multi-row effusion cooling configuration with scaled gas turbine combustor conditions is studied numerically, using a novel wall-proximity-based hybrid LES-RANS approach. The distribution of the coolant film is examined by surface adiabatic cooling effectiveness (ACE). Simulation results have shown that the accuracy of cooling effectiveness prediction is closely related to the resolution of turbulent flow structures involved in hot-cold flow mixing, especially those close to the plate surface. The formation of the coolant film in the streamwise direction is investigated. It is shown that the plate surface directly downstream the coolant holes are covered well by the coolant jets, while surface regions in between the two columns of the coolant holes could not be protected until the coolant film is developed sufficiently in the spanwise direction in the downstream region. More detailed study has also been carried out to study the time-averaged and time-dependent flow fields. The relation between the turbulent flow structures and coolant film distribution are also examined. The Kelvin–Helmholtz instability in the upper and lower coolant jet shear layer, is found to have the same frequency of around 8000 Hz, and is independent of the coolant hole position. Additionally, it is suggested by the spectral coherence analysis that those unsteady flow structures from the lower shear layer are closely related to the near wall flow temperature, and such effect is also independent of the coolant hole position.     

The Stability of a Compressible Rayleigh Layer

The aim of this work is to determine the linear stability of a compressible Rayleigh layer and to ascertain what role unsteady effects play. A Rayleigh layer is formed when an infinite flat plate is impulsively set in motion in its own plane with constant velocity beneath an initially quiescent fluid. When the fluid is compressible there is a motion both parallel and normal to the plate. The classical boundary-layer scaling is employed to determine solutions which are expressed in terms of a similarity variable and are valid for a large range of Mach, Prandtl and Reynolds numbers. Solutions are presented for both an adiabatic and iso-thermal temperature boundary condition at the plate. The temporal stability of the flow is considered by solving an Orr–Sommerfeld system: here the underlying flow is calculated at a certain time and the instantaneous stability to viscous travelling waves is determined. The stability is seen to be altered by changing the Mach number (an increase of which decreases the stability of the flow), and also by cooling and heating the wall. These results are limited by the fact that the growth of the layer in time is not taken into account. To include this we consider the large Reynolds number limit and use a triple-deck structure to determine the modes characteristics. The triple-deck approach is used to determine an asymptote to the lower branch of the neutral curve and unsteady effects can be included in a consistent manner. For the upper branch, however, a five-deck structure is required due to the fact that the critical layer is now distinct from the viscous sublayer. The upper-branch stability is only calculated to the first order which is sufficient to give an insight into the stability characteristics.     

NUMERICAL PREDICTION OF FORCE ON RECTANGULAR CYLINDERS IN OSCILLATING VISCOUS FLOW

Numerical results are presented for an oscillating viscous flow past a square cylinder with square and rounded corners and a diamond cylinder with square corners at Keulegan–Carpenter numbers up to 5. This unsteady flow problem is formulated by the two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations in vorticity and stream-function form on body-fitted coordinates and solved by a finite-difference method. Second-order Adams-Bashforth and central-difference schemes are used to discretize the vorticity transport equation while a third-order upwinding scheme is incorporated to represent the nonlinear convective terms. Since the vorticity distribution has a mathematical singularity at a sharp corner and since the force coefficients are found in experiments to be sensitive to the corner radius of rectangular cylinders, a grid-generation technique is applied to provide an efficient mesh system for this complex flow. Local grid concentration near the sharp corners, instead of any artificial treatment of the sharp corners being introduced, is used in order to obtain high numerical resolution. The elliptic partial differential equation for stream function and vorticity in the transformed plane is solved by a multigrid iteration method. For an oscillating flow past a rectangular cylinder, vortex detachment occurs at irregular high frequency modes at KC numbers larger than 3 for a square cylinder, larger than 1 for a diamond cylinder and larger than 3 for a square cylinder with rounded corners. The calculated drag and inertia coefficients are in very good agreement with the experimental data. The calculated vortex patterns are used to explain some of the force coefficient behavior.     

The effect of multi-plate array spacing on grid-generated turbulence

This study compares measurements of the streamwise integral length scale, the root mean square (r.m.s.) of the streamwise component of velocity, and the r.m.s. of the normal component of velocity obtained at the exit of a plate array with measurements obtained at the same position for the “open pipe case”. The “open pipe case” is defined as the empty tube, without the plates in place, i.e., the apparatus becomes grid flow entering an unobstructed pipe. In general, this study finds that the length scale in the streamwise direction decreases with increasing plate spacing while the r.m.s. velocity in the streamwise direction increases as the plate spacing increases for fixed values of x/M (i.e., the streamwise direction to mesh-spacing ratio). These measured trends are consistent with a simple model based on vortex elements and conservation of angular momentum.