二氧化硅纳米颗粒对碳纤维与环氧树脂基体粘合强度的增强

纤维与基体的粘合强度是决定纤维增强高分子复合材料性能的关键因素。本文采用横向纤维柬拉伸实验的方法研究了碳纤维与经过纳米颗粒改性的环氧树脂基体间的粘合强度。平均直径为25纳米的二氧化硅纳米颗粒用特殊的溶胶-凝胶法引入环氧基体（由 Hanse ChemieAG提供），可以达到很高的含量，同时保持较为理想的分散状态。实验结果表明，二氧化硅纳米颗粒对于碳纤维与改性环氧基体的粘合强度有显著的增强效应。当纳米颗粒含量为14v01．％时，横向纤维柬拉伸的断裂强度相比纯环氧基体提高了104％。通过对横向纤维柬拉伸样品断裂面的扫描电镜观察，以及二氧化硅纳米颗粒改性环氧树脂基体材料的力学性质的测量，可以发现横向纤维柬拉伸的断裂强度与改性环氧基体本身的断裂韧性之间存在良好的相关性。由此可推测纳米颗粒对环氧树脂基体材料的增韧是碳纤维与基体间界面增强的一个重要原因。     

二氧化硅纳米颗粒对碳纤维与环氧树脂基体粘合强度的增强

纤维与基体的粘合强度是决定纤维增强高分子复合材料性能的关键因素.本文采用横向纤维束拉伸实验的方法研究了碳纤维与经过纳米颗粒改性的环氧树脂基体间的粘合强度.平均直径为25纳米的二氧化硅纳米颗粒用特殊的溶胶-凝胶法引入环氧基体(由Hanse Chemie AG提供),可以达到很高的含量,同时保持较为理想的分散状态.实验结果表明,二氧化硅纳米颗粒对于碳纤维与改性环氧基体的粘合强度有显著的增强效应.当纳米颗粒含量为14 vol.%时,横向纤维束拉伸的断裂强度相比纯环氧基体提高了104%.通过对横向纤维束拉伸样品断裂面的扫描电镜观察,以及二氧化硅纳米颗粒改性环氧树脂基体材料的力学性质的测量,可以发现横向纤维束拉伸的断裂强度与改性环氧基体本身的断裂韧性之间存在良好的相关性.由此可推测纳米颗粒对环氧树脂基体材料的增韧是碳纤维与基体间界面增强的一个重要原因.     

水基纳米液压液抗磨减摩性能研究

制备了分散性稳定的水基纳米液压液,并利用四球摩擦试验机和抗磨试验机,对不同质量百分数、不同粒径二氧化硅纳米颗粒的水基纳米液压液进行抗磨减摩性能试验.结果表明:二氧化硅纳米颗粒可以明显改善水基液压液的抗磨减摩性能;对于30 nm粒径的二氧化硅颗粒,质量百分数为2.4%时水基纳米液压液的摩擦系数、磨斑直径、温升及磨损量均最低,抗磨减摩性能达到最佳;采用不同粒径纳米颗粒时,随着纳米颗粒质量百分数增大,磨损量先降后升,纳米颗粒粒径越大,对应的最佳质量百分数越小.     

从《摩擦学学报》刊出论文的被引用情况分析我国摩擦学领域的研究热点

通过对2000～2006年和2003～2006年期间<摩擦学学报>发表的被引频次排名前15位论文的被引用情况进行统计分析,探讨了近年来我国摩擦学学科的研究热点与发展动向.指出纳米颗粒作为润滑油添加剂的摩擦化学作用机制研究,特别是纳米颗粒添加剂在油/脂中的减摩、抗磨及极压作用机制研究是近年来我国摩擦学领域的主要研究热点之一,其它研究热点还包括纳米颗粒增强陶瓷涂层、复合涂层和聚合物复合材料,以及生物摩擦学和绿色润滑油添加剂摩擦学等.这与摩擦学新材料的高性能化和多功能化发展方向相吻合.     

水溶性纳米二氧化硅添加剂的制备及摩擦学性能研究

本文制备了不同粒径的水溶性纳米二氧化硅,用TEM和XRD对其形貌进行了表征,采用SRV-IV微动摩擦磨损试验机研究了其作为水基添加剂的摩擦学性能。通过SEM和XPS对磨斑表面进行了分析,简单探讨了摩擦机理。结果表明,小颗粒水溶性纳米二氧化硅作为水基添加剂是具有良好的抗磨减摩性能和极压性能,摩擦过程中形成的沉积膜起到了非常重要的作用。     

纳米ZnO／环氧树脂复合材料的力学性能和摩擦学性能

在超声波作用下，利用偶联剂将ZnO纳米微粒同环氧树脂进行复合，制备了纳米ZnO／环氧树脂复合材料，用M-2000型摩擦磨损试验机评价了复合材料在干摩擦条件下同不锈钢对摩时的摩擦学性能，测定了复合材料的力学性能，并用正电子湮没寿命技术(PALT)分析了试样的微观结构．结果表明：纳米ZnO／环氧树脂复合材料的耐磨性优于环氧树脂；当纳米ZnO的质量分数为10％时，复合材料的磨损率最小，仅为环氧树脂的15％，且摩擦系数也有所降低；摩擦后复合材料试样的自由体积孔穴尺寸有所增大，而且随着ZnO含量的增加，自由体积孔穴尺寸呈增大趋势．     

SiC/环氧树脂复合材料冲蚀磨损性能的研究

采用环氧树脂为粘接剂制备了SiC/环氧树脂复合材料,在自制的射流式冲蚀磨损试验机上研究了SiC/环氧树脂的冲蚀磨损性能.结果表明:大尺寸SiC颗粒制备的复合材料较小尺寸SiC颗粒制备的复合材料具有更好的冲蚀磨损性能,且大尺寸SiC颗粒复合材料的冲蚀磨损性能优于Q235钢,而小尺寸SiC颗粒复合材料则低于Q235钢.随着冲蚀角度的变化,其平行材料表面的切削分量和垂直材料表面的冲击分量将会发生变化,低角度冲蚀磨损机理以显微切削和碾压造成环氧树脂及SiC颗粒的层片状脱落为主转变为高角度冲蚀磨损以SiC颗粒碎裂造成环氧树脂疲劳脱落为主.     

纳米Al2O3填充环氧树脂复合材料的摩擦学性能

研究了干摩擦条件下纳米Al2O3微粒含量及其表面改性处理对环氧树脂基复合材料滑动摩擦磨损性能的影响.结果表明，经过表面化学接枝处理后，少量的纳米Al2O3(体积分数约0．24％)即可大幅度提高环氧树脂的摩擦磨损性能，起到显著的减摩和耐磨作用．复合材料的热变形稳定性、显微硬度及磨损表面形貌分析结果表明，对纳米Al2O3微粒进行适当的表面处理有利于加强纳米微粒同基体树脂的结合，从而改善复合材料的摩擦学性能．     

Ni-P-纳米金刚石黑粉化学复合镀层的摩擦磨损性能

通过非均匀形核法,在纳米金刚石黑粉颗粒表面包覆一层Al2O3,采用包覆后颗粒制备了Ni-P-纳米金刚石黑粉化学复合镀层.通过沉降法分析了包覆前后纳米颗粒悬浮液的分散稳定性;研究了金刚石质量浓度、搅拌转速及粉体热处理工艺对复合镀层显微硬度和耐磨性能的影响;利用SEM和EDS分析了镀层微观形貌和组分.结果表明:颗粒表面包覆氧化铝可以显著提高其在分散介质中的悬浮稳定性;综合考虑摩擦磨损特性,其最优工艺参数为金刚石质量浓度4 g/L,搅拌转速500 r/min,复合粉体经100℃下热处理4h;与Ni-P镀层相比,复合镀层摩擦系数降低58％,耐磨性能提高59％.     

纳米Al2O3填充端异氰酸酯基聚丁二烯橡胶-环氧树脂复合涂层的干滑动摩擦磨损性能研究

采用丁二烯合成出端异氰酸酯基聚丁二烯液体橡胶,采用端异氰酸酯基聚丁二烯液体橡胶与环氧树脂E51反应制备端异氰酸酯基液体聚丁二烯橡胶-环氧树脂聚合物(ETPB),同时在其中进一步填充5%和10%(质量分数)纳米Al2O3,在45#钢底材上制备出环氧树脂、改性环氧树脂及填充5%和10%纳米Al2O3的聚合物复合涂层,在MRH-3型高速环-块摩擦磨损试验机上评价了4种涂层在干滑动条件下的摩擦磨损性能.结果表明:通过端异氰酸酯基聚丁二烯液体橡胶改性环氧树脂可以提高环氧树脂涂层的力学性能及其抗磨性;填充5%和10%纳米Al2O3可以有效提高ETPB涂层的抗磨损性能;随着载荷和滑动速度的增加,ETPB涂层的磨损率明显增大;纳米Al2O3填充ETPB涂层的磨损率随载荷和滑动速度增加基本不变;4种涂层的摩擦系数随载荷和滑动速度的变化不大;E51环氧树脂基聚合物复合涂层的磨损机理为脆性断裂和剥层磨损.     

Simulation of crack propagation in fiber-reinforced bulk metallic glasses

Based on a phase-field model for deformation in bulk metallic glasses (BMGs), shear band formation and crack propagation in the fiber-reinforced BMG are investigated. Ideal unbroken fibers embedded in the BMG matrix are found to significantly influence the shear banding and crack propagation in the matrix. The crack propagation affected by fibers’ length and orientation is quantitatively characterized and is described by micromechanics models for composite materials. Furthermore, fractures in some practical fiber-reinforced BMG composites such as tungsten-reinforced Zr-based BMG are simulated. The relation between the enhanced fracture toughness and the mechanical properties of fiber reinforcements is determined. Different fracture modes of BMG-matrix composites are identified from the systematic simulation studies, which are found to be consistent with experiments. The simulation results suggest that the phase-field modeling approach could be a useful tool to assist the fabrication and design of BMG composites with high fracture toughness and ductility.     

裂纹面摩擦接触引起的断裂韧性增长的研究

采用弹黏塑性的材料本构关系, 建立了压、剪混合型裂纹常速准静 态扩展的力学模型, 求得了裂纹面摩擦接触条件下裂纹尖端场的数值解, 并基于数 值结果讨论了扩展裂纹的摩擦效应. 计算和分析表明, 裂纹面的摩擦效应主要表现 在两个方面. 第一方面是摩擦会导致裂纹尖端区材料的断裂韧性增高, 并且裂纹面间的摩擦作用越强, 增韧效果越显著. 摩擦增韧的机制可以解释为裂纹 面间的摩擦作用导致裂纹尖端塑性区尺寸变大, 使裂纹尖端场的塑性变形能增加, 从而使得裂纹尖端区材料增韧. 摩擦生热并不是导致材料断裂韧性增长的根本机制. 第二方面是摩擦会导致``断裂延缓'. 利用裂纹面的摩擦来提高构件的承载能力和延长构件的服役寿命具有较大的工程实用价值.     

An indentation technique for estimating the energy density as fracture toughness with Berkovich indenter for ductile bulk materials

A technique is proposed to estimate the energy density as fracture toughness for ductile bulk materials with an indentation system equipped with a Berkovich indenter based on the theory of plastic deformation energy transforming into the indentation energy of fracture. With progressive increase of penetration loads, the material damage is exhibited on the effective elastic modulus. A quadratic polynomial relationship between the plastic penetration depth and penetration load, and an approximate linear relationship between logarithmic plastic penetration depth and logarithmic effective elastic modulus are exhibited by indentation investigation with Berkovich indenter. The parameter of damage variable is proposed to determine the critical effective elastic modulus at the fracture point. And the strain energy density factor is calculated according to the equations of penetration load, plastic penetration depth and effective elastic modulus. The fracture toughness of aluminum alloy and stainless steel are evaluated by both indentation tests and K_IC fracture toughness tests. The predicted S_cr values of indentation tests are in good agreement with experimental results of CT tests.     

Experimental evaluation of mixed-mode fracture in adhesive bonds

Previous tests have shown that the mode II and mode III fracture energies of adhesive bonds coincide, with the nominal value dictated by post-yield shear deformation in the interlayer. This suggests that the complete mixed-mode fracture behavior may be dellineated by determining the interaction curve in either theG _I -G _II orG _I -G _III plane. A DCB-type specimen capable of delivering the entire opening versus shearing toughness spectrum in a single test was used. A brittle and a ductile epoxy resin were evaluated, with the adhesive thickness varying from a few micrometers up to 0.6 mm. Excluding very thin bonds, the mixed-mode fracture curve was approximately bilinear; when the applied energy release rate in shear,G _s , was relatively small, the total fracture energy equaledG _IC but otherwise, the fracture curve decreased essentially linearly with increasingG _S . In the case of the ductile adhesive, the transition in trends occurred whenG _S was approximately 55 percent of the shearing fracture energy. When the bond thickness was decreased to a few micrometers, the mixed-mode curve displayed a concave shape, with mode interaction occurring promptly. SEM analysis and analytical considerations suggest that this change in mixed-mode behavior was due to the development of a triaxial state of stress in the interlayer. Based on previous fracture studies of the individual fracture modes in adhesive bonds and laminated composites, the present results should be also applicable to mixed-mode interlaminar fracture of laminated composites.Herzl Chai, formerly associated with Polymers Division, Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899     

Role of inclusion stiffness and interfacial strength on dynamic matrix crack growth: An experimental study

Experimental simulations of dynamic crack growth past inclusions of two different elastic moduli, stiff (glass) and compliant (polyurethane) relative to the matrix (epoxy), are carried out in a 2D setting. Full-field surface deformations are mapped in the crack–inclusion vicinity optically. The crack growth behavior as a function of inclusion–matrix interfacial strength and the inclusion location relative to the crack is studied under stress-wave loading conditions. An ultra high-speed rotating mirror-type digital camera is used to record random speckle patterns in the crack–inclusion vicinity to quantify in-plane displacement fields. The crack-tip deformation histories from the time of impact until complete fracture are mapped and fracture parameters are extracted. The crack front is arrested by the symmetrically located compliant inclusion for about half the duration needed for complete fracture event. The dynamically propagating crack is attracted and trapped by the weakly bonded inclusion interface for both stiff and compliant symmetrically located inclusion cases, whereas it is deflected away by the strongly bonded stiff inclusion and attracted by strongly bonded compliant inclusion when located eccentrically. The crack is arrested by a strongly bonded compliant inclusion for a significant fraction of the total dynamic event and is longer than the one for the weakly bonded counterpart. The compliant inclusion cases show higher fracture toughness than the stiff inclusion cases. Measured crack-tip mode-mixities correlate well with the observed crack attraction and repulsion mechanisms. Macroscopic examination of fracture surfaces reveals much higher surface roughness and ruggedness after crack–inclusion interaction for compliant inclusion than the stiff one. Implications of these observations on the dynamic fracture behavior of micron size A-glass and polyamide (PA6) particle filled epoxy is demonstrated. Filled-epoxy with 3% V_f of PA6 filler is shown to produce the same dynamic fracture toughness enhancement as the one due to 10% V_f glass.     

Mixed mode (I and II) crack tip fields in bulk metallic glasses

Stationary crack tip fields in bulk metallic glasses under mixed mode (I and II) loading are studied through detailed finite element simulations assuming plane strain, small scale yielding conditions. The influence of internal friction or pressure sensitivity on the plastic zones, notch deformation, stress and plastic strain fields is examined for different mode mixities. Under mixed mode loading, the notch deforms into a shape such that one part of its surface sharpens while the other part blunts. Increase in mode II component of loading dramatically enhances the normalized plastic zone size, lowers the stresses but significantly elevates the plastic strain levels near the notch tip. Higher internal friction reduces the peak tangential stress but increases the plastic strain and stretching near the blunted part of the notch. The simulated shear bands are straight and extend over a long distance ahead of the notch tip under mode II dominant loading. The possible variations of fracture toughness with mode mixity corresponding to failure by brittle micro-cracking and ductile shear banding are predicted employing two simple fracture criteria. The salient results from finite element simulations are validated by comparison with those from mixed mode (I and II) fracture experiments on a Zr-based bulk metallic glass.     

金属材料平面应变拉伸变形局部化有限元分析

本文对于涉及韧性金属大变形中颈缩与剪切带断裂一类高度非线性变形局部化问题进行了弹塑性有限元数值模拟。采用改进的Ｊ２形变理论微分形式公式与交叉三角形四边形单元有限元网格，详细研究了应变硬化指数及初始表面不均匀特性的平面应变拉伸颈缩和剪切带形成的综合影响，给出此类问题的断裂机制图。     

R-similarity criterion of plastic deformation instability and its use for KIC determination for steels

The paper reports an investigation of the application of the similarity theory, strain energy density concept and fracture mechanics to the fracture toughness (K_IC) determination. The method K_IC determination is described using R-similarity criterion of plastic deformation instability. It allows to determine the true K_IC value for ductile steels using specimens not satisfying linear fracture mechanics requirements.     

Acoustic-emission analysis of fracture-toughness tests

Acoustic-emission behavior of 300M steel was investigated as a function of the fracture toughness and microstructure. A model is presented to correlate acoustic emission arising from plastic deformation as well as crack growth during fracture-toughness tests and experimental data demonstrate that a quantitative relationship exists between fracture toughness, fracture mode and acoustic emission. Finally, it is shown that, while very limited information can be obtained by monitoring the cumulative counts alone, amplitude-distribution analysis of acoustic emission can provide an improved quantitative characterization.     

Microstructure and fracture characteristic of Mg–Al–Zn–Si3N4 composites

Magnesium matrix composites reinforced by three dimensional (3-D) network structure were fabricated by pressure-less infiltration technology. The 3-D network structure reinforcement and its composites exhibited special topology structure and different fracture characteristic. Metal matrix fractured in a ductile mode is manifested by small dimples and craters on the fracture surface. When the volume fraction of reinforcement is not in excess of 6%, the composite had an improved fracture toughness. This is because of the relatively homogeneous Si₃N₄ particles distributed in the metal matrix and the occurrence of interface reaction product such as MgAlO₂ spinel phase. With the increases of volume fraction of reinforcement (>6%), the fracture toughness decreases slowly at the initial stages and then decreases rapidly towards the end. Therefore, the main fracture failure mechanisms consist of crack nucleation, growth, coalescence and crack propagation.