Simulation of adaptation of blood vessel geometry to flow and pressure: Implications for arterio-venous impedance

Aortic input impedance relates pressure to flow at the aortic entrance distal to the aortic valve. We designed the CircAdapt three-element model of this impedance, consisting of resistive wave impedance, arterial compliance and peripheral resistance. Direct association of the elements with physical properties facilitated incorporation of nonlinear elastic properties of wall material and adaptation of vessel geometry to mechanical load. Use of the CircAdapt impedance model is extended to all arterial and venous connections to the heart. After incorporation in the existing CircAdapt model of whole circulation dynamics, vascular geometry was determined by adaptation to hemodynamic load as generated by the CircAdapt model itself. Model generated vascular geometry and hemodynamics appear realistic. Since the same adaptation rules are used for arteries and veins, all vascular impedances are determined mainly by two parameters only. Thus, large changes in hemodynamic load, like exercise or hypertension, were simulated realistically without the need to change parameter values. Simulation of adaptation enables to predict consequences of chronic change in hemodynamics, e.g. due to pathology or proposed therapy.     

浅谈动脉流体动力学分析

就我们所熟知,绝大部分正常动脉流,其血液的流动特性是属于层流范围,但随着弯曲和分 支部分会产生血液流之二次回流区,进而形成所谓近似非稳态流及紊流. 因此动脉流体的特 性会随动脉外形及条件的改变而改变. 在某些情形下,异常动脉的血液动力特性会造成动脉 的病变. 因此,近年来动脉血液流体的特性的研究,常着重于异常动脉的血液动力特性所形 成剪应力和病变部位动脉粥状硬化关系的探讨. 动脉血液流动经常包含分离流或二次回流运动,而这是流体力学的分析或数值模拟最困难的 部分. 有关分离流或二次回流的研究包括正常血管流和异常血管流,藉由二次回流的模拟与 测量可以观察血管病变的形成与演变,其中最受注目探讨题目是窄化血管如粥状斑块相关的 血液流动分析. 将回顾二维和三维、稳态、非稳态之动脉血流与窄化血管相关的几何外形作模拟研究和 实验. 并提供对血液动力学的研究方向,以作为未来医疗诊断与发展相关器材之参考.     

Analysis of regular and irregular acoustic streaming patterns in a rectangular enclosure

This study reports an experimental investigation of the non-linear phenomena of regular (classical) and irregular streaming patterns generated in an air-filled rigid-walled square channel subjected to the acoustic standing waves of different frequencies and intensities. The interaction of acoustic waves and thermoviscous fluids is responsible for these phenomena. The resonator’s walls are maintained at isothermal condition. Synchronized particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique has been used to measure the streaming velocity fields. The experimental results show that at a given excitation frequency, regular streaming flow patterns are observed up to a certain value of the excitation amplitude. As the amplitude increases beyond this limit, the regular streaming is distorted to an irregular flow structure. The regular and irregular streaming are classified in terms of streaming Reynolds number . It is found that for Re_s2<50, classical streaming flow patterns are established and then deform to irregular and complex shapes as Re_s2 exceeds 50.     

Thermogram-based estimation of foot arterial blood flow using neural networks

The altered blood flow in the foot is an important indicator of early diabetic foot complications. However, it is challenging to measure the blood flow at the whole foot scale. This study presents an approach for estimating the foot arterial blood flow using the temperature distribution and an artificial neural network. To quantify the relationship between the blood flow and the temperature distribution, a bioheat transfer model of a voxel-meshed foot tissue with discrete blood vessels is established based on the computed tomography (CT) sequential images and the anatomical information of the vascular structure. In our model, the heat transfer from blood vessels and tissue and the inter-domain heat exchange between them are considered thoroughly, and the computed temperatures are consistent with the experimental results. Analytical data are then used to train a neural network to determine the foot arterial blood flow. The trained network is able to estimate the objective blood flow for various degrees of stenosis in multiple blood vessels with an accuracy rate of more than 90%. Compared with the Pennes bioheat transfer equation, this model fully describes intra- and inter-domain heat transfer in blood vessels and tissue, closely approximating physiological conditions. By introducing a vascular component to an inverse model, the blood flow itself, rather than blood perfusion, can be estimated, directly informing vascular health.     

Partially invariant solutions in gas dynamics and implicit equations

This paper studies a nonbarochronic, regular, partially invariant solution (submodel) of rank one and defect two to the equations of gas dynamics which describes spatial unsteady gas motion. The equations of gas dynamics are reduced to an implicit ordinary differential equation of the first order for an auxiliary function and to an integrable system. A complete classification of the irregular singular points of the key equation according to a parameter characterizing the gas flow is given, and transformations of the irregular singular points with variation in the parameter are obtained. Qualitative properties of the solution are investigated and physically interpreted in terms of gas motion. It is shown that there are two modes of motion, one of which is supersonic, and in the second modes, a continuous transition through the speed of sound is possible.     

Experimental realizations of the HR neuron model with programmable hardware and synchronization applications

This study presents experimental realizations of the HR neuron model with programmable hardware and synchronization applications. The HR neuron model exhibiting burst, spike, and chaotic dynamics has been implemented with both FPAA (Field Programmable Analog Array) and FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) devices. These devices provide flexible design possibilities such as reducing the complexity of design, real-time modification, software control and adjustment within the system. And it is also examined experimentally that how the synchronization of two HR neurons are able to achieve by using these hardware. The experimental results obtained from FPAA and FPGA based realizations agree with the numerical simulations very well.     

Capturing the experimental behaviour of a point-absorber WEC by simplified numerical models

The paper presents a wave basin experiment of a direct-driven point-absorber wave energy converter moving in six degrees of freedom. The goal of the work is to study the dynamics and energy absorption of the wave energy converter, and to verify under which conditions numerical models restricted to heave can capture the behaviour of a point-absorber moving in six degrees of freedom. Several regular and irregular long-crested waves and different damping values of the power take-off system have been tested. We collected data in terms of power output, device motion in six degrees of freedom and wave elevation at different points of the wave basin. A single-body numerical model in the frequency domain and a two-body model in the time domain are used in the study. Motion instabilities due to parametric resonance observed during the experiments are discussed and analysis of the buoy motion in terms of the Mathieu instability is also presented. Our results show that the simplified models can reproduce the body dynamics of the studied converter as long as the transverse non-linear instabilities are not excited, which typically is the case in irregular waves. The performance of the more complex time domain model is able to reproduce both the buoy and PTO dynamics, while the simpler frequency domain model can only reproduce the PTO dynamics for specific cases. Finally, we show that the two-body dynamics of the studied wave energy converter affects the power absorption significantly, and that common assumptions in the numerical models, such as stiff mooring line or that the float moves only in heave, may lead to incorrect predictions for certain sea states.     

Fluid Dynamics at Connections in Paediatric Cardiac Surgery*

The modified Blalock-Taussig shunt is a connection created between the systemic and pulmonary arterial circulations to improve pulmonary perfusion in children with congenital heart diseases. Survival of these patients is critically dependent on blood flow distribution between the pulmonary and systemic circulations, that in turn depends upon the fluid dynamic behaviour of the shunt. Computational fluid dynamics, structural analyses as well as in vitro experiments were carried out to derive a quantitative relationship between the shunt flow and the corresponding pressure drop. While computational fluid dynamics simulations were based on the assumption of rigid wall for the shunt and the arteries, proper distensible conduits were used in the in vitro study and the structural analysis of the anastomosis deformation. The results indicated that the internal pressure combined with wall distensibility modifies the cross-sectional area of the distal anastomosis (between the shunt and the pulmonary artery). This fact affects the pressure drop across the shunt, especially at low pressures. Based on the results from the computational analyses and the in vitro experiments, a relationship between pressure drop and flow in the shunt was obtained, which matches data from clinical measurements.     

Separation of heart rate variability components of the autonomic nervous system by utilizing principal dynamic modes

This work introduces a modified Principal Dynamic Modes (PDM) methodology using eigenvalue/eigenvector analysis to separate individual components of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous contributions to heart rate variability. We have modified the PDM technique to be used with even a single output signal of heart rate variability data, whereas the original PDMs required both input and output data. This method specifically accounts for the inherent nonlinear dynamics of heart rate control, which the current method of power spectrum density (PSD) is unable to do. Propranolol and atropine were administered to normal human volunteers intravenously to inhibit the sympathetic and parasympathetic activities, respectively. With separate applications of the respective drugs, we found a significant decrease in the amplitude of the waveforms that correspond to each nervous activity. Furthermore, we observed near complete elimination of these dynamics when both drugs were given to the subjects. Comparison of our method to the conventional low/high frequency ratio of PSD shows that PDM methodology provides much more accurate assessment of the autonomic nervous balance by separation of individual components of the autonomic nervous activities. The PDM methodology is expected to have an added benefit that diagnosis and prognostication of a patient's health can be determined simply via a non-invasive electrocardiogram.     

Bifurcation and Chaos in an Apparent-Type Gyrostat Satellite

Attitude dynamics of an asymmetrical apparent gyrostat satellite has been considered. Hamiltonian approach and Routhian are used to prove that the dynamics of the system consists of two separate parts, an integrable and a non-integrable. The integrable part shows torque free motion of gyrostat, while the non-integrable part shows the effect of rotation about the earth and asphericity of the satellites inertia ellipsoid. Using these results, theoretically when the non-integrable part is eliminated, we are able to design a satellite with exactly regular motion. But from the engineering point of view the remaining errors of manufacturing process of the mechanical parts cause that the non-integrable part can not be eliminated, completely. So this case can not be achieved practically. Using Serret–Andoyer canonical variable the Hamiltonian transformed to a more appropriate form. In this new form the effect of the gravity, asphericity, rotational motion and spin of the rotor are explicitly distinguished. The results lead us to another way of control of chaos. To suppress the chaotic zones in the phase space, higher rotational kinetic energy can be used. Increasing the parameter related to the spin of the rotor causes the systems phase space to pass through a heteroclinic bifurcation process and for the sufficiently large magnitude of the parameter the heteroclinic structure can be eliminated. Local bifurcation of the phase space of the integrable part and global heteroclinic bifurcation of whole systems phase space are presented. The results are examined by the second order Poincaré surface of section method as a qualitative, and the Lyapunov characteristic exponents as a quantitative criterion.     

New families of pure gravity waves in water of infinite depth

Nonlinear periodic gravity waves propagating at a constant velocity at the surface of a fluid of infinite depth are considered. The fluid is assumed to be inviscid and incompressible and the flow to be irrotational. It is known that there are both regular waves (for which all the crests are at the same height) and irregular waves (for which not all the crests are at the same height). We show numerically the existence of new branches of irregular waves which bifurcate from the branch of regular waves. Our results suggest there are an infinite number of such branches. In addition we found additional new branches of irregular waves which bifurcate from the previously calculated branches of irregular waves.     

Near-critical CO2 liquid--vapor flow in a sub-microchannel. Part II: Flow regimes

The mean-field free-energy LBM is used to investigate the liquid--vapor flow regimes in a two-dimensional 200 nm channel with near-critical CO₂ at temperature 25 ^oC and pressure 6.434 MPa as the working fluid. Flow regimes over vapor qualities ranging from 0.01x0.90, Weber numbers O(10⁻²)WeO(10³), and capillary numbers O(10⁻²)CaO(10) are investigated. Three major types of flow regimes are encountered -- dispersed flow, bubble/plug flow, and liquid strip flow, each of which encompasses variations of the basic flow regime. The three major flow regimes with all their variations can be further classified into two major categories – regular and irregular. Irregular flow regimes are characterized by a distorted interface, including distorted bubble/slug flow, intermittent strip flow, wavy strip flow, and wispy-strip flow. Flows in which the interface is ordered and symmetric such as bubble/plug and strip flows are classified as regular flow regimes. It is found that the transition from regular to irregular flow regimes occurs at Weber number between 500 and 1000, independent of the vapor quality. Although no experiments exist at the same conditions, comparison of the predicted transition between regular and irregular regimes shows the same qualitative trends as experiments found in the literature.     

波浪破碎的一种混合湍流模拟模式

近岸波浪的变形与破碎,一方面影响水体标识码运输,另一方面对消波护岸具有指导意义.本文提出一种三维混合湍流模拟模式方法,将求解区域分为造波区、波浪传播区和消波区. 造波区采用层流模式,通过基于 Fluent 的二次开发的 UDF 方法在边界进行速度造波.这种方法在给定入口速度的条件标识码据已知波高进行 精准插值,从而控制水的体积分数. 在波浪传播区域,采用大涡标识码行模拟研究,在消波区,采用 RANS 模型并利用多孔介质消波法进行消波. 模标识码 VOF 方法捕捉波浪破碎过程中的自由面变化.本文对波高为 5.5cm 的规则波 (M1)、波高为 13.5cm 的 规则波 (M3)、有效标识码 7.75cm 的 TMA 谱单向不规则波 (U1) 和有效波高为 19cm 的 TMA 谱多向不规则波 (B5) 展开标识码研究,并与前人的相关标识码果作比较,各条件下模拟结果与实验结果吻合.模拟结果说明本文提出的模型能够准确模拟出波浪传播过程中的折射和标识码象,并且能够捕捉的波浪破碎过程中的自由面变化,为三维波浪的传播与破碎的数值模拟提供一种模拟方法.      

A Unified Approach to Regularity Problems for the 3D Navier-Stokes and Euler Equations: the Use of Kolmogorov’s Dissipation Range

Motivated by Kolmogorov’s theory of turbulence we present a unified approach to the regularity problems for the 3D Navier-Stokes and Euler equations. We introduce a dissipation wavenumber ${\Lambda(t)}$ that separates low modes where the Euler dynamics is predominant from the high modes where the viscous forces take over. Then using an indifferent to the viscosity technique we obtain a new regularity criterion which is weaker than every Ladyzhenskaya-Prodi-Serrin condition in the viscous case, and reduces to the Beale-Kato-Majda criterion in the inviscid case. In the viscous case we prove that Leray-Hopf solutions are regular provided ${\Lambda \in L^{5/2}}$ , which improves our previous ${\Lambda \in L^\infty}$ condition. We also show that ${\Lambda \in L^1}$ for all Leray-Hopf solutions. Finally, we prove that Leray-Hopf solutions are regular when the time-averaged spatial intermittency is small, i.e., close to Kolmogorov’s regime.     

计算气动弹性力学中的界面映射方法研究

非线性气动弹性体振动研究中,涉及到非线性的结构动力学和非线性的流体动力学耦合问题,在耦合边界上要满足两个系统的连续性相容条件,必须在边界处进行数据的交换。本文针对非线性气动弹性问题的计算流体动力学(CFD)和计算结构动力学(CSD)的耦合计算方法,在常体积转换法(CVT)的基础上,发展了一种耦合界面的数据映射矩阵(IMM)。该方法仅需要局部的网格信息,将耦合边界上载荷信息和位移信息的转换放在同一个映射矩阵中来处理,并且该矩阵可以通用求解CFD/CSD的耦合问题,克服了占用大量CPU时间和内存的弊端。最后将该界面映射方法应用于柔性大展弦比机翼的气动弹性计算和AGARD445.6机翼的颤振预测中,结果表明该方法能够高效、高精度地处理不同网格体系间的数据交换,并具有处理复杂非规则几何体信息转换的能力。     

Modeling Human Motor Systems in Nonlinear Dynamics: Intentionality and Discrete Movement Behaviors

Attempts to understand human movement systems from the perspective of nonlinear dynamics have increased in recent years, although research has almost exclusively focused on modeling rhythmical movements as limit cycle oscillators. Only a limited amount of work has been undertaken on discrete movements, generally only in the form of numerical simulations and mathematical models. In this paper we briefly overview the key findings from previous research on movement systems as nonlinear dynamical systems, and report data from a behavioral experiment on the coordination observed in a prehension movement under both discrete and rhythmical conditions. In a rhythmical condition subjects grasped dowels in time to a metronomic beat, whereas in a discrete condition a target dowel was grasped within a predetermined movement time. A scanning procedure was implemented to monitor changes in the time of relative final hand closure during hand transport to the dowel. For each condition, a pre-test and post-test of 10 trials were also conducted either side of the scanning trial block. No effects between condition or trial block were noted and there was a large amount of within-subject variability in the coordination data. The findings support previous theoretical modeling suggesting that subject intentionality acts as a more powerful constraint on the intrinsic dynamics of the movement system in discrete compared to rhythmical conditions. The high levels of individual variability were interpreted as being due to the competition between specific and non-specific control parameters (e.g., the subject's intentionality and the metronomic beat). It is concluded that discrete prehension movements appear amenable to a nonlinear dynamical analysis. The data also point to the innovative use of within-subject analyses in future work modeling motor systems as nonlinear dynamical systems.     

The decay of confined vortex rings

Vortex rings are produced during the ejection of fluid through a nozzle or orifice, which occurs in a wide range of biological conditions such as blood flow through the valves of the heart or through arterial constrictions. Confined vortex ring dynamics, such as these, have not been previously studied despite their occurrence within the biological flow conditions mentioned. In this work, we investigate laminar vortex rings using particle image velocimetry and develop a new semi-empirical model for the evolution of vortex ring circulation subject to confinement. Here we introduce a decay parameter ?? which exponentially grows with increasing vortex ring confinement ratio, the ratio of the vortex ring diameter (D _VR) to the confinement diameter (D), with the relationship $\beta=4.38 \exp(9.5D_{\rm VR}/D),$ resulting in a corresponding increase in the rate of vortex ring circulation decay. This work enables the prediction of circulation decay rate based on confinement, which is important to understanding naturally occurring confined vortex ring dynamics.     

Study on the effective diffusion coefficient of nano-magnetic fluid and the geometrical factors in tumor tissues

Based on the Fick’s First law, the effective diffusion coefficient of nano-magnetic fluid in tumor tissues is deduced by considering the tumor tissues as porous media and assuming the shapes of tumor to be circle or ellipse or a combination of them. The deduced expression of effective diffusion coefficient is generally a function of geometrical factors with no empirical constants and presents good agreements with the existed values especially in biological tissues (porosity is about 60%), with relative error less than 3%. The irregular structure can be transformed into regular structure (circle or ellipse) by using the irregular factor. The expression of the effective diffusion coefficient can be widely used in both regular and irregular structures and may provide theoretical basis for the study of transportation especially in drug delivery research.     

Fractional almost Kähler–Lagrange geometry

The goal of this paper is to encode equivalently the fractional Lagrange dynamics as a nonholonomic almost Kähler geometry. We use the fractional Caputo derivative generalized for nontrivial nonlinear connections (N-connections) originally introduced in Finsler geometry, with further developments in Lagrange and Hamilton geometry. For fundamental geometric objects induced canonically by regular Lagrange functions, we construct compatible almost symplectic forms and linear connections completely determined by a “prime” Lagrange (in particular, Finsler) generating function. We emphasize the importance of such constructions for deformation quantization of fractional Lagrange geometries and applications in modern physics.     

CORRESPONDENCE FUNCTION D(z)AND GENERALIZED IRREGULAR EQUATIONS

Extending Riemann’s idea of P function(using equation’s parameters to represent thefunction defined by the equation).we introduce correspondence functions (?)(z) to describeregular and irregular integrals in a unifying way.By explicit solution discuss monodromy group of non-Fuchsian equations.The explicitexpressions of exponent and expansion coefficients for Floquet solution are obtained.Method of correspondence functions permits us to obtain systematically the solutionsof generalized irregular equations. having regular,irregular poles,essential.algebraic,transcendental.logarithmic singularities as well as singular line.The representation of basic set of solutions by (?) function makes it possible to enlargethe scope of investgation of analytic theory.The significance of Poincaré’s conjecture is discussed,as(?)functions are automorphic.