子结构Ritz向量综合法

讨论了在动态子结构法中应用静态Ｒｉｔｚ向量替代模态向量时所应考虑的基本问题，即如何合理地定义荷载空间分布向量｛ｆ（ｓ）｝，以避免在子结构中出现低阶模态不连续分布的情况。文中给出了在自由子结构和约束子结构内进行Ｒｉｔｚ变换的一般形式及修正公式。算例表明：应用子结构Ｒｉｔｚ向量综合技术能有效地提高线性结构模态分析的计算效率     

组合结构有限元模型的分步实验校正

本文从结构有限元建模实际情况出发，提出了一个组合结构有限元分析模型的分步实验校正方法。分析模型的误差主要归于两类：一是某些子结构因局部形状复杂；经过分简化而引起。二是各子结构间连接参数估计不准而引起。为此，建议分步校正，先利用子结构动态实验数据，修正子系统阵中与简化处相关的局部物理参数，再由组合结构的动态实验数据，修正子结构间连接参数，从而完成整体有限元模型的修正。导出了修正公式，给出了修正算法。     

基于多重多级动力子结构的瞬态分析方法

提出利用多重多级子结构技术与Newmark算法求解结构动力学方程的高精度算法.该算法利用静凝聚技术列式简单,在凝聚过程中并不引入任何近似的优点,采用子结构周游树技术,分别对每个子结构求解Newmark等效平衡方程,最后通过回代求解得到整体结构的响应.由于该算法考虑了子结构内部自由度对整体求解的贡献,算法实施不受子结构划分方式的限制,因此可以得到系统高阶模态对响应分析的影响.该算法计算精度与传统的全结构求解相当,计算效率高,消耗计算机资源少,且可构造为统一的多重多级子结构综合分析算法框架.数值算例验证了该算法的正确性和有效性.     

有多阶固有频率要求的组合结构设计

在各子结构的振动固有特性（固有频率、振型）已知下，通过设计子结构间的连接元件，使得组合结构的多阶固有频率得到满足。在组合结构动力重分析中，以各子结构的剩余附着模态作为其保留模态的补充，进行模态缩减，保证了计算的精度，提高了计算速度。对具有刚体模态的子结构采取了移频处理技术。文中给出的两个设计计算实例，表明了本文方法的有效性。     

实时子结构实验的研究进展

如果结构的非线性或不确定性仅集中于结构的某一部分,则可仅把这一部分取出来进行实验,其余部分采用数值模型予以模拟,这就是所谓的子结构实验技术。如果实验子结构的反力与加载速率有关,就必须采用实时加载的方式才能获得可靠的实验结果。由于试件性能的速度相关性和实验加载的实时性,使得实时子结构实验在逐步积分算法、实验系统的加载控制和实验系统累积误差等方面比拟动力实验更加复杂。本文介绍实时子结构实验的研究进展,并指出有待进一步研究的问题。     

基于局部模态的约束子结构模型修正法

针对局部子结构为修正对象的情况提出了约束子结构修正法,实现只利用整体结构模态中对应子结构部分的模态即可以修正子结构模型.由脉冲响应结合特征系统实现法识别出子结构的低阶模态;结合识别的模态和整体结构理论模型的高阶模态构造整体结构对应子结构位置的柔度矩阵;利用柔度矩阵的物理意义,在子结构的边界上施加数值支座,把子结构从整体结构中隔离出来成为约束子结构,同时构造出约束子结构的柔度矩阵;利用灵敏度的方法根据构造出的约束子结构柔度矩阵,优化修正约束子结构,即间接等效地修正子结构模型.通过一个平面桁架结构验证了约束子结构模型修正法的可行性与有效性,即使在5%或10%的噪声影响下,仍能得到满意的修正结果.     

Constrained Substructure Model Updating Method Based on Local Mode

针对局部子结构为修正对象的情况提出了约束子结构修正法,实现只利用整体结构模态中对 应子结构部分的模态即可以修正子结构模型. 由脉冲响应结合特征系统实现法识别出子结构的低阶模态; 结合识别的模态和整体结构理论模型的高阶模态构造整体结构对应子结构位置的柔度矩 阵;利用柔度矩阵的物理意义,在子结构的边界上施加数值支座,把子结构从整体结构 中隔离出来成为约束子结构,同时构造出约束子结构的柔度矩阵;利用灵敏度的方法根 据构造出的约束子结构柔度矩阵,优化修正约束子结构,即间接等效地修正子结构模型. 通过一个平面桁架结构验证了约束子结构模型修正法的可行性与有效性,即使在5%或 10%的噪声影响下,仍能得到满意的修正结果. 关键词 模型修正,柔度矩阵,约束子结构,灵敏度,修正单元力     

无条件稳定数值积分方法在拟动力实验中的应用研究

用无条件稳定的隐式α－方法代替目前的条件稳定的显式方法，通过数值迭代控制方法实现了拟动力实验．在此基础上进一步应用子结构技术，解决了刚度大、自由度较多结构采用传统的条件稳定数值积分方法进行拟动力实验的问题．应用不同数值积分方法进行的三层模型结构的实验结果表明，无条件稳定的数值积分方法的实验精度优于条件稳定的数值积分方法的精度．文中还就实验误差的控制补偿问题进行了讨论，提出了采用瞬时割线刚度进行补偿的方法     

固定界面动态子结构方法研究车内噪声问题

随着社会的发展，降低车内噪声越来越受到人们的重视。由于整车结构复杂，本文采用包括软子结构的动态子结构方法，把整车模型划分为多个子结构，包括动力总成子结构、副车架子结构、车身与车内声场耦合子结构、非簧载质量子结构及多个线性和非线性软子结构等。采用固定界面模态综合法，建立整车结构车内声场流固耦合动力学模型。对于车身与车内声场耦合子结构，由于其总质量和刚度矩阵为非对称矩阵，传统的模态叠加法不能应用到耦合系统中，本文引入了左特征向量的概念，用左特征向量左乘原方程，使耦合系统微分方程得到解耦。在已建立的总系统动力学模型基础上，在时域内对前后轴分别激励时汽车振动和车内噪声特性进行仿真模拟，并通过台架试验对仿真结构进行验证。     

柴油机曲轴整体结构的三维有限元分析

本文采用子结构方法对柴油机曲轴整体结构进行了三维有限元分析，对曲轴这种复杂的工程结构问题通过分成子结构进行求解可以建立更加灵活合理的结构模型，也可降低方程组的阶数，节省大量的重复计算工作，使我们能够在没有大机器的情况下，用很少的内存容量解算大自由度数的题目。     

结构动力学与运载火箭技术发展

力学作为工程研究的基础学科,在运载火箭的设计中起着至关重要的作用.结构动力学作为分支学科之一在其中扮演着重要角色,其发展水平很大程度上可反映火箭总体设计能力.本文着眼于结构动力学与运载火箭技术的结合点,简述其发展过程,并对其进一步发展方向提出设想.     

Detection and description of non-linear phenomena in experimental modal analysis via linearity plots

Ground vibration tests (GVTs) on aircraft prototypes are mainly performed to experimentally identify the structural dynamic behaviour in terms of a modal model. This assumes a linear dynamic behaviour of the structure. However, in the practice of ground vibration testing it is often observed that structures do not behave in a perfectly linear manner. Non-linearities can be determined, for example, by free play in junctions, hydraulic systems in control surfaces, or friction. This paper compiles measured, typical, non-linear phenomena from various GVTs on large aircraft. The standard procedure in GVTs nowadays is the application of the Harmonic Balance method which linearizes the dynamic behaviour on the level of excitation. The procedure requires a harmonic excitation of the structure which is usually performed during phase resonance testing. The non-linear behaviour is investigated in terms of linearity plots in which the resonance frequency of a mode is plotted as a function of the excitation level. The experimental data is then compatible with all post-processing procedures for the measured results, e.g. updating of the finite element model or flutter calculations. This paper shows measured linearity plots for some typical non-linear phenomena. In the second part of the paper analytical linearity plots for different non-linear stiffness and damping models are considered in order to investigate whether the type of non-linearity can be identified from measured linearity plots. The analytical linearity plots are discussed with respect to their application limits. The analytical linearity plots are used to interpret the experimental linearity plots stemming from various GVTs on different aircraft prototypes. Finally, the observability of non-linear stiffness and non-linear damping characteristics via linearity plots is assessed.     

以大学生结构设计大赛为导向的工科力学课程教学的思考

力学作为工科基础性课程,在专业课程体系中占有十分重要的位置,但力学课程的教学效果普遍较差,诸多学者提出了各种方法以促进力学课程的教学,由于教学条件、学生层次等原因使其具有一定的局限性。本文在此研究的基础上,以大学生结构设计大赛为导向,详细剖析了力学课程在赛题中的实际应用,对应课程内容初步建立了力学课程三阶段教学方法,通过实践,取得了良好的效果,可为促进力学课程的有效推进和专业体系的建设提供一定的参考。     

Development of a fully Lagrangian MPS-based coupled method for simulation of fluid–structure interaction problems

A fully Lagrangian particle-based method is developed for simulating the FSI (Fluid–Structure Interaction) problems corresponding to incompressible fluid flows and elastic structures. First, the developed elastic structure model is verified by static and dynamic tests corresponding to a simple cantilever beam. The simulation results are compared with analytical and other researchers׳ numerical solutions. Then, the structure model is carefully coupled with a fluid model comprising of the so-called PNU-MPS (Pusan-National-University-modified Moving Particle Simulation) method and several recently developed enhanced schemes. The coupled fluid–structure method is applied to a dam break with an elastic gate and a violent sloshing flow with a hanging rubber baffle. The results of simulations are compared with those of the experiments by Antoci et al. (2007) and Idelsohn et al. (2008).     

一种三轴光纤陀螺时分复用方案的设计与分析

目前三轴一体化已成为国内光纤陀螺一个新的研究热点。提出一种光学敏感部分共用光源与探测器,信号处理部分采用单信号处理电路分时处理的三轴光纤陀螺组合技术方案。分析了信号处理中前放滤波、三轴控制时序和反馈电路中的通道选择。测试结果表明,其指标达到了低精度光纤陀螺的性能要求,适用于小型化、低成本应用背景。     

大准铁路黄河特大桥钢桁梁静载试验

大准铁路黄河特大桥钢桁梁为 96 132 96m三跨连续式、无竖杆刚性桁梁柔性拱组合系结构。运营十年后进行了静载试验,并将测试结果与数值计算进行了对比。钢桁梁在中 -活载和恒载作用下,轴向总应力最大的杆件为A17E18,其总应力为 142. 083MPa。在中 -活载作用下,边跨中和中跨中的挠度,分别为 76. 23mm和 63. 94mm,其挠跨比分别为 1 /1259和 1 /2064。由此可以看出该桥承载力和竖向刚度符合设计标准,满足使用要求,且承载力和竖向刚度安全储备较大。上下游两片主桁受力均匀性较好。测试方法和结果可供类似工程参考。     

Micro-macro investigations about the fatigue behavior of pre-hardened 304L steel

In this work, the effect of cyclic pre-hardening (CPH) and monotonic pre-hardening (MPH), on the Cyclic Stress-Strain Curve (CSSC) and fatigue are considered. New tension-compression tests on two types of 304L alloys used in nuclear power plants are carried out under the following conditions: (i) strain or stress control near endurance limit; (ii) zero or positive mean stress; (iii) virgin, CPH or MPH specimens. Macroscopic results show a detrimental effect of pre-hardening in strain control and a beneficial one in stress control. Some macroscopic considerations are given to explain this result and the effects of an applied mean stress which differ under stress and strain control. Relations between macroscopic results and microstructures at failure are investigated using SEM and TEM. SEM is used for analysis of fatigue striation space.TEM analyses suggest that cyclic pre-hardening mainly promotes wavy slip during subsequent fatigue testing, while monotonous pre-loading favors planar slip. For CPH case it seems that primary cells which are preserved and refined for the most part during fatigue testing, constitute the hard stable structure. After MPH and subsequent fatigue testing, a hard structure is constituted by embedding of three kinds of microstructures, small twins, small cells, crossing twin systems. The formation of a hard structure creates an important internal stress. Observation shows that in pre-hardened specimens, softening arrays as veins and PSBs are frequent under strain control and rather scarce under stress control. It can be so deduced that the increase of fatigue life by pre-hardening in stress control is related to reduced mean free path of mobile dislocations due to internal stress.The obtained results may help to understand some aspects about linear versus non linear fatigue damage accumulation.     

Photoelastic coatings

While photoelastic-model analysis is an effective method to measure stresses, its practical use is limited to solving problems under well-defined loading conditions which can be successfully applied on a simulated basis to the model. Further, model analysis does not take into account such conditions as hidden material defects, assembly stresses, residual stresses, inelastic behavior, and other parameters that are contributing factors to the structural integrity of a part or structure. On the other hand, with photoelastic coatings, the stress analysis is conducted on real parts operating under actual service conditions. The coating reveals the true surface strains occurring on a part, since most, if not all, of the contributing stress conditions mentioned above can be taken into account during testing. Photoelastic coatings are easy to apply and, with proper test planning, are very economical to use. Since a visible picture of the stress field is provided over the entire area coated, intelligent application of the technique can save many hours of testing time and provide quick solutions to design or service-failure problems.     

Development of a hybrid model based on mesh and meshfree methods and its application to fluid–elastic structure interaction for free surface waves

In this paper, a hybrid scheme, Fluid–Fluid–Elastic Structure (FFES) model was developed in the time domain to address the wave breaking impact on the structure. The model is developed based on the partitioned approach with different governing equations that describe various regions of the model domain. The fluid–fluid model denotes that two different fluid models were used to describe fluid in the actual physical domain. The method is a physics-based approximation to reduce the computational time, i.e. in the far-field inviscid fluid (fully nonlinear potential flow theory model), and near to the structure, viscous fluid (Navier Stokes model) is used. The coupled model then interacts with the elastic structure (based on Euler–Bernoulli beam theory). The system of equations is strongly coupled both in space and time. The Fluid–Fluid coupling uses an implicit predictor–corrector scheme, and the fluid–structure coupling works based on an iterative scheme. This approach makes the method more robust and for future extension. Three different possibilities for introducing the coupling was identified and implemented. The model was validated against results from the analytical solution and literature. The method proposed is a reliable, robust, and efficient alternative for simulating fluid–structure interaction problems.     

Collaborative testing of eddy structure identification methods in free turbulent shear flows

 The thrust of this paper is to validate, test and compare several Coherent Structure eduction methods utilizing the same data base. The flow chosen was that of an experimental study of a plane, incompressible, fully developed turbulent two-stream mixing layer. The mixing layer was chosen as the data base because it has been studied extensively from a coherent structures point of view. In addition, its characteristics (similarity, convection velocities, etc.) are well documented. There are also no wall effects so that comparisons between techniques are simplified. The data was collected from hot wire rakes with good spatial resolution thus allowing the contributors to apply and test different structure eduction techniques. The techniques chosen for discussion and used here have found wide utilization over the past decade, and all hold forth the promise of extensive application in the future. These include: Conditional Sampling (Vorticity-based and other methods); Wavelets; Pattern Recognition Analysis; Proper Orthogonal Decomposition; Stochastic Estimation; Topological Concept-based methods; Full Field Methods (e.g., pseudo flow visualization). All are illustrated by application to the mixing layer data base, and comparisons made between the results. This common study has shown that direct comparisons between results of several methods are now possible. Good quantitive and qualitative agreement between the different methods have been observed as well as some differences noted. As an example, the size of the averaged structures computed from the various methods compare to within 6 percent. Received: 15 December 1994/Accepted: 18 December 1997