水下爆炸冲击荷载作用下混凝土重力坝的破坏模式

考虑混凝土的高应变率效应,构建重力坝水下爆炸全耦合模型,运用显式动力分析程序LS-DYNA, 对水下爆炸冲击荷载作用下大坝动态响应进行分析,探讨大坝可能破坏模式及相应的破坏机制。研究 表明,大坝破坏模式不仅与坝体的自身动力特性有关,还取决于炸弹起爆时的水下深度、爆心距及炸弹药量; 重力坝坝头是抗爆性能薄弱部位,大坝可能破坏模式为上游迎爆面的爆炸成坑破坏、坝顶及坝下游面的震塌 破坏、坝头与上游直面交接处及下游折坡附近的脆性冲切破坏并出现贯穿性裂缝破坏。     

高水位运行下近水面水下爆炸对拱坝结构的影响

为预测近水面水下爆炸作用下拱坝结构的动态响应和损伤,基于有限元程序Abaqus/Explicit,采用声学介质描述库水,并采用拱坝-地基-库水系统有限元模型,考虑键槽作用的两种极端情况(完好和失效)及混凝土的受拉、受压损伤,假设50kg当量TNT炸药爆炸距离大坝迎水面水平距离为10m,对某133m高的薄拱坝进行了持时1s的显式动力时程分析.计算结果表明:靠近爆炸源的坝段径向加速度响应峰值大于其它坝段1倍以上,键槽失效情况下3号坝段向上游方向的位移峰值比键槽完好情况时大28%,键槽是否正常工作会影响大坝各坝段之间的动力响应传递,导致坝体损伤发展的差异;坝体损伤范围比较集中,0.3s 后损伤发展基本完成,坝面不会出现大面积的宏观断裂破坏;键槽失效时,3号坝段底部下游两侧混凝土可能破坏,可考虑在拱坝横缝上配置跨缝钢筋作为键槽失效情况的安全储备.     

混凝土重力坝爆炸荷载数值分析及抗爆性能研究

利用LS-DYNA非线性有限元程序,基于Eulerian和Lagrangian耦合的方法,研究了RHT本构模型模拟的混凝土板在爆炸荷载下的动力反应,并且将数值结果与现场实验结果进行比较,由此说明了RHT本构模型模拟爆炸荷载下混凝土动力反应的有效性。研究了2 t TNT炸药在距离坝体上游面10 m不同起爆深度的情况下,有泡沫混凝土保护层和无泡沫混凝土保护层的坝体动力响应及其损伤状况。计算结果表明,无泡沫混凝土保护层时,坝体上游面主要损伤区域位置总是随起爆深度的增加向坝体底部移动;当上游表面有泡沫混凝土保护层时,坝体上游表面的损伤明显变小,下游面的损伤较无保护层情况也明显减小。表明泡沫混凝土能够有效减小混凝土大坝在爆炸荷载下的损伤,在提高混凝土大坝的抗爆性能方面起到很好的保护作用。     

接触爆炸荷载作用下溢流坝的抗爆性能

以黄登重力坝的溢流坝为研究背景,考虑混凝土的高应变率效应,运用Lagrange-Euler耦合算法建立大坝-库水-空气-炸药全耦合数值模型,研究溢流坝在接触爆炸荷载作用下的抗爆性能。分析满库与空库时溢流坝在爆炸冲击波作用下的动力响应及损伤程度,并进一步研究满库时大坝在不同炸点的水下接触爆炸荷载作用下的动力响应及损伤分布。研究结果表明,满库时水下爆炸比空库时爆炸的动力响应及损伤程度大得多;溢流坝的抗爆薄弱部位主要集中在溢流道顶部及坝体上游折坡处。研究溢流坝的抗爆性能时应重点研究满库时水下爆炸对大坝的破坏特性。     

混凝土重力坝爆炸荷载数值分析及抗爆性能研究

利用LS-DYNA非线性有限元程序,基于Eulerian和Lagrangian耦合的方法,研究了RHT本构模型模拟的混凝土板在爆炸荷载下的动力反应,并且将数值结果与现场实验结果进行比较,由此说明了RHT本构模型模拟爆炸荷载下混凝土动力反应的有效性。研究了2tTNT炸药在距离坝体上游面10m不同起爆深度的情况下,有泡沫混凝土保护层和无泡沫混凝土保护层的坝体动力响应及其损伤状况。计算结果表明,无泡沫混凝土保护层时,坝体上游面主要损伤区域位置总是随起爆深度的增加向坝体底部移动;当上游表面有泡沫混凝土保护层时,坝体上游表面的损伤明显变小,下游面的损伤较无保护层情况也明显减小。表明泡沫混凝土能够有效减小混凝土大坝在爆炸荷载下的损伤,在提高混凝土大坝的抗爆性能方面起到很好的保护作用。     

基于联合有限元-离散元的混凝土重力坝破坏三维仿真模拟

水利工程中混凝土重力坝在地震等作用下的三维破坏形式以及破坏过程对大坝安全影响重大。本文建立了固体材料的联合有限元-离散元(Combined Finite-Discrete Element)三维数学模型,并引入Single/Smeared断裂损伤模型,模拟混凝土材料的破坏。数学模型经验证后,用于地震作用下混凝土重力坝破坏的三维数值模拟,结果表明,联合有限元-离散元方法能够有效模拟坝体的破坏模式和破坏阈值条件,且具有将坝体连续变形与不连续断裂有机结合的优点。通过一系列数值模拟工况的对比,分析了模型网格分辨率对破坏条件、破坏模式以及程序计算效率的影响,研究结果能够为大坝的抗震设计提供有价值的参考。     

制导炸弹连续打击下混凝土重力坝的破坏效应

选取某制导炸弹作为研究对象,利用任意Lagrange-Euler计算方法,通过对大口径、高弹重武器的 侵彻爆炸的全过程三维数值仿真,针对连续打击作用下大坝破坏效应进行了研究。研究表明,侵彻引起的振 动很小,引起质点振动的主要是弹药的爆炸。由于相继打击间隔时间已远超过大坝动态响应时间,相继打击 引起的坝体振动基本上不存在叠加效应。但前枚制导炸弹侵彻爆炸的破坏效应为后继制导炸弹提供了“临空 面”,使得后继制导炸弹无论是侵彻深度还是爆炸破坏范围等破坏效应都有所增大。连续打击下,爆炸后形成 的破坏范围基本上互相连通,对大坝的正常运行及安全构成威胁。     

水下爆炸冲击荷载下混凝土重力坝的抗爆性能

在水下爆炸冲击荷载作用下,结构动力响应较之静态荷载和地震荷载作用下要复杂得多。通过大 量的数值模拟,探讨了混凝土重力坝在水下爆炸冲击荷载作用下,大坝高度、库前水位对大坝抗爆性能的影 响,为大坝抗爆性能评估和防护设计提供基础。数值计算中,构建了重力坝水下爆炸全耦合数值模型,并考虑 爆炸冲击作用下混凝土的高应变率效应。研究结果表明:对于混凝土重力坝,随着大坝高度的增加,大坝的抗 爆性能增强;库前水位对大坝的抗爆性能影响较大,通过降低库前水位可有效提高大坝的抗爆性能。     

非均质结构PBX炸药的动态压缩过程模拟

采用离散元方法,构建了考虑PBX炸药晶体颗粒与黏结剂非均匀性的计算模型,通过在炸药试样两端采用相向飞片加载、将原SHPB实验的应力边界替代为速度边界的方法,开展了PBX炸药的动态压缩数值模拟研究,再现了考虑PBX炸药非均质特性的SHPB实验过程,获得了不同加-卸载路径下炸药应力应变曲线以及相应的损伤破坏图像。模拟结果表明:在动态压缩过程中,虽然PBX炸药处于整体应力平衡,由于PBX高度非均质性,内部应力分布并不均匀,晶体间应力以应力桥形式传递;应力曲线为试样整体平均,试样内局部所受真实应力可能高于曲线峰值应力;出现卸载回滞曲线的试样发生局部损伤破坏,而完全软化曲线的试样发生整体失稳破坏。     

AP1000屏蔽厂房在接触爆炸荷载作用下的非线性动力分析

屏蔽厂房是AP1000核岛厂房的第一层外部防线，确保屏蔽厂房在服役期间遭受爆炸冲击荷载作用下的安全性和完整性，十分重要。本文中，采用欧拉-拉格朗日算法(coupled Euler-Lagrange, CEL)，对炸药在屏蔽厂房20种不同起爆部位作用下的动态破坏特征进行了研究，以结构贯穿破坏的损伤质量作为损伤程度的判别依据，着重探讨在不同起爆位置作用下结构的压力和损伤演化特性。研究表明:在接触爆炸荷载作用下，厂房在起爆点附近发生局部破坏；在相同高度下，环向不同角度起爆所引起的损伤程度差异较小，不同高度起爆的损伤程度差异较大。通过压力和损伤的演化分析，确定了屏蔽厂房最不利抗爆部位，对厂房不同部位的配筋策略提出建议。结论可为制定屏蔽厂房在爆炸冲击荷载作用下的安全防护措施提供参考依据。     

Hydrodynamisch induzierte Eigenbewegung von idealisierten Teilchen in newtonschen Suspensionsmedien unter Berücksichtigung begrenzender Wände

Zusammenfassung Für eine verdünnte Suspension kugelförmiger Teilchen werden hydrodynamische Wechselwirkungen zwischen zwei Kugeln und einer Wand betrachtet. Innerhalb eines begrenzten Bereiches, in dem das Verhältnis von Kugelradiusa zum Wandabstandd _i (i = 1, 2) und zur Entfernung der beiden KugelmittelpunkteR klein, aber endlich ist, wird eine allgemeine Beziehung zwischen den mechanischen Größen (KraftF, DrehmomentM und StressletS), und dem Geschwindigkeits- und Spannungsfeld vorgestellt. Die Tensoren, welche die einzelnen Parameter miteinander verbinden, sind Materialtensoren, die bis zu einer Genauigkeit von (a/R)² über die Reflektionsmethode bestimmt worden sind.Durch Einführung eines nichtlinearen elastischen Ansatzes für die Wechselwirkungskräfte zwischen den beiden Kugeln wird ein Gleichungssystem zur Bestimmung der hydrodynamisch induzierten Migrationsbewegung eines durch ein Hantelmodell idealisierten Makromoleküls erhalten. Die Einflüsse von Teilchengröße, Elastizität, Wandabstand und Strömungsfeld werden für eine Kanalströmung diskutiert.Es zeigt sich, daß die Deformierbarkeit der Hantel in Zusammenhang mit den hydrodynamischen Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Kugeln eine Grundvoraussetzung für eine Migrationsbewegung in einem homogenen Strömungsfeld ist. Ohne hydrodynamische Wechselwirkungen richtet sich ein Teilchen zwar in Strömungsrichtung aus, erfährt aber keine Migrationsbewegung. Werden hydrodynamische Wechselwirkungen berücksichtigt, rotiert die Hantel kontinuierlich mit einer von der Orientierung abhängigen variablen Winkelgeschwindigkeit. Der Hantelmittelpunkt bewegt sich periodisch senkrecht zu den Stromlinien. Im Gegensatz zu starren Hanteln, bei denen im Mittel keine Migration festgestellt wird, erfahren elastische Teilchen zusätzlich einen Migrationseffekt, der von der Wand weggerichtet ist und eine teilchenfreie Zone in Wandnähe verursachen kann.

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For a dilute suspension of spherical particles the hydrodynamic interactions between two spheres and a wall is considered for the case that the sphere radiusa is small in comparison with the distanced _i (i = 1, 2) to the wall and also in comparison with the distanceR between the sphere centres. A general relation between the mechanical quantities (forceF, coupleM and StressletS), and hydrodynamic ones (velocity, velocity gradients) is presented. The tensors relating the parameters are material tensors, obtained by the method of reflection and correct to order (a/R)².Choosing a special nonlinear elastic force law for the intramolecular force leads to an expression for the hydrodynamically induced cross stream migration of our idealized dumbbell model macromolecule. The effects of particle size, elasticity, wall distance and flow field are discussed for channel flow.It is shown that the deformability of the dumbbell in connection with hydrodynamic interaction between the beads is an indisposable prerequisite for a cross stream migration in homogeneous flows. Without hydrodynamic interaction the particle orients itself in the flow field such that no migration takes place. With hydrodynamic interaction the dumbbell continuously rotates with a variable angular velocity, as a function of position. The centre of the dumbbell moves periodically across the streamlines. In contrast to rigid dumbbells, where no net migration is found, elastic particles receive a migration effect, drifting away from the wall. A particle free region near the wall results.

Erster Teil einer vom Fachbereich Chemietechnik der Universität Dortmund genehmigten Dissertation     

Insights into the Relationships Among Capillary Pressure,Saturation, Interfacial Area and Relative Permeability Using Pore-Network Modeling

To gain insight in relationships among capillary pressure, interfacial area, saturation, and relative permeability in two-phase flow in porous media, we have developed two types of pore-network models. The first one, called tube model, has only one element type, namely pore throats. The second one is a sphere-and-tube model with both pore bodies and pore throats. We have shown that the two models produce distinctly different curves for capillary pressure and relative permeability. In particular, we find that the tube model cannot reproduce hysteresis. We have investigated some basic issues such as effect of network size, network dimension, and different trapping assumptions in the two networks. We have also obtained curves of fluid–fluid interfacial area versus saturation. We show that the trend of relationship between interfacial area and saturation is largely influenced by trapping assumptions. Through simulating primary and scanning drainage and imbibition cycles, we have generated two surfaces fitted to capillary pressure, saturation, and interfacial area (P _c –S _w –a _nw ) points as well as to relative permeability, saturation, and interfacial area (k _r –S _w –a _nw ) points. The two fitted three-dimensional surfaces show very good correlation with the data points. We have fitted two different surfaces to P _c –S _w –a _nw points for drainage and imbibition separately. The two surfaces do not completely coincide. But, their mean absolute difference decreases with increasing overlap in the statistical distributions of pore bodies and pore throats. We have shown that interfacial area can be considered as an essential variable for diminishing or eliminating the hysteresis observed in capillary pressure–saturation (P _c –S _w ) and the relative permeability–saturation (k _r –S _w ) curves.     

Diffusion and wave behaviour in linear Voigt modelDiffusion et comportement ondulatoire dans le modèle linéaire de Voigt

A boundary value problem $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{\epsilon }}$ related to a third order parabolic equation with a small parameter ε is analized. This equation models the one-dimensional evolution of many dissipative media as viscoelastic fluids or solids, viscous gases, superconducting materials, incompressible and electrically conducting fluids. Moreover, the third order parabolic operator regularizes various nonlinear second order wave equations. In this paper, the hyperbolic and parabolic behaviour of the solution of $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{\epsilon }}$ is estimated by means of slow timeτ=εt and fast timeθ=t/ε. As consequence, a rigorous asymptotic approximation for the solution of $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{\epsilon }}$ is established. To cite this article: M. De Angelis, P. Renno, C. R. Mecanique 330 (2002) 21–26     

Examen de l'état de fatigue statique et dynamique d'un matériau par tomodensitométrie

Résumé L'observation par tomodensitométrie de la section transversale d'une poutre soumise à un moment de flexion met en évidence d'une part une zône isodensitométrique stable correspondant à la concentration des contraintes, d'autre part un décalage très net du maximum de la répartition densitométrique par histogramme pouvant être interprêté comme une certaine hétérogénéité. Ces phénomènes existent pour tous les matériaux que nous avons testés: plexiglass, nylon, rilsan, delrin. En fatigue dynamique, après 20 × 10⁶ cycles, l'histogramme comparatif révèle un décalage encore plus significatif que dans le cas statique; tout ceci apporte ainsi un élément positif à la nouvelle utilisation de cet appareil médical.

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Summary Observation by scanner of the cross section of a beam submitted to a bending moment gives evidence of a stable isodensitometric area in agreement with the concentration of stresses, as well as of a very sharp displacement of the maximum of the densitometric distribution by histogram which can be expounded as a certain heterogeneity. These phenomena exist for all materials we have studied: plexiglass, nylon, rilsan, delrin. In the case of dynamic fatigue, after 20 × 10⁶ cycles, the comparative histogram shows a displacement more significant than in the static case and gives in this way a positive argumentation to the new use of this medical apparatus.

Avec 11 figures     

The two-dimensional free-space Green’s function and its derivatives in a tangent-normal system

The two-dimensional free-space Green’s function, G⁽²⁾$G^{\left(2\right)}$, and its derivatives, are used extensively in the formulation of scattering and diffraction problems through its presence in single- and double-layer potentials, and their use in integral equations. The vast majority of the results from elementary classical mathematical physics for G⁽²⁾$G^{\left(2\right)}$ is based on Cartesian coordinate-space, either directly as a Hankel function in coordinate-space or through a transform, such as the Weyl transform, also based on Cartesian coordinate-space. However, if the geometry of the problem is not Cartesian, for example in scattering from a rough surface, there are difficulties in using a transform representation for G⁽²⁾$G^{\left(2\right)}$ which depends on Cartesian geometry, as the standard Weyl transform does. Here we formulate transform-space representations using a tangent-normal coordinate system. The result for G⁽²⁾$G^{\left(2\right)}$ is a new Weyl-type tangent-normal transform representation from which the results for the vector derivatives of the single-layer potential, the double-layer potential, and the vector derivatives of the double-layer potential follow quite simply. The latter three results can be expressed in terms of two new spectral functions in tangent-normal space, _S1$S_1$ and _S2$S_2$. The overall results are new representations for G⁽²⁾$G^{\left(2\right)}$ and its derivatives which may be useful in integral equation formulations of scattering problems for non-Cartesian geometries.     

Rheological properties of skim milk gels at various temperatures; interrelation between the dynamic moduli and the relaxation modulus

The rheological properties of rennet-induced skim milk gels were determined by two methods, i.e., via stress relaxation and dynamic tests. The stress relaxation modulusG _c (t) was calculated from the dynamic moduliG andG by using a simple approximation formula and by means of a more complex procedure, via calculation of the relaxation spectrum. Either calculation method gave the same results forG _c (t). The magnitude of the relaxation modulus obtained from the stress relaxation experiments was 10% to 20% lower than that calculated from the dynamic tests.Rennet-induced skim milk gels did not show an equilibrium modulus. An increase in temperature in the range from 20° to 35 °C resulted in lower moduli at a given time scale and faster relaxation. Dynamic measurements were also performed on acid-induced skim milk gels at various temperatures andG _c (t) was calculated. The moduli of the acid-induced gels were higher than those of the rennet-induced gels and a kind of permanent network seemed to exist, also at higher temperatures. G storage shear modulus,N·m^–2; - G loss shear modulus,N·m^–2; - G _c calculated storage shear modulus,N·m^–2; - G _c calculated loss shear modulus,N·m^–2; - G _e equilibrium shear modulus,N·m^–2; - G _ec calculated equilibrium shear modulus,N·m^–2; - G(t) relaxation shear modulus,N·m^–2; - G _c (t) calculated relaxation shear modulus,N·m^–2; - G ^*(t) pseudo relaxation shear modulus,N·m^–2; - H relaxation spectrum,N·m^–2; - t time,s; - relaxation time,s; - angular frequency, rad·s^–1. Partly presented at the Conference on Rheology of Food, Pharmaceutical and Biological Materials, Warwick, UK, September 13–15, 1989 [33].     

Fe-Si-Cr-Al四元系Fe_3Si基合金在水润滑条件下的摩擦学性能

利用Optimal SRV摩擦磨损试验机考察了Fe65Si25Cr5Al5、Fe70Si20Cr5Al5、Fe75Si15Cr5Al5和Fe80Si10Cr5Al5等几种Fe-Si-Cr-Al四元系Fe3Si与Si3N4配副时在水润滑条件下摩擦学性能.结果表明:Fe65Si25Cr5Al5和Fe70Si20Cr5Al5的磨损率低于纯Fe3Si和AISI 304不锈钢,同样,与这两种材料配副的Si3N4对偶材料磨损率也相对较低;Fe75Si15Cr5Al5和Fe80Si10Cr5Al5的磨损率则高于Fe3Si和AISI 304不锈钢.Fe70Si20Cr5Al5中Cr元素的化学活性高于其中Al元素的化学活性,材料表面富集的Cr2O3有效阻碍了Si3N4与水的摩擦化学反应,从而使Fe70Si20Cr5Al5在水环境中的摩擦学性能Fe3Si显著提高,在载荷分别为30、50、70和90 N条件下,Fe70Si20Cr5Al5比Fe3Si的磨损率分别降低了15.5%、20.2%、31.8%和38.2%;对偶材料Si3N4的磨损率则分别降低了67.9%、36.9%、46.6%和50.6%.     

Homogenization limit for electrical conduction in biological tissues in the radio-frequency rangeLimite d'homogénéisation pour la conduction électrique dans les tissus biologiques dans le domaine des radiofréquences

We study an evolutive model for electrical conduction in biological tissues, where the conductive intra-cellular and extracellular spaces are separated by insulating cell membranes. The mathematical scheme is an elliptic problem, with dynamical boundary conditions on the cell membranes. The problem is set in a finely mixed periodic medium. We show that the homogenization limit u₀ of the electric potential, obtained as the period of the microscopic structure approaches zero, solves the equation $\text{?}\text{div}\text{(σ}{}_0\text{?}{}_{\mathrm{x}}\text{u}{}_0\text{+A}{}^0\text{?}{}_{\mathrm{x}}\text{u}{}_0\text{+∫}{}_0{}^{\mathrm{t}}\text{A}{}^1\text{(t?τ)?}{}_{\mathrm{x}}\text{u}{}_0\text{(x,τ)}\text{d}\text{τ?}\text{F}\text{(x,t))=0}$ where σ₀>0 and the matrices A⁰, A¹ depend on geometric and material properties, while the vector function $\text{F}$ keeps trace of the initial data of the original problem. Memory effects explicitly appear here, making this elliptic equation of non standard type. To cite this article: M. Amar et al., C. R. Mecanique 331 (2003).     

Espaces d'écoulements dits « universels »Spaces of universal flows

An isochoric motion can be performed both in perfect fluid, in Newtonian fluid, in Maxwell fluid (slow motions) and in Rivlin–Ericksen fluid of second grade whatever be viscosities and viscometric coefficients, iff the motion is universal. Every universal motion with steady vorticity is a generalised Belrami flow, and fulfils the Stokes equation. If the velocity $\text{u}$ of an universal motion complies with $\text{rot}\text{[(?}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>t</mtext>}}\text{(}\text{Δ}\text{u}\text{))}\text{u}\text{]=}\text{0}$, the motion stands for feasible motion in every second order fluid. Brothers of the potential flows, all the sets of universal motions make up bundles of linear or cono??d spaces with various dimensions, finite or infinite, issued from the rest $\text{u}\text{≡}\text{0}$. The structures appear by scanning parallel to the potential flows. To cite this article: M. Bouthier, C. R. Mecanique 331 (2003).     

Terminal velocity of a Taylor drop in a vertical pipe

A scaling analysis based on the field equations for two phases and the jump conditions at the interface is carried out to deduce a balance of forces acting on a Taylor drop rising through stagnant liquid in a vertical pipe. The force balance is utilized to deduce a functional form of an empirical correlation of terminal velocity of the Taylor drop. Undetermined coefficients in the correlation are evaluated by making use of available correlations for two limiting cases, i.e. extremely high and low Reynolds number Taylor bubbles in large pipes. Terminal velocity data obtained by interface tracking simulations are also used to determine the coefficients. The proposed correlation expresses the Froude number Fr as a function of the drop Reynolds number Re_D, the Eötvös number Eo_D and the viscosity ratio μ^*. Comparisons between the correlation, simulations and experimental data confirm that the proposed correlation is applicable to Taylor drops under various conditions, i.e., 0.002 < Re_D < 4960, 4.8 < Eo_D < 228, 0 ? μ^* ? 70, 1 < N < 14700, −12 < log M < 4, and d/D < 1.6, where N is the inverse viscosity number, M the Morton number, d the sphere-volume equivalent drop diameter and D the pipe diameter.