股骨纵向受压时的应力分布特征分析

股骨是支撑人体的重要组成部分,其纵向受压是主要的外力作用形式.过大的荷载、意外的冲击、疲劳等可能造成股骨的断裂损伤,股骨颈开裂与折断是一种典型、高发的损伤形式,此时需要用人工假体代替损坏的部分股骨.为使假体与股骨结合性能接近于原股骨,必需研究掌握股骨的应力分布特征.股骨特别是两端因几何构造的复杂性,相应的应力情况也比较复杂.因受活体股骨及其实验技术的限制,有限元数值计算分析成为一种普遍采用的方法.但股骨上端部构造复杂、尺寸相对较小,往往缺乏可靠的计算结果,且股骨颈附近的有效测试数据相对较少.因此,需要进行全股骨纵向受压的应力分布特征特别是股骨颈附近应力特征的进一步研究.此外,假体植入后股骨的应力分布变化与假体的无菌性松动是一个切实的重要问题.论文基于股骨标本和假体植入鲜股骨纵向受压的多点应力测量结果,进行其有限元建模并计算分析.先基于股骨的CT扫描数据,利用MIMICS软件重建股骨的三维几何精确模型,再转入ANSYS软件划分单元,计算得到全股骨的应力分布结果,说明其分布特征及关键点的应力,并与实验结果比较说明结果的可靠性.然后,考虑股骨颈断裂损伤后的生物型金属假体植入情况,基于假体松动前的股骨实验结果,对于假体与股骨结合体计算分析其应力分布,说明假体植入对于股骨干应力分布的影响、及假体松动与应力遮挡现象.     

TKA术后一种假体周围骨折的力学原因分析

全膝关节置换(total knee arthroplasty, TKA)术后,股骨远端易发生由外侧下方至内侧上方的骨折。通过人体站立、屈膝、行走等工况的模拟,分析股骨远端塑性应变及应力的分布情况,揭示该种骨折发生的原因。股骨髁部位塑性应变在三种工况下均出现在髁间窝及假体边缘线附近。行走时,塑性应变主要出现在股骨髁外侧,向内侧上方扩展,与骨折线走向吻合,是引发股骨远端外侧下方至内侧上方骨折的重要原因。并且,股骨干外侧应力明显大于内侧,且大应力区集中的外侧靠近股骨髁部位,这是导致该种骨折发生的另一个重要原因。     

循环荷载作用下聚丙烯纤维再生混凝土受压性能试验研究

为研究循环荷载作用下聚丙烯纤维再生混凝土(PFRAC)的力学性能，以粗骨料取代率、纤维掺量、加载速率为变化参数，设计了78个圆柱体试件进行单轴循环受压试验。通过试验观察PFRAC的破坏形态，获取了应力-应变曲线、峰值应力、峰值应变、刚度退化等重要指标，研究了不同变化参数对其力学性能指标的影响规律，得到了循环荷载作用下聚丙烯纤维对再生混凝土的阻裂机理。结果表明：循环荷载作用下PFRAC主要发生斜向劈裂破坏；随着聚丙烯纤维掺量的增加，试件表面主裂缝宽度减小；循环荷载下PFRAC试件受压应力-应变曲线包络线与单调受压应力-应变曲线相似；聚丙烯纤维的加入可显著改善PFRAC循环荷载下的力学性能，随着纤维掺量的增加，峰值应力、弹性刚度比先增大后减小；纤维掺量为0.9%时的纤维改性效果最优，峰值应力和峰值刚度比分别提高了4.4%和7.4%。     

SHPB实验过程中岩石变形破坏的实时物像同步分析

典型的岩石动态压缩应力-应变曲线有不同的阶段,岩石变形、破坏形态也有不同的图像表征,力学响应和图像表征具有一一对应关系。针对上述特性,组合分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)与高速摄像机,建立物像同步分析装置,系统研究了岩石在冲击荷载下完整的应力和应变动态响应,并实时采集图像信号。最终,根据应力波传播理论,编制了物象同步分析程序,通过界面显示可实现力学响应与图像表征同步分析。该程序直观地反映了岩石在冲击荷载作用下,应力-应变曲线中不同阶段的力学特性及与其对应的试样开裂情况、破坏趋势、损伤程度等图像表征,清晰地揭示了岩石变形破坏过程的力学机理。     

反复荷载下型钢再生混凝土组合柱粘结性能研究

为研究反复荷载下型钢再生混凝土组合柱粘结性能,对17个组合柱进行了拟静力试验。重点分析型钢翼缘应变分布特征,利用粘结应力计算公式获取型钢翼缘粘结应力大小及其分布规律。在此基础上,分析组合柱粘结破坏机理和位移荷载循环次数对其粘结应力的影响规律,并给出粘结应力退化率计算公式。研究结果表明:反复荷载作用下型钢再生混凝土组合柱粘结应力分布规律基本呈抛物线状;柱中部附近的粘结应力最大,柱上下端粘结应力分布复杂,需对这三个部位采取相应的措施以保证型钢与再生混凝土之间的粘结强度;位移循环荷载作用下粘结强度逐渐降低,出现粘结应力退化现象。研究结论可为型钢再生混凝土组合柱的抗震设计提供理论参考。     

经历不同高温后砂岩的动态力学特性实验研究

运用RX3 -20 -12型箱式电阻炉将砂岩试样分别加热至100、200、400、600、800和1 000℃,然后自然冷却至常温,制成经历不同温度的砂岩试件。运用直径为100mm的分离式Hopkinson压杆装置,用薄圆形紫铜片作为波形整形器,以不同弹速轴向冲击砂岩试样,测试经历不同温度后砂岩试样在不同冲击荷载下的动态力学性能,得出了砂岩的应力-应变曲线及各自的破坏形态。结果表明:常温下砂岩的动态压缩破坏的应力-应变曲线具有明显的4阶段特征,但经历100~400℃作用的砂岩应力-应变曲线的平台段消失,温度继续升高时平台段又重新出现;砂岩的峰值应变随温度升高而升高,动态压缩强度也随温度升高而升高,但在800℃以后陡然下降;砂岩的动态压缩破坏形态受温度和冲击荷载的共同影响,冲击荷载越大破碎程度越大,而且破坏过程总是由外层向内芯发展。     

深埋地下洞室局部让压效应及能量演化规律

为了更大程度地降低岩爆所带来的动力灾害，基于岩爆能量原理，提出了隧道内壁或掌子面前方产生的应力集中现象为非均匀薄壁应力集中的概念，分析认为诱发岩爆的位置为应力集中且应力梯度较大处。以实际工程为依托，通过FISH语言编译计算代码对三维有限差分数值软件进行二次开发，系统地从围岩局部让压的角度研究深部地下洞室在动载作用下的能量演化规律以及钢架合理支护让压间距对洞室破坏形式和动态响应规律，研究表明：由于围岩的局部让压效应，对围岩的扰动减少，冲击波能量在掌子面处被吸收和反射，导致动力响应减弱，使动力荷载有所消减。洞室开挖后，围岩在破坏初期首先出现张拉破坏而后以剪切破坏为主，剩余弹性应变能以动能形式向外剧烈释放，发生岩爆现象的部位与岩体最大主应力方向具有直接关系。     

单舱矩形立式预制综合管廊力学性能研究

基于管廊原型单调静载试验和ABAQUS混凝土塑性损伤本构模型,建立了损伤因子与材料真实应力-应变之间的关系,对新型单舱矩形立式预制综合管廊结构的受力变形性能进行了数值计算分析,探明了管廊结构在单调静载作用下的破坏机理和荷载、应力集中和腋角钢筋设置对结构受力性能的影响。结果表明:预制管廊单调受力屈服破坏经过四个阶段,即内侧跨中的拉伸开裂屈服破坏、外侧跨中的压缩屈服破坏、腋角处的拉伸开裂破坏、钢筋的拉伸屈服破坏。其中,跨中处的屈服荷载是425kN,开裂荷载是360kN;跨中处开裂弯矩的试验值大于理论值和数值分析计算值,说明应用类似钢筋笼式的绑扎技术制成的预制管廊,结构整体性强,且提高了顶板、底板和侧墙的抗弯变形能力,可减少产生裂缝的几率;管廊四周腋角处钢筋的设置使得结构跨中的承载力提高了20%～30%,对管廊跨中结构起到了很好的加固作用,但增加过多腋角钢筋对提高承载力及减少裂缝产生的作用不明显。     

乘员股骨在轴向压力--弯矩下的损伤生物力学机理研究

汽车前碰撞事故中在冲击力作用下乘员股骨经常产生骨折创伤.为研究乘员股骨在不同的轴向压力--弯矩作用下的损伤机理及其耐受限度值,首先建立了一个较为精细的50百分位乘员的坐姿下肢有限元模型,并通过模拟股骨动态三点弯曲及下肢的轴向膝部冲击实验对模型的有效性进行了验证.在此基础上,针对股骨在轴向压力--弯矩载荷下的断裂失效分别进行了曲梁力学模型分析及有限元虚拟实验研究.结果表明:股骨骨折位置依赖于膝部轴向压力及弯矩的载荷大小的变化,在预加载弯矩从0增加到676Nm时,股骨失效部位由股骨颈部转移到股骨干末端区域;失效部位发生在颈部及股骨干时的最大力矩分别为285～296Nm和381～443Nm.股骨损伤机理的分析结果阐释了在膝部轴向冲击实验中失效部位位于股骨颈部,而在汽车前碰撞事故中仍有大量的股骨干骨折出现的原因.     

乘员股骨在轴向压力-弯矩下的损伤生物力学机理研究

汽车前碰撞事故中在冲击力作用下乘员股骨经常产生骨折创伤.为研究乘员股骨在不同的轴向压力-弯矩作用下的损伤机理及其耐受限度值,首先建立了一个较为精细的50百分位乘员的坐姿下肢有限元模型,并通过模拟股骨动态三点弯曲及下肢的轴向膝部冲击实验对模型的有效性进行了验证.在此基础上,针对股骨在轴向压力-弯矩载荷下的断裂失效分别进行了曲梁力学模型分析及有限元虚拟实验研究.结果表明:股骨骨折位置依赖于膝部轴向压力及弯矩的载荷大小的变化,在预加载弯矩从0增加到676Nm时,股骨失效部位由股骨颈部转移到股骨干末端区域;失效部位发生在颈部及股骨干时的最大力矩分别为285 296Nm和381443Nm.股骨损伤机理的分析结果阐释了在膝部轴向冲击实验中失效部位位于股骨颈部,而在汽车前碰撞事故中仍有大量的股骨干骨折出现的原因.      

Applied and engineering versions of the theory of elastoplastic processes of active complex loading. Part 1: Conditions of mathematical well-posedness and methods for solving boundary value problems

In the proposed theory of plasticity, the deviator constitutive relation has a trinomial form (the vectors of stresses, stress rates, and strain rates, which are formed form the deviators, are coplanar) and contains two material functions; one of these functions depends on the modulus of the stress vector, and the other, on the angle between the stress vector and the strain rate, the length of the deformation trajectory arc, and the moduli of the stress and strain vectors. The spherical parts of the stress and strain tensors satisfy the relations of elastic variation in the volume.We obtain conditions on the material functions of the model which ensure the mathematical wellposedness of the statement of the initial–boundary value problem (i.e., the existence and uniqueness of the generalized solution, and its continuous dependence on the external loads). We also describe the scheme for solving the initial–boundary value problem step by step using the model and present the expression for the Jacobian of the boundary value problem at the time step. These results are formalized as a subprogram for prescribing the mechanical properties of the user material in the finite-element complex ABAQUS, which allows one to calculate the structure deformations on the basis of the proposed theory.     

Analysis of the localization of damage and the complete stress-strain relation for mesoscopic heterogeneous brittle rock subjected to compressive loads

A micromechanics-based model is established. The model takes the interaction among sliding cracks into account, and it is able to quantify the effect of various parameters on the localization condition of damage and deformation for brittle rock subjected to compressive loads. The closed-form explicit expression for the complete stress-strain relation of rock containing microcracks subjected to compressive loads was obtained. It is showed that the complete stress-strain relation includes linear elasticity, nonlinear hardening, rapid stress drop and strain softening. The behavior of rapid stress drop and strain softening is due to localization of deformation and damage. Theoretical predictions have shown to be consistent with the exoerimental results.     

Flexural Stress Concentration Near a Hyperboloidal Neck in a Transversely Isotropic Piezoceramic Cylinder

The general solution of the electroelastic problem for a transversely isotropic hyperboloid of revolution is used to find the stress concentration near a hyperboloidal neck in a piezoceramic body subjected to bending. The solution is a sum of four partial solutions for the case where the forces and the normal component of the induction vector on the neck surface are equal to zero. Numerical examples are given for specific external loads and properties of the body. The stress components and normal component of the induction vector near the neck vertex are plotted as a function of the external load and neck curvature     

Mechanical performance and negative pressure instability for venous walls

Mechanical properties, such as the deformation and stress distributions for venous walls under the combined load of transmural pressure and axial stretch, are examined within the framework of nonlinear elasticity with one kind of hyper-elastic strain energy functions. The negative pressure instability problem of the venous wall is explained through energy comparison. First, the deformation equation of the venous wall under the combined loads is obtained with a thin-walled circular cylindrical tube. The deformation curves and the stress distributions for the venous wall are given under the normal transmural pressure, and the regulations are discussed. Then, the deformation curves of the venous wall under the negative transmural pressure or the internal pressure less than the external pressure are given. Finally, the negative pressure instability problem is discussed through energy comparison.     

高分子材料平面应变拉伸变形局部化

将基于应变软化玻璃状高分子材料微观特征建立的ＢＰＡ８－链分子网络模型引入ＵｐｄａｔｉｎｇＬａｇｒａｎｇｅ有限元方法，建立了适于变形局部化分析的大变形弹塑性有限元驱动应力法．在此基础上，数值模拟了初始各向同性高分子材料平面应变拉伸变形局部化的传播过程．探讨了ＢＰＡ模型对具有加工硬化特性的结晶性高分子材料变形分析的适应性；分析了局部化传播过程中颈缩截面的非均匀应力三轴效应；最后，讨论了网格尺寸以及初始几何不均匀性对颈缩扩散以及应力三轴效应的影响     

Obtaining a Wide-Strain-Range True Stress–Strain Curve Using the Measurement-In-Neck-Section Method

Background

Measuring true stress–strain curve over a large-strain-range is essential to understand mechanical behavior and simulate non-linear plastic deformation. The digital image correlation (DIC) technique, a non-contact full-field optical measurement technique, is a promising candidate to obtain a long-range true stress–strain curve experimentally.

Objective

This paper proposes a method for measuring true stress–strain curves over a large-strain-range during tensile testing using DIC.

Methods

The wide-strain-range true stress–strain curves of dual-phase and low carbon steels were extracted on the transverse direction in the neck region. The axial strain on the neck section was estimated by averaging the inhomogeneous deformation on the cross-section of the tensile specimen. The true stress was calculated from the engineering stress and the cross-sectional area of the neck.

Results

The validity of the proposed method was assessed by comparing the experimental load–displacement responses during tensile testing with the finite element method (FEM) simulation results. The stress and strain on the neck section estimated using the FEM and DIC, respectively, were proven to satisfy the uniaxial condition and successfully obtained.

Conclusions

The experimental results agree well with the FEM results. The proposed concept can be applied to various deformation modes for accurately measuring long-range true stress–strain curves.

     

A unified expression of elastic–plastic notch stress–strain calculation in bodies subjected to multiaxial cyclic loading

In this paper, a simplified thermodynamics analysis of cyclic plastic deformation is performed in order to establish an energy transition relation for describing the elastic–plastic stress and strain behavior of the notch-tip material element in bodies subjected to multiaxial cyclic loads. Based on the thermodynamics analysis, it is deduced that in the case of elastic–plastic deformation, Neuber’s rule inevitably overestimates the actual stress and strain at the notch tip, while the equivalent strain energy density (ESED) method tends to underestimate the actual notch-tip stress and strain. According to the actual energy conversion occurring in the notch-tip material element during cyclic plastic deformation, a unified expression for estimating the elastic–plastic notch stress–strain responses in bodies subjected to multiaxial cyclic loads is developed, of which Neuber’s rule and the ESED method become two particular cases, i.e. upper and lower bound limits of the notch stress and strain estimations. This expression is verified experimentally under both proportional and non-proportional multiaxial cyclic loads and a good agreement between the calculated and the measured notch strains has been achieved. It is also shown that in the case of multiaxial cyclic loading, the unified expression distinctly improves the accuracy of the notch-tip stress–strain estimations in comparison with Neuber’s rule and the ESED method. The unified expression of the notch stress–strain calculation developed in this paper can thus provide a more logical approximate approach for estimating the elastic–plastic notch-tip stress and strain responses of components subjected to lengthy multiaxial cyclic loading histories for local strain approach-based fatigue-crack-initiation life prediction.     

Shape memory behaviour: modelling within continuum thermomechanics

A phenomenological material model to represent the multiaxial material behaviour of shape memory alloys is proposed. The material model is able to represent the main effects of shape memory alloys: the one-way shape memory effect, the two-way shape memory effect due to external loads, the pseudoelastic and pseudoplastic behaviour as well as the transition range between pseudoelasticity and pseudoplasticity.The material model is based on a free energy function and evolution equations for internal variables. By means of the free energy function, the energy storage during thermomechanical processes is described. Evolution equations for internal variables, e.g. the inelastic strain tensor or the fraction of martensite are formulated to represent the dissipative material behaviour. In order to distinguish between different deformation mechanisms, case distinctions are introduced into the evolution equations. Thermomechanical consistency is ensured in the sense that the constitutive model satisfies the Clausius–Duhem inequality.Finally, some numerical solutions of the constitutive equations for isothermal and non-isothermal strain and stress processes demonstrate that the various phenomena of the material behaviour are well represented. This applies for uniaxial processes and for non-proportional loadings as well.     

预延伸非晶聚合物材料各向异性变形局部化

给出一种可描述预延伸各向异性特性的背应力张量三维表达式，引入大变形弹塑性有限元驱动应力法，结合ＢＰＡ８ 链细观分子网络模型，模拟了预延伸各向异性非晶聚合物材料平面应变拉伸变形局部化力学行为．详细讨论了预延伸比（ＩｎｉｔｉａｌＤｒａｗｉｎｇＲａｔｉｏ；ＩＤＲ）和预延伸方向（ＩｎｉｔｉａｌＤｒａｗｉｎｇＤｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎ；ＩＤＤ）对变形抗力、颈缩规律、剪切带方向以及试件中心部位链延伸比的影响．