铝粉尘激波点火的实验研究

介绍了用铝粉氧化反应所生成的中间产物的特征光谱来测量铝粉尘受激波点火延迟的新的测量方法．测量了三种不同形状和粒度的铝粉尘激波点火延迟。由实验证实，当环境温度在Ａｌ２Ｏ３的熔点左右时，铝粒都可以被点火；由于机制的不同，点火延迟相差很大；点火延迟与铝粉颗粒的比表面积和活性铝的含量有关，而与环境的氧含量基本无关；但当氧含量小于１％时，铝粉尘不能被点火。     

铝粉颗粒度对黑索金含铝炸药粉快速反应影响的微观特性研究

利用我们研制的光谱技术及回收技术成功地研究了含铝炸药粉中铝粉快速反应的微观特性。研究发现:铝粉越细，能和氧原子、氢原子（或含氧分子）反应的激励态铝原子增加，铝氢化反应与氧化反应加剧；但是颗粒度小于５０ｍ后，颗粒度对铝粉氧化反应的影响不明显。激励压力增加可导致铝粉氧化反应加强，激励压力大于１．２ＭＰａ后氢化反应减弱，激励态铝原子减少。激励态铝原子减少的原因是铝粉结块造成。     

铝粉粒度和氧气含量对铝粉快速反应影响的研究

通过测量396.1nm和484.2nm波长处的辐射,从微观角度研究了在氢氧气体爆轰波激励下,30～98m四种粒度的铝粉在不同条件下氧化反应的辐射过程。我们的辐射实验结果显示,随铝粉的粒度和氧气条件的变化,存在一到数个强度不等的反应峰。细铝粉的反应主要在一次反应中完成,而粗铝粉则经历数次较弱的反应。此外,还结合辐射测量结果分析了有氧化铝包裹铝粉的汽化、反应过程。     

纳米Al2O3填充聚四氟乙烯摩擦磨损性能的研究

利用ＭＭ－２００型摩擦磨损试验机考察了填料含量及载荷对纳米Ａｌ２Ｏ３填充ＰＴＦＥ复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响,采用扫描电子显微镜观察分析磨损表面形貌及磨损机理,结果表明,纳米Ａｌ２Ｏ３可以提高ＰＴＦＥ的耐磨性,但Ａｌ２Ｏ３会导致严重的塑性变形,并且Ａｌ２Ｏ３含量越高,塑性变形越严重,当Ａｌ２Ｏ３的质量分数为１０％时,填充ＰＴＦＥ复合材料的磨损最小;随着载荷的增大,填充ＰＴＦＥ的磨损增加,填充ＰＴＦＥ     

一种薄膜温度传感器的研制与性能试验

以射频溅射法分别溅射沉积的Ａｌ２Ｏ３和ＭｇＯ复合层作为绝缘匪，以真空蒸镀的钛膜作为温度敏感膜和以溅射Ａｌ２Ｏ３膜作为保护膜，研制成功了一种宽度为１５μｍ的薄膜温度传感器。测试结果表明，复合层绝缘膜的绝缘性能明显地比Ａｌ２Ｏ３绝缘膜的好，经过同样的热处理后，前者能够保持其２０ＭΩ以上的电阻基本不变，而后者则由２０ＭΩ以上降低到１ｋΩ以下。在给定的试验条件下，这种传感器对温度及作用时间的信号响应敏感，     

一种陶瓷刀具材料的摩擦损性能研究

ＴｉＢ２具有熔点高、硬度高和导热性、导电性及抗氧化性能都好等优点，在切削刀具、耐磨零件和某些特殊工况下使用的材料等方面的应用前景广阔．目前，含ＴｉＢ２的Ａｌ２Ｏ３基陶瓷刀具材料已经开发出来并投入实际应用，但对其摩擦磨损特性研究却还不多．因此，采用热压烧结工艺制备了Ａｌ２Ｏ３／ＴｉＢ２陶瓷刀具材料，在ＭＭ－２００型摩擦磨损试验机上，对不同ＴｉＢ２含量的增加，Ａｌ２Ｏ３／ＴｉＢ２陶瓷材料与淬火４５＃钢配副的摩擦学性能作了试验研究．结果表明：ＴｉＢ２的含量增加，Ａｌ２Ｏ３／ＴｉＢ２陶瓷材料的耐磨性明显提高，而摩擦系数仅略有上升，在切削加工淬火４５＃钢的过程中，Ａｌ２Ｏ３／ＴｉＢ２陶瓷刀具的抗磨能力比目前广泛使用的Ａｌ２Ｏ３／ＴｉＣ陶瓷刀具的高１倍以上．Ａｌ２Ｏ３／ＴｉＢ２陶瓷刀具材料的磨损机理主要是粘着、耕犁和脆性微脱落     

氧化铝陶瓷在高温磨损过程中的塑性变形与再结晶

Ａｌ２Ｏ３陶瓷在８００℃以上高温下的摩擦明显减小，在摩擦表面形成了由极细结晶构成的表面层。为了探讨这种表面层的形成机理，研究了Ａｌ２Ｏ３／Ａｌ２Ｏ３摩擦副在８００－１２００℃下于干摩擦时的塑性变形与再结晶，且用表面层厚度和晶粒大小来表征。表面层厚度和再结晶粒子尺寸均取决于试验温度、表观接触压力和滑动速度。根据对应变速率和摩擦表面温度的测算，发现再结晶粒了尺寸与Ｚｅｎｅｒ－Ｈｏｌｌｏｍｏｎ常数Ｚ的对     

Al2O3p／ZA22复合材料拉伸变形时的原位观察

在配有拉伸台的扫描电镜上对Ａｌ２Ｏ３ｐ／ＺＡ２２复合材料进行了单向拉伸的动态原位观察试验。研究结果表明，颗粒的开裂、颗粒与基体的界面脱粘是该复合材料的主要损伤形式。     

含随机分布微裂纹的相变颗粒增韧陶瓷材料的强度和刚度预报

本文针对相变颗粒增韧陶瓷基复合材料中存在大量微裂的现象，分析了微裂纹产生的原因，利用作者改进的等效平杂理论，研究了相变陶瓷中微裂纹对材料强度与刚度的影响，通过与Ａｌ２Ｏ３／ＺｒＯ２陶瓷的三点弯曲实验结果的比较表明，理论与实验结果十分接近，说明本文理论模型是合理的，同时也证明了微裂纹对相变陶恣材料的重要影响。     

Ce-TZP和Ce-TZP/Al_2O_3层状复合材料受载裂尖的相变特性

用云纹干涉法研究了带直通切口的Ｃｅ ＴＺＰ（Ｔｅｔｒａｇｏｎａｌ ＺｉｒｃｏｎｉａＰｏｌｙｃｒｙｓｔａｌ）和Ｃｅ ＴＺＰ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３层状复合材料三点弯曲梁的相变过程．实验发现１６００°Ｃ／３ｈ烧结１２％ｍｏｌＣｅＯ２稳定的Ｃｅ ＴＺＰ在室温下就具有强烈的自催化效应，直通切口前缘的相变区呈树枝状，Ｃｅ ＴＺＰ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３层状复合材料的自催化相变被Ａｌ２Ｏ３层抑制，切口前缘的相变区变短，且相变区的覆盖面积减小．文中最后对Ａｌ２Ｏ３层改变Ｃｅ ＴＺＰ相变区及力学性能的原因进行了讨论．     

激光烧蚀下不同颗粒度Al-teflon的反应行为

为研究不同颗粒度对Al-teflon反应行为的影响，以颗粒度25 μm、1 μm和20～200 nm的Al粉和微米级Teflon粉混合制备的反应材料为研究对象，基于脉冲激光烧蚀实验，结合ICCD相机和光谱仪对反应过程中的自发光成像和发射光谱进行瞬态观测。研究结果表明，Al-teflon反应材料在激光烧蚀下的反应行为体现出典型的二次反应特征，具有持续燃烧特征和明显的后燃效应，也具有较长的能量释放时间；同时，其反应行为与Al粉颗粒度密切相关:初始阶段，反应随Al粉颗粒度的降低加剧，随着反应的进行，纳米级Al粉对应的反应材料后续反应能力逐渐下降，反应强度和反应时间都小于1 μm铝粉对应的反应材料。     

铝粉爆炸特性的实验研究

本文研究了扬尘湍流、铝粉浓度、颗粒度和气相中氧浓度等因素对铝粉爆炸特性的影响。研究结果表明,铝粉颗粒度对铝粉爆炸有十分明显的影响。颗粒度越小,其它因素对铝粉爆炸的影响也越明显。在粉尘爆炸中,较强的扬尘湍流能够使更多粉尘悬浮,有利于粉尘的燃烧并且加快了其燃烧速率。     

超细二氧化硅粉体对淀粉火焰抑制的实验研究

为了探究不同粒径二氧化硅粉体抑制效果上的差异,采用小尺寸竖直燃烧管道系统,研究添加10 μm和30 nm二氧化硅粉体时,不同粒径小麦淀粉燃烧的火焰传播、温度、速度等参数特性的变化。实验结果表明:超细二氧化硅粉体能减弱小麦淀粉燃烧反应强度;30 nm二氧化硅粉体抑制效果优于10 μm二氧化硅,当小麦淀粉粒径小于25 μm时,质量浓度为0.43 kg/m3、粒径30 nm的超细二氧化硅粉体可使小麦淀粉火焰亮度明显下降,最高温度下降38.07%,最大速度和平均速度分别下降42.25%、65.59%;超细二氧化硅粉体主要起物理抑制作用,抑制效果与小麦粒径成反比关系,小麦粒径越小,二氧化硅抑制效果越好。     

尼龙粉末在SLS预热温度下的离散元模型参数确定及其流动特性分析

尼龙粉末是增材制造中常用的粉体材料,温度对其流动性有重要影响. 探索尼龙粉末增材制造预热温度下的流动性是研究选择性激光烧结(selective laser sintering, SLS)工艺中粉体铺展成形的基础. 选取SLS技术中的尼龙粉末为原材料,采用离散元数值方法,研究尼龙粉末的流动行为,是增材制造工艺数值模拟和铺粉工艺优化的研究热点. 以Hertz-Mindlin模型为基础,基于Hamaker理论模型和库伦定律,在尼龙粉末的接触动力学模型中引入范德华力和静电力,建立预热温度下尼龙粉末流动的离散元模型(discrete element method, DEM),通过对比相应实验结果,标定了该模型的参数. 对加热旋转圆筒中尼龙粉末流动过程进行了DEM数值模拟,校核了所建模型的正确性,并研究了粉体粒径分布对尼龙粉末流动特性的影响规律. 研究表明,尼龙粉末黏附力是静电力与范德华力的共同作用结果;随着粉体粒径的增大,尼龙粉末崩塌角增大,流动性增强;相对于高斯粒径分布,粒径均匀分布的尼龙粉末颗粒流动性更强. 研究结果可指导SLS中铺粉工艺的优化.      

惰化剂粒径对铝粉火焰传播特性影响的实验研究

为探索惰化剂粒径对可燃工业粉尘火焰传播特性的影响,通过建立竖直粉尘燃烧管道实验平台,在碳酸氢钠质量分数为30%的惰化条件下,就碳酸氢钠粒径对铝粉燃烧火焰传播特性的影响进行了实验研究。结果表明:平均粒径为30 μm的碳酸氢钠粉体对平均粒径为15 μm的铝粉的火焰传播速度具有较好的抑制作用,惰性粉体与可燃工业粉尘应存在粒度匹配效应;碳酸氢钠粉体对铝粉火焰温度的惰化抑制效果与其粒径呈反比关系;碳酸氢钠粉体会减小铝粉火焰预热区厚度,预热区厚度随碳酸氢钠粒径的增加先减小后增大。此外,分析了碳酸氢钠粒径对铝粉火焰传播特性影响的作用机理。     

Explosively driven particle fields imaged using a high speed framing camera and particle image velocimetry

A high speed framing camera and a particle image velocimetry instrument were used to determine the properties of explosively driven particle fields in early microsecond and later millisecond times. Test items were configured in a two inch long cylindrical shape with a half inch diameter core of organic explosive. The core was surrounded by a particle bed of aluminum or tungsten powder of a specific particle size distribution. Position data from the leading edge of the particle fronts for each charge was recorded with a high speed framing camera at early time and with a particle image velocimetry (PIV) instrument at later time to determine particle velocity. Using a PIV image, a velocity gradient along the length of the particle field was established by using the mean particle velocity value determined from three separate horizontal bands that transverse the particle field. The results showed slower particles at the beginning of the particle field closest to the source and faster ones at the end. Differences in particle dispersal, luminescence, and agglomeration were seen when changes in the initial particle size and material type were made. The aluminum powders showed extensive luminescence with agglomeration forming large particle structures while the tungsten powder showed little luminescence, agglomeration and no particle structures. Combining velocity data from the high speed framing camera and PIV, the average drag coefficient for each powder type was determined. The particle field velocities and drag coefficients at one meter showed good agreement with the numerical data produced from a computational fluid dynamics code that takes advantage of both Eulerian and Lagrangian solvers to track individual particles after a set post detonation time interval.     

Radiation intensity of lignite-fired oxy-fuel flames

The radiative heat transfer in oxy-fuel flames is compared to corresponding conditions in air-fuel flames during combustion of lignite in the Chalmers 100 kW oxy-fuel test facility. In the oxy-fuel cases the flue-gas recycle rate was varied, so that, in principle, the same stoichiometry was kept in all cases, whereas the oxygen fraction in the recycled flue-gas mixture ranged from 25 to 29 vol.%. Radial profiles of gas concentration, temperature and total radiation intensity were measured in the furnace. The temperature, and thereby the total radiation intensity of the oxy-fuel flames, increases with decreasing flue-gas recycle rate. The ratio of gas and total radiation intensities increases under oxy-fuel conditions compared to air-firing. However, when radiation overlap between gas and particles is considered the ratios for air-firing and oxy-fuel conditions become more similar, since the gas-particle overlap is increased in the CO₂-rich atmosphere. A large fraction of the radiation in these lignite flames is emitted by particles whose radiation was not significantly influenced by oxy-fuel operation. Therefore, an increment of gas radiation due to higher CO₂ concentration is not evident because of the background of particle radiation, and, the total radiation intensities are similar during oxy-fuel and air-fuel operation as long as the temperature distributions are similar.     

Contribution of different granulometric populations to powder reactivity

In this article, different population contributions of quartz powders to chemical reactivity in pozzolanic reaction were studied. Deconvolution software was used to show the different particle populations of each product. Reaction of quartz powder with lime in the pozzolanic reaction at 20 °C shows that reactivity of each powder population depends on its particle size. Adsorbed fine particles on coarse particle surfaces have a significant role in the first term of the reaction. In a second term, the micropo...     

Three-dimensional cellular structure of detonations in suspensions of aluminium particles

Recently, we have used scarce available data on the detonation cell size in suspensions of aluminium particles in air and oxygen to adjust the kinetic parameters of our two-phase model of detonations in these mixtures. The calculated detonation cell width was derived by means of two-dimensional (2D) unsteady simulations using an assumption of cylindrical symmetry of the flow in the tube. However, in reality, the detonation cells are three-dimensional (3D). In this work, we have applied the same detonation model which is based on the continuous mechanics of two-phase flows, for 3D numerical simulations of cellular detonation structures in aluminium particle suspensions in oxygen. Reasonable agreement on the detonation cell width was obtained with the aforementioned 2D results. The range of tube diameters where detonations in $\text{ Al/O}_2$ mixture at a given particle size and concentration would propagate in the spinning mode has been estimated (these results make a complement to our previous analysis of spinning detonations in Al/air mixtures). Coupling these results with the dependencies of detonation cell size on the mean particle diameter is of great interest for the understanding of fundamental mechanisms of detonation propagation in solid particle suspensions in gas and can help to better guide the experimental studies of detonations in aluminium suspensions. It is shown that the part of detonation wave energy used for transverse kinetic energy of both gas and particles is quite small, which explains why the propagation velocity of spinning and multi-headed detonations reasonably agrees with the ideal CJ values.