高性能对称解耦结构的线振动陀螺

为了最大限度克服微机电陀螺的两个模态的相互耦合作用,提高微机电陀螺的综合性能指标,采用国内现有MEMS标准工艺方法,设计和制作了一种高性能单晶硅对称解耦结构的线振动陀螺。采用对称结构形式和保证陀螺驱动和检测模态振型都是弯曲振动模式,易于模态匹配;由于采用驱动模态和检测模态结构解耦方式,从微结构设计上大大降低了正交耦合误差影响,使陀螺具有输出零位小、零偏稳定性好的优点。测试结果表明：初次加工的样机,在大气中驱动和检测模态固有频率分别在2430Hz和2580Hz左右,在150Hz带宽内具有0.1～0.5（°）/s的分辨率;随着加工精度的提高和检测电路的改进,该陀螺在大气中15Hz带宽内实现0.008（°）/s的分辨率,在真空状态下,这种高性能单晶硅对称解耦结构的线振动陀螺性能会有进一步的提高。     

基于低频调制激励的硅微陀螺仪自动模态匹配技术

根据二阶质量-弹簧-阻尼系统的幅频特性和相频特性关于谐振频率对称的特点,提出了一种低频振荡激励的实时模态匹配技术,根据检测模态的输出响应来判别驱动模态和检测模态的匹配程度。首先简要介绍了带频率调谐功能的双质量线振动硅微陀螺仪,该陀螺利用负刚度效应来调节检测模态的谐振频率;然后通过理论推导以及系统仿真验证了基于低频调制激励的自动模态匹配技术的可行性和有效性;最后设计了一种基于现场可编程逻辑阵列(FPGA)的数字控制电路,并且对同一测试陀螺进行了模态匹配和模态不匹配下的性能对比。试验结果表明,相比模态不匹配条件下,陀螺零偏稳定性从5.89(°)/h提高到1.26(°)/h,角度随机游走从0.36(°)/√h提高到0.079(°)/√h,性能分别提高了4.7倍和4.6倍。     

MEMS陀螺仪结构模型及系统仿真

为了减小MEMS陀螺仪的正交误差,进一步提高陀螺精度,在Simulink环境中对陀螺结构和测控系统进行了建模和仿真。首先在理想状态的陀螺结构模型基础上建立了包含机械热噪声、模态间耦合等非理想因素的结构模型,并给出了陀螺结构的相关设计参数。其次在陀螺结构模型上以自激振荡和AGC控制技术为基础设计了驱动回路,该回路可在短时间内将驱动幅度稳定在10μm,且驱动频率为4048 Hz（驱动模态的谐振频率）。然后分析了模态间耦合信号的作用方式并建立了正交校正和检测闭环力反馈回路,仿真结果显示,在全闭环状态下检测模态所受耦合力的幅度比未校正状态下降了5个数量级,等效输入角速度也从205(°)/s下降到了6.58(°)/h。最后对陀螺模型进行了整体测试,得到其标度因数和阈值分别为21.76 mV/(°)/s和0.002(°)/s。     

基于双模型的光纤陀螺温度补偿方法（英文）

基于Sagnac效应的光纤陀螺(FOG),因其自身的优点广泛地应用在捷联惯性导航系统中(SINS)。然而,温度对FOG的影响包括常值影响和随机影响,仍是制约光纤陀螺性能的关键因素之一。针对不同性质的漂移,首先建立基于相关性分析的多项式模型补偿常值漂移;然后结合时间序列分析的方法,利用Kalman滤波抑制经多项式模型补偿后残差信号中的随机成分,进一步提高FOG的精度。单轴光纤陀螺试验结果表明,传统的单多项式补偿模型,FOG的零偏稳定性能由0.05(°)/h仅提高到0.04(°)/h;采用常值和随机的双补偿模型,FOG的零偏稳定性能由0.05(°)/h提高到了0.01(°)/h。证明了双温度建模与补偿方法的有效性,在工程上有一定的参考价值。     

非共面四频激光陀螺变温零偏周期性波动

非共面四频激光陀螺的零偏随温度周期变化直接影响陀螺性能,提出了一种采用对法拉第旋光元件参数优化有效降低零偏波动幅值的方法。根据非共面四频激光陀螺的振荡光束频率特性,结合腔内旋光元件表面反射光束和散射光束的耦合效应以及旋光元件磁光效应,理论分析确定了导致陀螺变温零偏周期性波动的主要因素。采用对旋光元件楔角、微扰角度以及方位角三项参数的理论计算及仿真分析,确定了参数优化方法和优化验证参数,经验证与理论分析结果一致,有效消除了陀螺变温零偏周期性波动,结合温度补偿模型,实现70°C变温范围内零偏最大变化由1.5(°)/h降低为0.11(°)/h。     

滤波技术在MIMU温度漂移补偿中的应用

为了提高MIMU的零偏稳定性,研究了MIMU的温度特性.通过温度实验,建立了微机械陀螺及加速度计漂移的温度补偿模型.陀螺零偏稳定性由补偿前的126.324(°)/h改善到9.612(°)/h,加速度计偏值稳定性由补偿前的0.8 36 mg改善到0.216 mg.分析了温度测量噪声的影响,对补偿模型进行了改进.将温度的测量值经过KaIman滤波之后用于补偿,可以进一步提高性能:陀螺零偏稳定性由9.612( °)/h改善到8.964( °)/h,改善了6.7%;加速度计偏值稳定性由0.216 mg改善到0.176 mg,改善了18%.实验结果表明,将温度测量值进行适当的滤波处理后用于补偿模型,补偿效果比不经过处理进行补偿的结果更优.利用Kalman滤波技术降低温度测量值的噪声,最终降低补偿结果的噪声也是文中的一个创新点.     

单片集成MEMS陀螺数字闭环接口ASIC电路设计

为提高MEMS陀螺的线性度和稳定性,设计了适用于电容式MEMS陀螺的数字式双闭环接口电路。首先,概括了接口电路的系统结构,包括电容/电压转换电路、高精度模数转换器、数字信号处理等模块。然后,设计了基于自动增益控制的陀螺驱动闭环控制系统,并分析了驱动闭环稳定性条件,为驱动闭环系统的快速调试提供理论指导。最后,提出了一种基于四阶机电结合∑△调制器原理的陀螺敏感闭环检测系统。接口电路在0.18μm高压CMOS工艺平台上完成流片,并且与MEMS陀螺结构封装在一个管壳中进行测试验证。测试结果表明本接口电路的优越性能:在±500°/s量程下陀螺非线性度达到52.8 ppm,陀螺零偏不稳定性为0.58°/h(Allan方差),角度随机游走等于0.07°/h~(1/2),满足高性能MEMS陀螺对高线性度、高稳定性接口电路的应用需求。     

基于电极模态切换的半球谐振陀螺自校准方法

针对因受加工技术、加工条件以及外部环境因素等影响,半球谐振陀螺在力平衡模式下输出零偏稳定性及重复性变化较大的问题,提出一种基于模态切换的陀螺自校准方法。基于半球谐振陀螺二阶振动模态机理,建立理想状态下谐振子运动方程,并分析推导了谐振子在阻尼不均和频率裂解等非理想因素影响下的运动模型和参数控制方程。根据谐振陀螺输出漂移特性,提出了一种基于电极功能切换的半球谐振陀螺自校准方法。通过相关实验,分析比较了电极模态切换前后陀螺输出稳定性及重复性,实验结果表明,陀螺零偏稳定性提升1.8倍以上,陀螺零偏重复性提升90.5%,所提方法能有效估计及补偿陀螺漂移,提高半球谐振陀螺输出的稳定性和重复性。     

一种基于FIB刻蚀的MEMS陀螺修调方法

受微加工工艺条件限制,MEMS传感器的结构尺寸等参数总是偏离设计值,使其性能水平难以满足高精度应用的要求。为了抑制一种MEMS陀螺敏感结构的加工误差,分析了其主要运动模态的特性以及耦合误差的主要来源,提出了通过FIB刻蚀手段对陀螺十字型梁结构进行修调的方法,并对修调前后陀螺的耦合误差以及误差的温度稳定性进行了分析比较。对陀螺性能的测试结果表明,两种FIB刻蚀方式分别使陀螺零偏误差比修调前降低约35%和72%,而误差的温度稳定性则分别提高了80%和55%,证明修调方法能够抑制陀螺误差、提升陀螺的性能。     

一种高精度光纤陀螺用光子晶体光纤设计

为了解决光子晶体光纤陀螺中高阶模致非互易性问题,设计了一种用于高精度光纤陀螺的单模保偏光子晶体光纤。为获得光纤结构参数最优区域,基于全矢量有限元方法开展了光子晶体光纤模场分布、双折射特性和限制损耗与三个重要结构参数(归一化频率、空气填充比、大孔直径)的依赖关系数值仿真分析。以传统熊猫型保偏光纤特性为参照,确定了光子晶体光纤结构参数最优区域。采用优化的光子晶体光纤绕制了1500 m环圈并装配于陀螺,对陀螺进行了相应测试。未采用温度补偿措施下,陀螺全温零偏稳定性优于0.008 (°)/h (100 s, 1σ),表明这种光子晶体光纤适用于高精度光纤陀螺。     

The range of speckle metrology

The range of four methods of speckle metrology as applied to in-plane displacement analysis is studied, in terms of the number of fringes that can be generated. Both quality and quantity of fringes are treated insofar as they affect the range and precision of the method. Some 20 variables are seen to influence the fringe range. A number of these are analyzed parametrically. The most serious restriction on the range seems to be the strain in the plane of analysis. This restriction severely limits application of the method.     

Imperfection-sensitivity in the plastic range

The effect of small imperfections on the buckling of continuous structures loaded into the plastic range is studied. A simple model study is presented and several additional examples are discussed. The rôle of the load at which elastic unloading first occurs is emphasized, and a general asymptotic analysis is given for the behavior prior to the onset of elastic unloading for a class of elastic-plastic solids subject to loads characterized by a single load parameter. Asymptotic imperfection-sensitivity formulae are obtained whose features are similar to analogous formulae for elastic structures.     

Post-bifurcation behavior in the plastic range

In the first part of the paper a simple model is used to introduce some of the analytical and physical features of post-bifurcation phenomena in continuous elastic-plastic systems. An analysis is presented for the initial post-bifurcation behavior of a class of elastic-plastic solids subject to loads characterized by a single load parameter. Bifurcations which occur at the lowest possible load are singled out for attention. The theory makes connection with Hill's general theory of bifurcation and uniqueness in elastic-plastic solids and Koiter's general approach to the initial post-buckling behavior of conservative elastic systems. Buckling of an axially compressed column in the plastic range is used to illustrate the theory.     

The equilibrium range cascades of wind-generated waves

It was established theoretically by Zakharov and Filonenko (1966) that the direct cascade region of the equilibrium range of the spectrum should follow an f⁻⁴ variation. This has since been verified from experimental data, by Toba (1973), Donclan et al (1985) and others. In this study we present a numerical verification of this f⁻⁴ variation, assuming physically realistic parameterizations for nonlinear wave-wave interactions, S_nl, for energy input to waves by the wind, S_in and removed by wave - breaking dissipation, S_ds.     

Effective particle size range in laser-Doppler anemometry

The present paper points out that all existing laser-Doppler anemometer systems do not only operate within a finite range of Doppler frequencies but also work within a relatively narrow range of signal amplitudes. It is shown that this corresponds to a finite, and usually to an extremely small, range of particle diameters which contributes to the final LDA measurements. Because of this, the particle size distribution has to be matched to the LDA-system used for measuring particle velocities. If this is not taken into account in particle seeding, low data rates will result in spite of very high particle passage rates through the measuring control volume. This is shown experimentally and is supported by theoretical considerations.The present investigation results in conclusions regarding optimum particle size distributions for laser-Doppler anemometry. If fluid velocity measurements are attempted rather than particle velocity measurements, the particles still have to satisfy well known size requirements that are flow, fluid and particle density dependent.The experimental study employs a combined optical system for simultaneous measurements of particle velocity, particle size and particle concentration. The system is used to measure those particles of a spectrum of oil droplets that contribute to the validated signal output of counter and transient recorder based LDA-electronic signal processing systems.     

关于恢复因子e取值范围的讨论

 研究两物体的碰撞常常引入恢复因数的概念来表示碰撞过程中碰撞冲量的传递，现行教材 中恢复因数常界定在$[0,1]$之间，论文通过穿透和爆炸等具体实例来说明其取值范围的 局限性，并通过对恢复因数的重新定义，将其取值范围进行了扩充.     

Hot-wire calibration over a large temperature range

The hot-wire calibration method as proposed by Cimbala and Park (1990) has been showen to be accurate within a temperature range of 20–45°C. This is a significant extension of the range used by Cimbala and Park (27.5– 34.5°C). The accuracy of the calibration is not affected by the ambient temperature. The calibration curve obtained seems to hold over a long period of time, thus reducing the need for frequent calibrations. Due to contamination the accuracy eventually decreases and the probe has to be re-calibrated.     

Effects of tank tracking on range grasses

The Department of Defense (DoD) must constantly balance its military mission and its commitment to stewardship on large tracks of federal land. These military training lands are some of the most intensely used land in the United States, and training requires that vegetation, primarily grasses, be as resilient as possible. The objectives of this study were to evaluate (i) plant establishment and (ii) the effect of light to heavy tank traffic that ranged from zero to four passes on range grasses at the Yakima Training Center, Yakima, Washington. Characteristics measured include the number of 10-cm gaps without plant materials in seeded rows of the target (sown) species, the biomass of the target species, and the percentages of bluegrass colonization, bare ground, and cheatgrass encroachment in tracked and untracked areas. Both stand establishment and the ability to produce rhizomes are associated with the ability to recover after training. The wildryes did not establish well and subsequently had more 10-cm gaps and lower yields than the other introduced species tested. Among the natives, Snake River wheatgrass and western wheatgrass exhibited the most resilience across the different tracking intensities. The largest decline in percentage target species was observed between the two- and four-pass treatments. After five years, cheatgrass was not able to encroach on Snake River wheatgrass, Siberian wheatgrass, and bluebunch wheatgrass plots. Tracking generally reduced the stand of the target species and increased the amount of bare ground.