Thin rod under longitudinal dynamic compression

The paper contains a short survey of the papers on the static and dynamic longitudinal compression of a thin rod initiated by Morozov and and carried out in 2009–2016 with his direct participation. We consider linear and nonlinear problems related to the propagation of longitudinal waves in a rod and the transverse vibrations generated by these waves; parametric resonances; beating due to energy exchange between longitudinal and transverse vibrations; the rod shape evolution as the load exceeds the Euler critical value; the possibility of buckling of the rod rectilinear shape under a load less than the Euler load; and the rod dynamics at the initial stage of motion. The prospects of further investigations related to the complication of the models are considered, in particular, the problem of longitudinal impact by a body on a rod and the transverse vibrations generated by it.     

Buckling problem for a rod longitudinally compressed by a force smaller than the Euler critical force

It was earlier shown that a rod can buckle under the action of a sudden longitudinal load smaller than the Euler critical load. The buckling mechanism is related to excitation of periodic longitudinal waves generated in the rod by the sudden loading, which in turn lead to transverse parametric resonances. In the linear approximation, the transverse vibration amplitude increases unboundedly, and in the geometrically nonlinear approach, beats with energy exchange from longitudinal to transverse vibrations and back can arise. In this case, the transverse vibration amplitude can be significant. In the present paper, we study how this amplitude responds to the following two factors: the smoothness of application of the longitudinal force and the internal friction forces in the rod material.     

Dynamic Stability Problems of Anisotropic Cylindrical Shells via a Simplified Analysis

An analytical–numerical method involving a small number of generalized coordinates is presented for the analysis of the nonlinear vibration and dynamic stability behaviour of imperfect anisotropic cylindrical shells. Donnell-type governing equations are used and classical lamination theory is employed. The assumed deflection modes approximately satisfy simply supported boundary conditions. The axisymmetric mode satisfying a relevant coupling condition with the linear, asymmetric mode is included in the assumed deflection function. The shell is statically loaded by axial compression, radial pressure and torsion. A two-mode imperfection model, consisting of an axisymmetric and an asymmetric mode, is used. The static-state response is assumed to be affine to the given imperfection. In order to find approximate solutions for the dynamic-state equations, Hamiltons principle is applied to derive a set of modal amplitude equations. The dynamic response is obtained via numerical time-integration of the set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The nonlinear behaviour under axial parametric excitation and the dynamic buckling under axial step loading of specific imperfect isotropic and anisotropic shells are simulated using this approach. Characteristic results are discussed. The softening behaviour of shells under parametric excitation and the decrease of the buckling load under step loading, as compared with the static case, are illustrated.     

Nonlinear asymptotic analysis in elastica of straight bars—analytical parametric solutions

It is shown that by a series of admissible functional transformations the already derived (third-order) strongly nonlinear ordinary differential equation (ODE), describing the elastica buckling analysis of a straight bar under its own weight [Int.J.Solids Struct.24(12), 1179–1192, 1988, The Theory of Elastic Stability, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1961], is reduced to a first-order nonlinear integrodifferential equation. The absence of exact analytic solutions of the reduced equation leads to the conclusion that there are no exact analytic solutions in terms of known (tabulated) functions of this elastica buckling problem. In the limits of large or small values of the slope of the deflected elastica, we expand asymptotically the above integrodifferential equation to nonlinear ODEs of the Emden–Fowler or Abel nonlinear type. In these cases, using the solution methodology recently developed in Panayotounakos [Appl. Math. Lett. 18:155–162, 2005] and Panayotounakos and Kravvaritis [Nonlin. Anal. Real World Appl., 7(2):634–650, 2006], we construct exact implicit analytic solutions in parametric form of these types of equations and thus approximate implicit analytic solutions of the original elastica buckling nonlinear ODE.     

Numerical Analysis of the Branched Forms of Bending for a Rod

Nonlinear boundary–value problems of plane bending of elastic arches subjected to uniformly distributed loading are solved numerically by the shooting method. The problems are formulated for a system of sixth–order ordinary differential equations that are more general than the Euler equations. Four variants of rod loading by transverse and longitudinal forces are considered. Branching of the solutions of boundary–value problems and the existence of intersected and isolated branches are shown. In the case of a translational longitudinal force, the classical Euler elasticas are obtained. The existence of a unique (rectilinear) form of equilibrium upon compression of a rod by a following longitudinal force is shown.     

Exact parametric analytic solutions of the elastica ODEs for bars including effects of the transverse deformation

We succeed in constructing exact parametric analytic solutions for the non-linear ordinary differential equations governing the elastica response of a cantilever due to a generalized end loading by taking into account the effects of transverse deformation. Application to the case of the eccentric buckling of a cantilever by taking into account the above influences is developed.     

四角点支承四边自由矩形薄板屈曲问题的新解析解

角点支承矩形薄板的屈曲问题是板壳力学的一类重要课题，控制方程和边界条件的复杂性导致寻求该类问题的解析解十分困难。虽然各类近似/数值方法可用于解决此类难题，但作为基准的精确解析解在公开文献中鲜有报道。本文基于近年来提出的辛叠加方法，解析求解了四角点支承四边自由矩形薄板的屈曲问题。首先将问题拆分为两个子问题，接着利用分离变量与辛本征展开推导出子问题的解析解，最后通过叠加获得原问题的解。由于求解过程从基本控制方程出发，逐步严格推导，无需假定解的形式，因此本文解法是一种理性的解析方法。数值算例给出了不同长宽比和不同面内载荷比情况下，四角点支承四边自由矩形薄板的屈曲载荷和典型屈曲模态，并经有限元方法验证，确认了解析解的正确性。     

Global dynamics and integrity of a two-dof model of?a?parametrically excited cylindrical shell

In this paper the global dynamics and topological integrity of the basins of attraction of a parametrically excited cylindrical shell are investigated through a two-degree-of-freedom reduced order model. This model, as shown in previous authors?? works, is capable of describing qualitatively the complex nonlinear static and dynamic buckling behavior of the shell. The discretized model is obtained by employing Donnell shallow shell theory and the Galerkin method. The shell is subjected to an axial static pre-loading and then to a harmonic axial load. When the static load is between the buckling load and the minimum post-critical load, a three potential well is obtained. Under these circumstances the shell may exhibit pre- and post-buckling solutions confined to each of the potential wells as well as large cross-well motions. The aim of the paper is to analyze in a systematic way the bifurcation sequences arising from each of the three stable static solutions, obtaining in this way the parametric instability and escape boundaries. The global dynamics of the system is analyzed through the evolution of the various basins of attraction in the four-dimensional phase space. The concepts of safe basin and integrity measures quantifying its magnitude are used to obtain the erosion profile of the various solutions. A detailed parametric analysis shows how the basins of the various solutions interfere with each other and how this influences the integrity measures. Special attention is dedicated to the topological integrity of the various solutions confined to the pre-buckling well. This allows one to evaluate the safety and dynamic integrity of the mechanical system. Two characteristic cases, one associated with a sub-critical parametric bifurcation and another with a super-critical parametric bifurcation, are considered in the analysis.     

Dynamic buckling of a single-degree-of-freedom system with variable mass

In this paper dynamic buckling of the single-degree-of-freedom system with variable mass is analyzed. In the system the mass variation is slow and is a function of slow variable time. Due to mass variation the impact force acts. The motion of the system is described with a nonlinear ordinary differential equation with time variable parameters. A new approximate analytic criterion of dynamic buckling for the non-autonomous systems which have the conservation law of energy type is developed. The conservation law is formed applying the Noetherian approach. The suggested method allows the determination of dynamic buckling load without solving the corresponding nonlinear differential equation of motion. For this value of dynamic load the motion of the system becomes unbounded. The obtained analytic value is compared with the numeric one. It shows a good agreement.     

Nonlinear dynamic buckling of a viscoelastic model under impact loading

A simple nonlinear buckling analysis is applied to a one-degree-of-freedom arch under impact loading in which viscous damping may also be included. Such a loading consists of a falling body striking centrally the joint mass of the arch in such a way that a completely plastic impact can be postulated. When there is no damping the exact dynamic buckling load for such a kind of loading-associated with an unbounded motion can be established by using a static criterion (approach). More specifically, it was shown that the dynamic buckling load corresponds to that unstable equilibrium state where the total potential energy of the system is zero. Furthermore, it was proved that the second variation of the total potential energy at the foregoing unstable equilibrium state is negative definite. This implies that the curve loading versus displacement resulting by the vanishing of the total potential energy has always a maximum on the afore mentioned unstable state. It was also found that the system may become sensitive to initial conditions. If damping is included the foregoing static criterion yields lower bound buckling estimates. These findings were verified by employing a highly efficient approximate technique as well as the numerical scheme of Runge-Kutta for solving any nonlinear initial-value problem.     

横向磁场中细长压杆的分岔特性

在磁弹性非线性运动方程、物理方程、电动力学方程及洛仑兹力表达式的基础上,应用Lagrange描述法建立了横向磁场中两端铰支受压细长杆的非线性磁弹性动力学模型.通过对该模型的简化,分别讨论了静力学模型、线性动力学模型和含三次非线性项的动力学模型的分岔特性.最后通过数值计算,给出了横向磁场中受压细长杆的失稳临界载荷与相关参量之间的关系曲线,并对计算结果及其变化规律进行了分析讨论.     

Relationship between Euler buckling and unstable equilibria of buckled beams

Classic snap-through of curved beams, plates, and shells has long been an object of attention in structural engineering. Euler buckling under axial loading is perhaps an even more entrenched part of the canon of engineering education and practice. In this paper we introduce a relationship between the two phenomena, that to our knowledge has not been directly addressed before. The relationship shows that Euler buckling configurations are connected by the force–displacement curve under transverse loading. The results are used to develop a very simple metric to estimate the number of unstable static equilibria of a buckled structure based only on its geometry with no need for static or dynamic solvers. The study is focused on beams as this allows for an unambiguous discussion of the idea on the simplest possible structure.     

Finite element analysis of post-buckling dynamics in plates—Part I: An asymptotic approach

Various static and dynamic aspects of post-buckled thin plates, including the transition of buckled patterns, post-buckling dynamics, secondary bifurcation, and dynamic snapping (mode jumping phenomenon), are investigated systematically using asymptotical and non-stationary finite element methods. In part I, the secondary dynamic instability and the local post-secondary buckling behavior of thin rectangular plates under generalized (mechanical and thermal) loading is investigated using an asymptotic numerical method which combines Koiter’s nonlinear instability theory with the finite element technique. A dynamic multi-mode reduction method—similar to its static single-mode counterpart: Liapunov–Schmidt reduction—is developed in this perturbation approach. Post-secondary buckling equilibrium branches are obtained by solving the reduced low-dimensional parametric equations and their stability properties are determined directly by checking the eigenvalues of the resulting Jacobian matrix. Typical post-secondary buckling forms—transcritical, supercritical and subcritical bifurcations are observed according to different combinations of boundary conditions and load types. Geometric imperfection analysis shows that not only the secondary bifurcation load but also changes in the fundamental post-secondary buckling behavior are affected. The post-buckling dynamics and the global analysis of mode jumping of the plates are addressed in part II.     

Helical buckling of a whirling conducting rod in a uniform magnetic field

We study the effect of a magnetic field on the behaviour of a conducting elastic rod subject to a novel set of boundary conditions that, in the case of a transversely isotropic rod, give rise to exact helical post-buckling solutions. The equations used are the geometrically exact Kirchhoff equations and both static (buckling) and dynamic (whirling) instability are considered. Critical loads are obtained explicitly and are given by a surprisingly simple formula. By solving the linearised equations about the (quasi-)stationary solutions we also find secondary instabilities described by (Hamiltonian-)Hopf bifurcations, the usual signature of incipient ‘breathing’ modes. The boundary conditions can also be used to generate and study helical solutions through traditional non-magnetic buckling due to compression, twist or whirl.     

Critical buckling loads of the perfect Hollomon's power-law columns

In this work, we present analytic formulas for calculating the critical buckling states of some plastic axial columns of constant cross-sections. The associated critical buckling loads are calculated by Euler-type analytic formulas and the associated deformed shapes are presented in terms of generalized trigonometric functions. The plasticity of the material is defined by the Hollomon's power-law equation. This is an extension of the Euler critical buckling loads of perfect elastic columns to perfect plastic columns. In particular, critical loads for perfect straight plastic columns with circular and rectangular cross-sections are calculated for a list of commonly used metals. Connections and comparisons to the classical result of the Euler–Engesser reduced-modulus loads are also presented.     

Electromechanical Vibrations and Dissipative Heating of Viscoelastic Thin-Walled Piezoelements

The results of studying the electromechanical response of thin-walled viscoelastic piezoactive elements under harmonic loading are generalized. The nonlinear electrothermoviscoelastic problem for a harmonically deformed body is formulated in a simplified form with regard for the facts that the mechanical, thermal, and electric fields are coupled, the material is physically nonlinear, and its properties depend on temperature. Classical and refined electromechanical models of single-layer and multilayer shells and plates under general and harmonic loading are reviewed. The models consider that the electromechanical characteristics of the material depend on temperature and physical and geometrical nonlinearities. Methods for solving nonlinear coupled electrothermoviscoelastic problems are discussed. Analytical and numerical solutions are given to specific quasistatic and dynamic electrothermoviscoelastic problems for thin-walled elements such as rods, plates, and shells of various shapes under harmonic electric loading. The effect of dissipation, the temperature dependence of the material properties, and physical and geometrical nonlinearities on the harmonic and parametric vibrations and stability of piezoelectric elements is studied     

Exact dynamic solutions to piezoelectric smart beams including peel stresses Part II: Numerical results,comparison and approximate solution

This work presents numerical results for the exact dynamic solution of piezoelectric (PZT) smart beams including peel stresses, which was developed in Part I. Numerical results are presented in details for frequency spectra, natural frequencies, normal mode shapes, harmonic responses of the shear and peel stresses, and sensing electric charges for a cantilever beam with a bonded PZT patch to the clamped end. The exact dynamic solution can provide useful data for benchmarking other methods. The numerical results of the present model including peel stresses (PSM) are also compared with those obtained using the shear lag beam model and the shear lag rod model. On the basis of the equivalent forces derived in the static analysis, simple approximate dynamic solutions are obtained and compared with the exact solutions, and then the application and limitation of the simple approximate solutions are investigated. By comparing numerical results predicted by the present PSM model with the shear lag models and the approximate solutions based on the static equivalent forces, effects of the dynamic shear and peel stresses on natural frequencies and dynamic responses of the smart structures are examined.     

梯形应力脉冲在弹性杆中的传播过程和几何弥散

在应力波传播过程中,几何弥散效应往往难以避免.对应力波在弹性杆中传播的几何弥散效应进行解析分析,对于基础波动问题研究以及材料动态力学行为表征等课题,显得至关重要.本文简单说明了弹性杆中考虑横向惯性修正的一维 Rayleigh-Love应力波理论,概述了其波动控制方程的变分法推导过程;针对 Hopkinson杆实验中常用的梯形应力加载脉冲,建立了相应的偏微分方程初边值问题的求解模型,并运用 Laplace变换方法研究了脉冲在杆中传播的几何弥散现象;根据留数定理进行 Laplace反变换,给出了杆中不同位置和时刻的应力波的级数形式解析解,分析了计算项数对结果收敛性的影响;将解析计算结果与采用三维有限元数值模拟的计算结果进行对比,两者吻合程度良好,从而证明 Rayleigh-Love横向惯性修正理论可以有效地表征典型 Hopkinson杆实验中的几何弥散效应.在此基础上围绕梯形加载脉冲的弥散效应进行参数研究,定量描述了传播距离、泊松比、脉冲斜率等参数的影响.本文给出的 Rayleigh-Love杆在梯形加载条件下的解析解,揭示了几何弥散效应的本质规律,可以用于实际实验的弥散修正过程.      

On the nonlinear dynamic buckling mechanism of autonomous dissipative/nondissipative discrete structural systems

Summary Nonlinear dynamic buckling of nonlinearly elastic dissipative/nondissipative multi-mass systems, mainly under step load of infinite duration, is studied in detail. These systems, under the same loading applied statically, experience a limit point instability. The analysis can be readily extended to the case of dynamic buckling under impact loading. Energy, topological and geometrical aspects for the total potential energyV, which is constrained to lie in a region of phase-space whereV0, allow conclusions to be drawn directly regarding dynamic buckling. Criteria leading to very good, approximate and lower/upper bound dynamic buckling estimates are readily established without solving the highly nonlinear set of equations of motion. The theory is illustrated with several analyses of a two-degree-of-freedom model.     

On Bifurcation in Finite Elasticity: Buckling of a Rectangular Rod

Although there is an extensive literature on the linearization instability of the nonlinear system of partial differential equations that governs an elastic material, there are very few results that prove that a second branch of solutions actually bifurcates from a known solution branch when the known branch becomes unstable. In this paper the implicit function theorem in a Banach space setting is used to prove that the quasistatic compression of a rectangular elastic rod between rigid frictionless plates leads to the buckling of the rod as is observed in experiment and as first predicted by Euler. This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. DMS–8810653 and DMS–0405646.