土的工程力学性质的颗粒流模拟

基于颗粒流理论,引入不同的颗粒接触连接本构模型,分别建立了砂土和粘性土的颗粒流模型．通过颗粒流数值模型试验,对砂土和粘性土的室内平面应变试验及其剪切带形成和发展进行了数值模拟,分别对比了不同围压下颗粒流试样与室内试验的应力应变关系曲线,基本再现了砂土和粘性土试样应力．应变关系．通过砂土和粘性土PFC试样剪切带模拟表明,当围压较小时试样内部颗粒位移量小而且分布范围较广,当围压增大时,试样内部颗粒位移量也增大,而且发生较大位移颗粒的分布范围趋于集中,同时随着围压的增大试样内部形成明显的剪切带．无论砂土还是粘性土的PFC试样,随着围压的增加剪切带的形状趋于集中,而且剪切带宽度在减小．在围压很小时,试样内形成大的破坏区域,在围压较大时出现明显的线破坏区．这些规律基本与室内试验结果相似。     

垂直沉积干燥薄膜的剪切模量粒径依赖研究

作者前期在关于胶体颗粒粒径对干燥薄膜的初始裂纹形成影响的研究论文中报道了:对于相同厚度薄膜的初始裂纹,其裂纹间距随颗粒粒径的增大而减小.本文从这一实验现象出发,针对垂直沉积干燥薄膜的剪切模量进行了进一步的理论分析.结果表明此薄膜的剪切模量同样具有粒径依赖的特性.同时,通过与颗粒聚集体材料剪切模量的粒径依赖性的比较,我们发现二者有所差异,这表明干燥薄膜的剪切模量不仅仅由其固相部分决定,其液相部分的影响不可忽视.     

双滑移转动率模型对椭圆散粒体的适用性

首先基于椭圆颗粒接触点的运动关系推导出新的平均纯转动率（APR）表达式，并将其引入到已有的描述圆形散粒体流动特性的双滑移转动率模型（DSR²模型）中；而后采用改进的NS2D离散元程序对长短轴比例分别为1.4和1.7的椭圆颗粒堆积体进行一系列不排水单剪试验，验证以椭圆颗粒为基础的离散元方法模拟砂土流动特性的可行性及DSR²模型的合理性。数值试验及已有成果表明，以椭圆颗粒为基础的NS2D程序能够模拟砂土的流动特性，对圆形和椭圆形颗粒体系，DSR²模型均能很好地预测运动模型中转动率参量的变化情况；APR是联系连续介质力学和离散介质力学的重要参数，它将二者有机结合成一个整体。     

磁流变弹性体若干物理量的数值分析

应用有限元方法,考虑了颗粒的磁化饱和过程与非线性磁化过程,计算得到了磁流变弹性体中的磁场分布,进而研究了在不同磁场大小、不同颗粒体积比浓度下磁流变弹性体在成链方向的相对磁导率,计算结果和实验结果取得了一致。利用Maxwell应力张量,计算了磁场引起的磁流变弹性体的附加剪切模量。分析了颗粒体积比浓度、外加磁场对磁流变弹性体的磁致剪切模量的影响。研究了颗粒为旋转椭球形状时,颗粒的放置方式与其长短轴之比对磁流变弹性体的磁致剪切模量的影响。计算结果表明,磁流变弹性体的相对磁导率随颗粒体积比浓度的增大而增大,随磁场强度的增大而减小,颗粒的形状和放置方式对磁流变效应有很大的影响。     

剪胀性饱和砂土弹塑性模型

在修正剑桥模型基础上,本文建立的剪胀性饱和砂土弹塑性模型使用相变状态参数描述剪胀性饱和砂土剪胀特性,克服了修正剑桥模型不能直接模拟剪胀砂土力学行为这一局限性。该模型有两方面的改进:一方面,模型将剪胀应力比Md引入剪胀方程;另一方面,模型在塑性功基础上提出用与应力路径无关的硬化参数来替代修正剑桥模型中的塑性体积应变增量。通过试验验证及与修正剑桥模型计算结果对比,结果表明,该模型较适合模拟剪胀性饱和砂土的力学性能,同时也能较好地体现较密实砂土的硬化及软化现象。模型共8个参数,用常规三轴试验就可获取。     

NiMnGa颗粒/环氧树脂复合材料的力学性能研究

将通过球磨法获得的Ni2MnGa颗粒与双酚A二缩水甘油醚环氧树脂混合均匀并常温固化,制备出相应的复合材料试件;通过拉伸-卸载试验研究了NiMnGa颗粒对树脂基体的增强效果;以试验为基础,从细观力学的角度分析了NiMnGa颗粒对树脂基复合材料弹性特性的影响;采用商用有限元软件Abaqus,对NiMnGa/树脂复合材料单胞模型进行了仿真计算。分析结果表明:随着NiMnGa颗粒体积含量的增加,试件的拉伸模量和剪切模量增大、泊松比减小;随着椭圆NiMnGa颗粒长短半轴比的减小,复合材料纵向泊松比增加、纵向拉伸模量减小,横向拉伸模量呈先减后增的趋势,剪切模量则呈先增后减的趋势。通过对比可知试验值、理论值、有限元模拟值数值相近且变化趋势一致。     

周期性多孔材料等效剪切模量与尺寸效应研究

提出了以圆筒扭转力学模型为基础, 预测周期性多孔材料等效剪切模量及其研究尺寸效 应的一种简单有效计算方法. 以方形孔和圆形孔两种典型多孔材料为例进行了数值计算求解; 同时, 建立了几何参数随体胞尺寸缩放因子$n$的解析关系, 证明了两种构型的周期性多孔材 料的等效剪切模量均随尺寸缩放因子$n$的增大而减小. 当$n \to \infty $时, 即体胞尺寸相对整体结构无限小时, 多孔材料的等效剪切模量趋近收敛于一个恒定值; 当体胞的材料体分比增大时, 多孔材料等效剪切模量也随之增大. 此外, 依据周 期性多孔材料的结构对称特性, 使用体胞子结构有限元计算模型进行等效剪切模量及其尺寸 效应的预测, 极大地提高了计算效率.     

基于PFC~(3D)的砂土直剪模拟及宏细观分析

为能更好地分析砂土在剪切过程中的体积变化及力学行为,通过PFC~(3D)颗粒流程序,按照室内实际级配建立数值试样,进行了不同垂直压力下的砂土直剪试验模拟,并将模拟结果与室内试验结果进行了对比;研究了砂土在剪切过程中的体积变化,并用两种方法分析了砂土剪切带的演变过程;从细观角度对试样颗粒的速度场及力链网络的发展变化进行了分析研究。结果表明,数值模拟结果与室内试验结果基本一致,砂土的体积变化表现为先剪缩后剪胀,剪胀量与垂直压力成反比;剪切带厚度约为11～12倍d_(50),在剪切带内颗粒的位移和欧拉角变化较大;试样内部强力链的演变较为明显,力链网络对外荷载变化的敏感性很高;剪切过程中上盒颗粒速度场方向的变化能够较好地解释砂土产生的剪胀现象。     

中间弱层对层合板性能影响分析

对于夹胶玻璃等结构,由于中间胶层很弱,层合板结构的层间剪切效应占主导地位。此时经典层合板理论以及整体高阶剪切位移场理论所预测的结果可能导致很大的实际误差,应采用更加精细的力学模型来分析弱层的效应。本文建立了分层位移场假设下的浅柱面层合板静力计算模型以及自振周期计算模型,并同经典层合板理论计算结果对比,分析了中间层的剪切模量、弹性模量、层合板曲率半径对层间剪切效应的影响。计算结果表明:中间层的剪切模量对层合板的受力性能有着决定性的影响,相对来说中间层的弹性模量对层合板性能的影响不太显著;当中间层与面层的剪切模量比值小于0.2时,随着中间层剪切模量的减小,两个模型的计算误差急剧增大。     

基于DIC的受载砂土颗粒体系的细观参数及运动分析

本文结合DIC方法对砂土体系进行可视化的直剪试验。通过对所采集的数字图片进行预处理,得到利于计算砂土体系细观参数的优质图片,经过图像分割和区域标记,最后利用MATLAB计算得到体系孔隙率、定向率和各向异性率等细观参数。对图像进行DIC计算分析,得到砂土颗粒体系的位移等值线云图,分析了体系内的砂土颗粒在直剪试验中的运动情况,并定性描述了位移突变对体系部分力链传递过程的影响。     

Micromechanical approach to the behavior of poroelastic materials

A micromechanical analysis of the behavior of saturated elastic porous media is presented. Pores are connected and saturated with a fluid at uniform pressure. The non-linear macroscopic response of the porous medium is assumed to be related to the existence of a network of microcracks in the solid phase. The progressive closure of cracks during loading is viewed to control the material non-linearity.Using averaging schemes based on both the classical and modified secant methods, the non-linearity of the overall response is shown to be sometimes controlled by an effective stress. The modified secant method accounts in a certain way for the non-uniform distribution of strains within the solid phase. Different definitions of the effective stress are found, each of them being a combination of the overall stress with the fluid pressure. The hypothesis of connexion between pores and microcracks is discussed in details. The consequences of this hypothesis on the non-linear overall response are illustrated and comparisons are made with experimental data.     

The crossover between linear and non-linear mechanical behaviour in polymer solutions as detected by Fourier-transform rheology

 The application of oscillatory shear strain leads, in the non-linear regime, to the appearance of higher harmonic contributions in the shear stress response. These contributions can be analyzed as spectra in Fourier space, with respect to different frequencies, amplitudes and phase angles. In this article, we present an application of this new characterization method to a solution of the linear homopolymer polyisobutylene. The degree of non-linear response during oscillatory shear is quantified using the normalized intensity of the third harmonic contribution. We were able to show experimentally on polyisobutylene that there is an immediate onset of the non-linear response even for very small shear strain amplitudes. Received: 21 June 1999/Accepted: 21 August 1999     

垂向动载下饱和砂土液化发展的数值模拟

针对一维应变情况,建立了垂向荷载作用时饱和砂土的一维应变动力学模型,然后进行了分析。得到了在垂向荷载作用下,饱和砂土液化发展过程的特性。结果表明,渗透系数越小,骨架强度越低,扰动强度越大,液化发展越快。     

黄河三角洲粉质土的动模量和阻尼比试验研究

结合室内共振柱和动三轴实验,对黄河三角洲饱和原状粉质土体(粉土、粉砂、粉质粘土)动模量和阻尼比的影响因素和发展规律进行了详细的研究。研究表明,在粉粒和粘粒含量对动模量的共同影响中,粉粒含量起着举足起重的作用;侧限压力对归一化剪模比和阻尼比的影响均较显著,相比粘粒含量的影响不大。通过与Seed建议的砂土及饱和粘土的G/Gmax~γ曲线和λ~γ曲线进行对比,结果显示研究区的粉质土相比一般的砂土和饱和粘土而言,其动力变形特性更接近于砂土,但是与砂土也存在着非常明显的差异;其发展规律与其他地区沉积粉质土也较为不同,具有明显的区域性。采用修正了的Hard in-D rnevich模型和对数模型分别对G/Gmax~γ曲线和λ~γ曲线进行拟合,给出了三类粉质土的归一化动力变形G/Gmax~γ/γr关系曲线,对模型中有关参数的影响因素做了初步的探讨。     

Non-linear rheology of a face-centred cubic phase in a diblock copolymer gel

The viscoelastic behaviour of a poly(oxyethylene)-poly(oxybutylene) diblock copolymer in aqueous solution forming a face-centred cubic (fcc) micellar phase has been investigated using oscillatory shear rheometry. With increasing strain amplitude, the micellar solution was observed to undergo a transition from linear to non-linear behaviour, characterized by strong shear thinning. The non-linear behaviour observed in the stress response was analyzed by Fourier transformation of the waveform. Fourier analysis revealed that the high harmonic contributions to the shear stress response increased with strain amplitude and up to the 81st harmonic was observed for very large amplitudes. The onset of non-linear response as defined from the dependence of isochronal dynamic shear moduli on strain amplitude was found to be in good agreement with that defined by the appearance of a higher harmonic in the stress waveform. The amplitudes of the harmonic coefficients are compared to the predictions of a model for the nonlinear rheological response of a lyotropic cubic mesophase based on the stress response to a periodic lattice potential (Jones and McLeish 1995). It is found that the model is able to account for qualitative trends in the data such as the development of finite higher harmonics with increasing strain, but it does not describe the full frequency and strain dependence of these coefficients. Received: 31 May 2000 Accepted: 21 August 2000     

Flow of concentrated solutions of starlike micelles under large-amplitude oscillatory shear

The non-linear viscoelasticity of concentrated solutions and glasses of soft starlike micelles has been studied by large-amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS). The non-linear response has been analysed using current schemes of Fourier transform (FT) rheology, and its character has been determined by the phase of the third harmonic contribution to the stress. The limitations of FT rheology and related analysis methods are discussed, and an alternative method is presented that takes into account all the higher harmonics. This method reveals a strain-hardening character of intracycle non-linearities at large strain amplitudes for all volume fractions. We also show that, although the relation of LAOS with steady shear measurements works qualitatively, due to inherent limitations of LAOS, steady shear data cannot be reproduced quantitatively.     

Effect of porosity on the properties of strain localization in porous media under undrained conditions

Within the general framework of mixture theory and by introducing the fictitious “fluid phase” as a mixture of a liquid and a gas, the conditions for localization of deformation into a shear band in the incremental response of partially saturated and fully saturated elastic–plastic porous media under undrained conditions are derived. The effect of porosity is included in the derivation. The explicit analytical expressions of the direction of shear band initiation and the corresponding hardening modulus of the porous media for the plane strain case are deduced, and a parametric analysis is made of the influence of the porosity on the properties of strain localization based on Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion. It is found that the dependence of the shear banding properties of partially saturated porous media on the porosity is related to the stress states and Poisson's ratio. However, the properties of the strain localization for the fully saturated porous media are almost independent of Poisson's ratio. Finally, on the basis of Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion, some solutions of the shear banding orientation for water-saturated granular materials are obtained, which are proved to be in good agreement with the experimental results reported by other researchers.     

Mechanical Behaviors of Saturated Sand under Complicated Loading

The different physical states of saturated sand, including shear elasticity, positive dilatancy, and negative dilatancy (preliminary negative dilatancy, secondary negative dilatancy and reversal negative dilatancy) are revealed based on the pore water pressure response of saturated sand in undrained dynamic torsional tests of thin cylinder samples and also checked by the drained cyclic triaxial tests under a given mean effective normal stress. According to the effective stress path of different physical states under the undrained cyclic torsional tests the physical state transformation surface, stress history boundary and yield surface are determined, and the state boundary surface is also determined by the range of effective frictional stress state movement. Based on the moving yield surface without rotation, and the expanding stress history boundary surface relevant to the stress path variations under different physical states in 3D stress space, a physical state model is proposed to provide a new app     

Linear Elastic Wave Propagation in Unsaturated Sands,Silts, Loams and Clays

Due to its propitious material properties sandstone is the most studied porous medium for the investigation of linear wave propagation. However, in practical applications the behavior of other soil types, i.e., especially the three main soil types sand, silt, and clay, are much more important. Therefore, the model for partially saturated soils introduced by Albers (Habilitation Thesis, 2010a) is applied to 11 soil types classified in the German standard DIN 4220 to obtain information on the phase velocities and attenuations of the three longitudinal waves and the shear wave appearing in such media.     

Destabilization of long-wavelength Love and Stoneley waves in slow sliding

Love waves are dispersive interfacial waves that are a mode of response for anti-plane motions of an elastic layer bonded to an elastic half-space. Similarly, Stoneley waves are interfacial waves in bonded contact of dissimilar elastic half-spaces, when the displacements are in the plane of the solids. It is shown that in slow sliding, long-wavelength Love and Stoneley waves are destabilized by friction. Friction is assumed to have a positive instantaneous logarithmic dependence on slip rate and a logarithmic rate weakening behavior at steady-state.Long-wavelength instabilities occur generically in sliding with rate- and state-dependent friction, even when an interfacial wave does not exist. For slip at low rates, such instabilities are quasi-static in nature, i.e., the phase velocity is negligibly small in comparison to a shear wave speed. The existence of an interfacial wave in bonded contact permits an instability to propagate with a speed of the order of a shear wave speed even in slow sliding, indicating that the quasi-static approximation is not valid in such problems.