聚合物注塑残余应力的研究进展

综述了聚合物注塑残余应力的研究进展,详细介绍计算残余应力所用的理论模型及其基本概念．注塑制品残余应力由两部分组成,并且有不同的测试方法,这些应力是造成制品翘曲变形的原因．对于残余流动应力,重点分析本构模型的发展和注塑控制方程的建立;对于残余热应力,则讨论了冷却过程中的相交问题,以及热粘弹性模型在应力分析中的应用;最后介绍测量残余应力的几种实验方法．     

聚合物注塑残余应力研究进展

综述了聚合物注塑残余应力的研究进展,详细介绍计算残余应力所用的理论模型及其基本概念,注塑制品残余应力由两部分组成,并且有不同的测试方法,这些应力是造成制品曲变形的原因,对于残余流动应力,重点分析本构模型的发展和注塑控制方程的建立;对于残余热应力,则讨论了冷却过程中的相变问题,以及热粘弹性模型在应力分析中的应用;最后介绍测量残余应力的几种实验方法。     

考虑塑性和刚度不匹配的焊接残余应力估算

现有残余应力计算方法未能考虑材料塑性变形和焊接接头刚度不匹配的影响,使得焊接残余应力计算结果和实际残余应力存在较大偏差.在2219-T87铝合金钨极氩弧焊焊接头残余应力测试基础上,提出一种基于非线性有限元和材料弹性模量分区的残余应力—释放应变曲线的残余应力计算方法,研究了材料塑性变形和接头刚度不匹配对焊接残余应力计算的影响.结果表明,焊接接头中非均质材料塑性不匹配可以引起对于残余应力计算的较大误差;材料塑性变形对残余应力的影响大于接头刚度不匹配对残余应力的影响.所提出方法修正了传统方法在焊接接头的残余应力计算中由于未考虑接头非均质材料塑性不匹配而引起的误差.     

表面残余应力的仪器化压入检测方法研究进展

针对表面残余应力的仪器化压入检测方法, 阐释利用压入方式检测残余应力的基本原理及其力学机制, 梳理建立残余应力压入检测方法的常用技术路线, 结合残余应力压入检测方法的不同分类, 着重分析6种代表性压入检测方法的优势与局限, 讨论验证压入检测方法可靠性的常用方法, 最后总结残余应力压入检测方法的研究进展, 展望未来的发展趋势为建立无需参考试样一体化检测材料力学参数和非等轴残余应力的仪器化压入分析方法, 探讨建立方法的四个研究要领, 即机制清楚、分析可靠、技术可行、结果可信. 仪器化压入检测技术是郑哲敏先生晚年的研究兴趣之一, 作者在中科院力学所工作期间曾受到郑哲敏先生的热切关注和提问式激励, 谨以此文纪念郑哲敏先生逝世周年.      

X射线衍射法测量碳化硅单晶的残余应力

为了准确评估晶体的质量、提高器件的使用性能,本文围绕单晶碳化硅材料残余应力方面开展了相关研究工作.首先通过对原有的多重线性回归分析方法加以改进,推导出适用于求解六方晶系单晶碳化硅试样所处应力状态的相关理论.其次,采用该方法对沿着[1010]取向生长的6H-SiC单晶片进行了残余应力检测,同时选用{214}晶面族作为测量衍射面.最后,探究了来源于不同晶面组数的数据进行计算时对残余应力测量结果的影响.结果显示:采用多重线性回归分析方法可以实现单晶6H-SiC的面内残余应力的测定;当给定无应力晶面间距d;的精确值时,该应力结果的误差高于选用5组以上(hkl)晶面数计算得到的残余应力结果的误差;如果d;未知,则随着参与应力计算的晶面组数的增加,平面残余应力的误差结果会逐渐降低并趋于平稳.这表明实验测定的残余应力结果具有较高的精度.另外,为了保证实验测得的应力结果的可靠性,应该选用六组及以上衍射面数通过多元回归分析方法来求解单晶碳化硅试样所处的残余应力状态.     

X射线衍射法测量碳化硅单晶的残余应力

为了准确评估晶体的质量、提高器件的使用性能,本文围绕单晶碳化硅材料残余应力方面开展了相关研究工作.首先通过对原有的多重线性回归分析方法加以改进,推导出适用于求解六方晶系单晶碳化硅试样所处应力状态的相关理论.其次,采用该方法对沿着[1010]取向生长的6H-SiC单晶片进行了残余应力检测,同时选用{214}晶面族作为测量衍射面.最后,探究了来源于不同晶面组数的数据进行计算时对残余应力测量结果的影响.结果显示:采用多重线性回归分析方法可以实现单晶6H-SiC的面内残余应力的测定;当给定无应力晶面间距d;的精确值时,该应力结果的误差高于选用5组以上(hkl)晶面数计算得到的残余应力结果的误差;如果d;未知,则随着参与应力计算的晶面组数的增加,平面残余应力的误差结果会逐渐降低并趋于平稳.这表明实验测定的残余应力结果具有较高的精度.另外,为了保证实验测得的应力结果的可靠性,应该选用六组及以上衍射面数通过多元回归分析方法来求解单晶碳化硅试样所处的残余应力状态.     

微型硅晶体传感器残余变形的云纹干涉法测试

硅是微电子学领域最重要的半导体材料,在硅器件的生产过程和实际应用中造成的硅片内部残余应力将极大地影响硅器件的使用性能和使用寿命.本文利用云纹干涉法和载波技术对微型硅晶体传感器的残余变形进行了研究,获得了理想的实验结果.     

30CrMnSiNi2A超高强度钢孔挤压强化残余应力场的模拟

利用有限元软件ANSYS建立了30CrMnSiNi2A超高强度钢孔挤压强化残余应力场的三维有限元模型,分别模拟分析了不同孔径、过盈量、厚度和孔边距比下30CrMnSiNi2A超高强度钢构件孔挤压强化的三维残余应力场分布.模拟结果表明,残余应力沿厚度在中层和出口处随着孔径的增大而增大,且残余拉应力的增加幅度也大;随着过盈量的增大,残余压应力增大,但达到一定程度后过盈量的增量所引起的有利残余压应力的增量减小;随着厚度的增加,残余压应力在入口表面的孔周处先减小后增大;孔边距的减小,对残余压应力影响较小,而对残余拉应力的影响很大.     

反应堆贯穿件J形焊缝残余应力研究1）

焊接残余应力是引起应力腐蚀开裂的主要原因,准确地掌握残余应力的分布是对结构完整性评定的关键.为了探明反应堆压力容器顶盖控制棒驱动机构（control rod drive mechanism,CRDM）贯穿件J形焊缝残余应力的分布,本研究加工两个CRDM贯穿件实验模拟件,采用盲孔法测试两个J形接头的焊接残余应力.通过实验探明了CRDM贯穿件焊缝残余应力的分布规律,为反应堆压力容器结构完整性的研究提供必要参考.     

U型钢板桩的X射线法表面残余应力研究

由于对尺寸要求较为严格,因此钢板桩内部的残余应力会对其产品总体质量产生较大影响.采用X射线方法对U型钢板桩二分之一长度和四分之一长度位置的表面残余应力进行了测试.详细说明了X射线残余应力测试原理,试验设备和测试过程,给出了钢板桩应力分布状况.采用全释放法测试了对应点位的残余应力值,比较了X射线法和释放法之间的差距.结果表明X射线方法和全释放法所测数值较为接近,两个位置上的应力分布状态基本一致,钢板桩中部腹板位置呈现压应力,而两边板应力较小.     

2000m~3在役压力容器应力状况分析

本文报道了钢制 2 0 0 0 m3球罐实际运行一年后的应力状况 ,对球罐的残余应力及工作应力进行了现场测试 ,发现球罐虽经过整体热处理 ,但局部残余应力仍较高等问题 ,并进行了对比分析 .     

Application of X-ray diffraction, micromagnetic and hole drilling methods for residual stress determination in a ball bearing steel ring

A basic understanding of distortion problems requires the analysis of a complete manufacturing process including an almost complete overview of residual stress states in the component during each production step. To reduce the measurement time in the future, three measurements methods (X-ray diffraction, micromagnetic and blind hole drilling methods) have been used to analyze residual stress states in machined AISI 52100 ball bearing rings. X-ray diffraction was used as a state-of-the-art method for machining induced residual stresses with pronounced gradients. The ring exhibited a complex residual stress state with high tensile residual stresses at the surface, a strong gradient in depth, and also showed some variation along the outer circumference due to a superimposition of machining induced residual stresses and effects from the clamping device process. Due to this surface state, micromagnetic signals depend on the analyzing frequency. A calibration of the signals was only possible with the X-ray diffraction data. The results of the three different measurement methods correlate reasonably well.     

应用增量理论考虑应变硬化效应包辛格效应和温度对机械性质影响的自增强厚壁圆筒分析

本文提出的采用增量理论的分析模型和方法可以定量分析应变硬化、包辛格效应和材料机械性质随温度变化等因素对自增强厚壁圆筒中残余应力和操作应力分布的影响.厚壁圆筒看成由N个同轴薄壁圆筒套在一起组成的构件;采用包括弹性、塑性和温度应变的增量型本构关系和相容条件导出了自增强圆筒的基本方程;设计了计算机程序并给出了分析实例。分析结果表明,应变硬化会减小塑性区并降低残余应力;包辛格效应使反向屈服容易出现;温度升高将使残余应力和热应力松驰.     

On Foundations of the Ultrasonic Nondestructive Method for Determination of Stresses in Near-Surface Layers of Solid Bodies

The ultrasonic nondestructive method for determining stresses in near-surface layers of solid bodies is based on the laws governing the propagation of elastic surface waves in bodies with initial (residual) stresses. These laws are established within the framework of the linearized three-dimensional theory of waves in bodies with initial (residual) stresses. The dispersion equations in associated problems are solved by computational methods. The nondestructive method and measuring instruments and devices are described. Some examples of nondestructive determination of welding-induced residual stresses and operating stresses in near-surface layers of materials are presented Presented at the International Conference on Computational and Experimental Engineering and Sciences (ICCES'04) (Madeira, Portugal, July 26–29, 2004) and published in the journal Computer Modeling in Engineering and Sciences (CMES). __________ Published in Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 41, No. 8, pp. 130–144, August 2005.     

Two Dimensions Residual Stresses Analysis Through Incremental Groove Machining Combined with Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry

In this study a new residual stress determination method in two directions simultaneously is presented. This method is based on stresses relaxation in a groove that is machined incrementally. The residual stresses relaxation occurs simultaneously from both the depth and the length of the groove. Thus, measuring the surface strain field generated by the relaxation enables to determine the stress gradient both along the depth and the length of the groove. To measure the surface strain in a direction perpendicular to the groove, a digital speckle pattern interferometer is used. This method is suitable when the residual stress field in the structure varies in the depth as well as along the surface of the part, like for example in a welded structure. The method is tested here on an aluminium plate in which a central band has been shot peened.     

Measurement of Residual Stresses in Nuclear-grade Zircaloy-4(R) Tubes—Effect of Heat Treatment

Nuclear-grade Zircaloy-4(R) tubes are produced by a unique manufacturing process known as pilgering, which leaves the material in a work-hardened state containing a pattern of residual stresses. Moreover, such tubes exhibit elastic anisotropy as a result of the pilgering process. Therefore, standard equations originally proposed by Sachs (Z Met Kd, 19: 352–357, 1927; Sachs, Espey, Iron Age, 148: 63–71, 1941). for isotropic materials do not apply in this situation. Voyiadjis et al. (Exp Mech, 25: 145–147, 1985) proposed a set of equations for treating elastically anisotropic materials, but we have determined that there are discrepancies in their equations. In this paper, we present the derivation for a set of new equations for treating elastically anisotropic materials, and the application of these equations to residual stress measurements in Zr-4(R) tubes. To this end, through thickness distribution of residual stress components in as-received and heat treated (500°C) Zr-4(R) tubes was measured employing the Sachs’ boring-out technique in conjunction with electrochemical machining as the means of material removal, and our new equations. For both as-received and the heat treated materials, the axial and tangential residual stresses were significantly higher than the radial and shear residual stresses. The largest residual stress was the tangential stress component in the as-received material, showing a tensile value at the outer surface and a compressive value at the inner surface. At high values of von Mises equivalent stress, the principal directions of residual stress coincided with the principal axes of the tube for the as-received material, as well as for the material heat treated at 500°C.     

冷拔无缝钢管残余应力测量的杂交实验方法

提出了一种数值模拟和实验杂交的实验方法,测量了钢管内表面的残余应力。采用非线性有限元法模拟了冷拔钢管的成型过程,得到了钢管脱模以后的残余应力,通过释放切口处单元的刚度模拟了含有残余应力钢管的切割过程,研究了切割方法对残余应力的影响,数值计算和实验结果表明切割方法对二次残余应力有很大影响。采用X射线测量仪测量了钢管内表面的残余应力。研究结果表明,计算结果基本符合实验结果,误差可以被工程接受。     

存在初应力时光弹性复合材料条纹值标定研究

详细研究了存在初应力时光弹性复合材料条纹值标定问题，提出了存在初应力时圆盘标定ｆＬＴ值的方法。分析用直条试件和圆盘试件进行了实例标定，两种标定结果一致，而且标定试验具有自检功能。     

爆炸处理消除大型柱壳结构环焊缝残余应力实验研究

为探讨大型耐压柱壳结构对接环焊缝焊接残余应力消除方法，根据耐压柱壳结构环焊缝焊接工艺，设计并制作了大型耐压柱壳结构对接环焊缝模拟焊接模型，并采用沿焊缝条状布药，分别进行了单、双面布药爆炸处理消除大型耐压柱壳结构对接环焊缝焊接残余应力模型实验。结果表明:大型耐压柱壳结构对接环焊缝存在较大的焊接残余应力；单、双面爆炸处理均能有效调整、消除焊接残余应力，残余应力分布明显均匀化；焊后残余应力越大，爆炸处理效果越明显，当焊接残余应力大于0.5s时，单面爆炸处理后残余应力m下降幅度在40%以上，双面爆炸处理后残余应力m下降幅度在60%以上；采用沿焊缝条状布药，爆炸处理能有效消除沿焊缝的纵向残余应力；双面爆炸处理效果优于单面爆炸处理效果。