地应力水平对深埋隧洞爆破振动频谱结构的影响

爆破振动的频谱特性对隧洞安全施工具有重要意义。采用动力有限元方法，分析了不同地应力水平条件下围岩爆破振动频率特征，通过对实测爆破振动信号的时域和频域联合分析，研究了不同频带上的振动能量分布。结果表明，爆破振动的主频及各个振动能量优势频带都有随地应力水平升高而降低的趋势，伴随爆破破岩过程而发生的地应力瞬态卸载动力效应是产生这一现象的主要原因。地应力水平越高，爆破振动信号中20～100 Hz的低频振动能量比重越大。当爆区的地应力为20 MPa时，20～100 Hz频带内的振动能量可达到总振动能量的35%左右；当爆区的地应力为30～50 MPa时，20～100 Hz频带内的振动能量可达到总振动能量的50%以上。除地应力水平外，应力卸载速率及岩体的力学特性也对爆破振动主频具有显著影响，卸载速率越高，低频振动能量比重越大。卸载速率取决于掏槽爆破方式，直孔掏槽导致岩体应变能释放速率最高。岩体弹性模量越大，爆破振动的主频越高。     

地应力影响下隧洞边墙的爆破振动安全

针对地应力条件下的溪洛渡水电站右岸大跨度导流洞的开挖,依托现场的爆破实验参数,结合LS-DYNA软件,进行了隧洞岩体爆破开挖过程围岩的动态响应计算。分别采用峰值质点振动速度和最大拉应力安全判据确定围岩的爆破损伤范围。计算结果表明,隧洞爆破开挖时,最大峰值质点振速和最大拉应力均出现在洞室边墙中部,因此,爆破损伤在洞室边墙部位最严重。通过对洞室边墙中部的峰值振速和最大拉应力的数值拟合,得到了峰值质点振速和最大拉应力的统计关系,并进行了相关性检验,而且根据所得统计关系,结合实际工程围岩动态抗拉强度准则,提出了控制隧洞围岩爆破损伤的临界峰值质点振动速度。     

P波作用下衬砌混凝土的爆破安全振动速度研究

隧洞爆破开挖诱发的爆破地震会对邻近的衬砌混凝土产生不利影响,利用应力波(P波)在混凝土与基岩结合面处的透、反射规律研究结合面处的应力状态,并通过结合面的抗拉强度分析,提出了一种确定衬砌混凝土安全振动速度的理论计算方法。计算结果表明,新浇筑衬砌混凝土极限振动速度随着基岩弹模的增大而降低,而爆破地震波频率的影响非常有限。我国现行采用的新浇筑大体积混凝土基础面上的爆破安全振动速度有一定的安全储备。     

模式自适应连续小波去除趋势项方法在爆破振动信号分析中的应用

为了更精确提取爆破振动信号峰值速度、能量等重要特征,必须对爆破振动加速度信号时域积分中的趋势项予以去除。通过对实测爆破振动加速度信号进行梯形数值积分,提出以时域积分后的爆破振动速度信号来构造模式自适应小波基的方法,并用此方法去除时域积分后爆破振动速度信号中的趋势项,然后对去除趋势项后的爆破振动速度信号进行能量特征分析。结果表明:模式自适应连续小波法成功去除了时域积分后爆破振动速度信号中的趋势项;与建立在传统Fourier变换基础上的频谱分析相比,小波变换的能量分析具有更精细的频率分辨率,更适合于对频率分辨率要求更高的爆破振动信号进行分析;各频率区间范围划分越宽,爆破振动加速度信号与速度信号各频率区间内能量分布的相关程度越高,反之,相关程度越低。     

高应力岩体爆破卸荷过程中应变率及应变能特征

针对高应力岩体爆破开挖卸载问题，自制了一台轴向加、卸载实验测试平台，通过实验测试获得了爆破卸荷过程中岩杆的动态应变及应变率数据。实测数据表明:开挖面附近岩体的爆破加、卸载以及初始应力卸载应变率均在10?1 s?1量级以上，验证了高地应力区岩体爆破开挖卸荷是一动态过程。建立了初始应力卸载一维力学模型，揭示了卸载波的传播机制；通过分析爆破卸荷过程应变能密度的时空分布特征，建立了应变能密度与各阶段应变率变化规律的联系。结合实测数据，采用隐式-显式顺序求解方法，进一步分析了高应力区岩体爆破卸荷荷载各阶段应变率沿岩杆的变化规律。结果表明:爆破加载阶段的平均应变率沿杆件逐渐衰减，且衰减速度逐渐减小；爆破卸阶段平均应变率沿杆件也呈衰减趋势；而初始应力的应变能稳定释放，其平均应变率无衰减趋势。     

基于小波变换的爆破振动信号能量分布特征分析

为了深入研究爆破地震波特性,应用小波变换方法对具有短时非平稳特点的爆破振动信号进行了能量分布特征分析。根据小波变换的时-频特性和分层分解展开关系,将爆破振动时间历史信号用分层重构信号进行扫描,应用这些信号得到了不同频率带上爆破振动的相对能量分布和振动强度的时间变化规律。爆破振动信号实测结果分析表明,基于小波变换的能量分布特征分析可以更准确地给出爆破振动信号的细节信息。研究结果为分析爆破振动结构安全性提供了新的途径。     

地下工程爆破振动信号能量分布特征的小波包分析

根据爆破振动信号具有短时非平稳的特点 ,利用小波包分析技术对地下工程爆破振动信号的能量分布特征进行了研究。首先 ,简略介绍了小波变换与小波包分析的特点 ;其次 ,基于MATLAB(MaterialsLab oratory)对段药量和爆源距离等不同条件下记录的 8条爆破振动信号进行小波包分析 ,得到了爆破振动信号在不同频带上的能量分布图 ;最后 ,分析了爆破振动信号能量的分布特征。本分析手段为研究地下工程爆破地震效应特别是振动速度 频率相关安全准则提供了一种有效的分析技术。     

多次爆破荷载作用下大荒沟小净距隧道围岩岩体位移响应

以丹东-通化高速公路大荒沟隧道进行的爆破振动监测数据为依据,采用FLAC-3D软件,分析了多次爆破荷载作用下大荒沟隧道小净距段围岩位移响应规律。根据爆破振动监测数据,考虑了竖向和横向质点运动在爆破荷载作用下的耦合效应,模拟左、右洞在6次爆破开挖下的隧道围岩位移响应,同时进行小净距隧道围岩岩体疲劳损伤声波监测,将爆破振动模拟结果和工程实测岩体疲劳损伤声波监测结果进行比较。分析表明:随着爆破循环开挖的进行,围岩处于稳定状态,在排除爆破加载左洞及右洞先后顺序的影响后,岩体损伤及围岩位移偏移以间柱为对称面呈现一定的对称性。同时,随着爆破掘进进行,隧道围岩监测处距爆破中心距离增大,测点处爆破应力波的强调度降低,围岩岩体疲劳损伤及位移偏移增量减少并最终趋于稳定。     

基于小波分析的建(构)筑物爆破振动安全评估

基于现场实测爆破振动数据,采用小波分析技术对爆破振动信号的能量特征进行分析,得到了信号不同频带上的能量分布,根据受控结构体对爆破振动动态响应特征,探索建立了能考虑爆破振动的强度、频率和持续时间以及受控建(构)筑物本身的动态响应特性(固有频率和阻尼比)等因素的综合安全判据响应能量判据,并用工程实例验证了该判据的可行性和可靠性。响应能量判据能准确地描述爆破振动对受控建(构)筑物的影响程度,较现行的速度-频率安全判据,更能全面地反映爆破振动对建(构)筑物危害的本质。     

雅砻江锦屏一级水电站坝址区实测地应力与重大工程地质问题分析

本文对雅砻江锦屏一级水电站坝址区Ⅱ1-Ⅱ1及其前后剖面实测地应力进行了系统整理分析。分析结果表明:在相同的水平和垂直埋深条件下左岸坡角应力大小较右岸坡角小,这主要是由边坡岩体结构确定的;左岸导流洞开挖过程中在应力大小较右岸低的情况下出现坍塌工程地质问题也与左岸边坡岩体结构有关,而非岩爆等诱发。另外对左岸岩体深部裂缝在已有研究成果的基础上从应力集中、能量积累角度初步提出了新的边坡变形破坏方式,并从岩体结构和地应力大小方面对锦屏一级水电站工程建设过程中左、右岸应注意的工程地质问题提出了初步建议。     

Dynamics of two vibro-impact nonlinear energy sinks in parallel under periodic and transient excitations

A linear oscillator (LO) coupled with two vibro-impact (VI) nonlinear energy sinks (NES) in parallel is studied under periodic and transient excitations, respectively. The objective is to study response regimes and to compare their efficiency of vibration control. Through the analytical study with multiple scales method, two slow invariant manifolds (SIM) are obtained for two VI NES, and different SIM that result from different clearances analytically supports the principle of separate activation. In addition, fixed points are calculated and their positions are applied to judge response regimes. Transient responses and modulated responses can be further explained. By this way, all analysis is around the most efficient response regime. Then, numerical results demonstrate two typical responses and validate the effectiveness of analytical prediction. Finally, basic response regimes are experimentally observed and analyzed, and they can well explain the complicated variation of responses and their corresponding efficiency, not only for periodic excitations with a fixed frequency or a range of frequency, but also for transient excitation. Generally, vibration control is more effective when VI NES is activated with two impacts per cycle, whatever the types of excitation and the combinations of clearances. This observation is also well reflected by the separate activation of two VI NES with two different clearances, but at different levels of displacement amplitude of LO.     

地铁隧道毫秒延时爆破环境振动特性研究

基于地铁隧道毫秒延时爆破环境振动特性现场试验，考虑爆破荷载的不规则特性，采用基于非对称加卸载准则的修正Davidenkov本构模型描述场地土体的动力非线性特性；通过改进Friedlander方程来模拟内源爆炸在圆柱形炮孔表面产生的瞬态空气冲击波；实现了包含毫秒延时爆破荷载输入和有限元-无限元耦合边界的地层-爆源体系三维精细化有限元模型，并与现场实测数据对比验证了该模型方法的有效性。对50 ms延时爆破和齐爆引起的环境振动特性进行了数值模拟，对比发现毫秒延时爆破不仅可以有效降低地表峰值振速，而且可以显著改变地表振动的频谱特性。毫秒延时爆破产生的地表振动频带较集中，对分散爆破振动能量的作用显著，且地表速度响应的主频较高，远离建筑结构自振频率，可显著降低爆破施工引起的邻近建筑物的结构振动水平。     

Steady State Passive Nonlinear Energy Pumping in Coupled Oscillators: Theoretical and Experimental Results

We study theoretically and experimentally the effect that anonlinear energy sink (NES) has on the steady state dynamics of a weaklycoupled system. The NES possesses essentially nonlinear(nonlinearizable) stiffness nonlinearity of the third degree. We findthat, in contrast to the classical linear vibration absorber, the NES iscapable of absorbing steady state vibration energy from the linearoscillator over a relatively broad frequency range. This results inlocalization of the steady state vibration in the NES, away from thedirectly forced subsystem. For a forward frequency sweep the localizedbranch of steady state motions is suddenly eliminated by a jump to alinearized low-amplitude motion, whereas, for a backward frequency sweepa reverse jump occurs. The difference in the frequencies of the twojumps introduces a nonlinear hysteresis loop. This work extends to thesteady state case of earlier transient passive energy pumping results.The notion of passively transferring vibration energy to an a prioridetermined NES, weakly attached to a main structure, is novel. The useof nonlinear energy sinks for passively absorbing energy from a linearmain structure can form the basis of relatively simple and modularvibration and shock isolation designs of mechanical systems.     

自参数动力系统临界状态减振的非光滑方法

系统在达到稳态运动前通常要经历瞬态振动过程。瞬态振动对系统的影响是不可忽略的。在这个过程中作用于系统的激振力频率实际上是由零开始增加到某一工作频率。当激振力频率接近或超过系统的临界频率。系统发生共振，同时振幅达到峰值，并且此共振振幅通常要比系统的稳态振幅大的多。考虑到上述问题。文中分析了两种通过调制激振频率来实现降低临界振幅的方法，即让激振频率按单调线性增加或者分段线性增加到系统工作频率，通过系统相位的调制来实现减振。数值仿真结果表明上述方法能有效地降低临界振幅。同时上述方法工程实际应用中易于实现。     

随机激励下受热翼面的模态频率特性试验研究

现代高速飞行器结构热模态频率特性试验研究,对这类飞行器设计校核和飞行安全具有重要意义。根据飞行过程中遭受的气动加热特性设计了瞬态热环境模拟系统,同时,根据高温环境的特点对测试中的激励和测量方式进行了重新设计,成功地将普通激振器应用于高温结构模态试验,最终将热环境模拟系统与振动测试系统组合,形成一套考虑瞬态热影响的热模态试验系统,实现了瞬态热环境下结构模态的地面测试。对一个切尖三角翼测量了各个加热区的温度随加热时间的变化,验证了加热温度控制的精确性;在纯随机激励下对测得的激励和振动响应信号采用短时傅里叶变换(Short Time Fourier Transformation,STFT)进行时变模态参数辨识,获得了前四阶模态频率随加热时间的变化,并与结构有限元数值计算结果进行了比较,试验与计算结果吻合得很好,验证了该试验方法对热模态测试问题的有效性和准确性。通过分别对瞬态和稳态热环境下结构模态频率试验和计算结果的分析,探讨了结构瞬态温度场对模态频率影响的机理,揭示了结构内部存在的热应力和材料属性的变化,是决定模态频率随加热时间变化趋势的内在原因。     

Shock initiated instabilities in underwater cylindrical structures

An experimental investigation to understand the mechanisms of dynamic buckling instability in cylindrical structures due to underwater explosive loadings is conducted. In particular, the effects of initial hydrostatic pressure coupled with a dynamic pressure pulse on the stability of metallic cylindrical shells are evaluated. The experiments are conducted at varying initial hydrostatic pressures, below the critical buckling pressure, to estimate the threshold after which dynamic buckling will initiate. The transient underwater full-field deformations of the structures during shock wave loading are captured using high-speed stereo photography coupled with modified 3-D Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique. Experimental results show that increasing initial hydrostatic pressure decreases the natural vibration frequency of the structure indicating loss in structural stiffness. DIC measurements reveal that the initial structural excitations primarily consist of axisymmetric vibrations due to symmetrical shock wave loading in the experiments. Following their decay after a few longitudinal reverberations, the primary mode of vibration evolves which continues throughout later in time. At the initial hydrostatic pressures below the threshold value, these vibrations are stable in nature. The analytical solutions for the vibration frequency and the transient response of cylindrical shell are discussed in the article by accounting for both (1) the added mass effect of the surrounding water and (2) the effect of initial stress on the shell imposed by the hydrostatic pressure. The analytical solutions match reasonably well with the experimental vibration frequencies. Later, the transient response of a cylindrical shell subjected to a general underwater pressure wave loading is derived which leads to the analytical prediction of dynamic stability.     

Targeted energy transfers in vibro-impact oscillators for seismic mitigation

In the field of seismic protection of structures, it is crucial to be able to diminish ‘as much as possible’ and dissipate ‘as fast as possible’ the load induced by seismic (vibration-shock) energy imparted to a structure by an earthquake. In this context, the concept of passive nonlinear energy pumping appears to be natural for application to seismic mitigation. Hence, the overall problem discussed in this paper can be formulated as follows: Design a set of nonlinear energy sinks (NESs) that are locally attached to a main structure, with the purpose of passively absorbing a significant part of the applied seismic energy, locally confining it and then dissipating it in the smallest possible time. Alternatively, the overall goal will be to demonstrate that it is feasible to passively divert the applied seismic energy from the main structure (to be protected) to a set of preferential nonlinear substructures (the set of NESs), where this energy is locally dissipated at a time scale fast enough to be of practical use for seismic mitigation. It is the aim of this work to show that the concept of nonlinear energy pumping is feasible for seismic mitigation. We consider a two degree-of-freedom (DOF) primary linear system (the structure to be protected) and study seismic-induced vibration control through the use of Vibro-Impact NESs (VI NESs). Also, we account for the possibility of attaching to the primary structure additional alternative NES configurations possessing essential but smooth nonlinearities (e.g., with no discontinuities). We study the performance of the NESs through a set of evaluation criteria. The damped nonlinear transitions that occur during the operation of the VI NESs are then studied by superimposing wavelet spectra of the nonlinear responses to appropriately defined frequency – energy plots (FEPs) of branches of periodic orbits of underlying Conservative systems.     

考虑剪力滞和剪切变形的薄壁箱梁自振特性分析

以能量变分原理为基础,综合考虑箱形梁满足应力自平衡的剪力滞、剪切变形和转动惯量等多重因素的影响,推导出箱梁的自由振动方程及自然边界条件。通过算例将本文解析计算结果与ANSYS有限元计算结果进行了比较。结果表明,两者计算结果吻合良好,论证了本文计算方法的正确。所得公式比以往箱形箱梁自振特性计算理论有一定发展,并得出了一些对工程设计有意义的结论;在剪力滞效应的作用下,箱形梁的固有频率减小幅度较大,不能忽略;剪力滞效应随频率阶次的升高而变大,随着跨宽比的减小而增大。     

面内压电振动能量采集动力学设计与性能研究

压电振动能量采集将环境中普遍存在的机械能转换为电能，可以实现自供能传感、控制与驱动，具备灵活、节能环保、可持续的优势，具有广阔的应用前景。为了促进压电振动能量采集器件的集成与融合，提出面内压电振动能量采集，将压电振动能量采集器进行扁平化设计，使其在二维平面内采集振动能量，在保证较大功率输出下能够显著减小器件所需三维空间。为了提高输出功率与工作频宽，设计了具有双稳态与力放大机制的面内压电振动能量采集器。考虑弯张小变形，通过能量法建立了面内压电振动能量采集器的机电耦合动力学模型。分析了关键设计参数对面内压电振动能量采集器性能的影响。数值仿真了面内压电振动能量采集器在简谐激励下的俘能性能，结果表明，通过合理的设计，面内压电振动能量采集器可以低频、宽频弱激励下有效俘获能量。面内压电振动能量采集设计方法有利于推动便携式、可穿戴式自供能等方面的应用和产业化。