理想流体中定常自由涡环运动

本文研究理想均质不可压缩无界流体中的轴对称定常涡环运动。通过对柱坐标系下的定常Euler方程的高精度数值求解,给出了求涡核区有任意涡量分布情况下轴对称定常涡环解的方法,并就涡环的运动特性进行了讨论,其极限情况与已有的理论解完全一致。在此基础之上,还发展了一种柱坐标系下以傅氏级数为基函数作展开的高效谱方法,成功地解决了奇性(r=0)问题。     

副螺棱周期性扰动对单螺杆挤出机流体混沌混合的影响

从拉格朗日拟序结构的新视角,对扰动副棱单螺杆挤出机螺槽展开结构混沌流场的流体输运机理进行研究。采用有限元法,利用网格叠加技术,计算了扰动副棱单螺杆挤出机螺槽展开结构流体的二维流场分布,采用4阶Runge-Kutta法追踪了挤出机内流体粒子的演变过程,并与可视化实验结果进行了比较,验证了数值模拟的可靠性。在此基础上,利用有限时间李雅普诺夫指数(FTLE)、拉格朗日拟序结构(LCS)、Poincaré截面等研究了扰动副棱单螺杆挤出机内流体的混沌混合特性;分析了副螺棱宽度和高度等参数对混沌流场流型结构的影响。研究结果表明:带副螺棱的单螺杆挤出机流场中同宿点引发了混沌混合;副螺棱的高度是控制混沌流场的重要参数之一,增加副螺棱高度可以在一定程度上增大"扭结"的作用尺度,增加流体的拉伸和折叠作用,减小规则区的面积,有效提高设备的混合效率。     

稳定大气条件下爆炸烟云的数值模拟研究

为了研究爆炸及燃烧产生的"蘑菇"状烟云,采用中尺度气象模式RAMS(regional atmosphericmodeling system)模拟研究了冲击波过后的爆炸烟云运动过程.流场和涡度场结果显示,对于稳定层结大气条件,爆炸烟云在浮力作用下会形成浮力涡环结构;烟云在到达最大高度以后,形成了环套环的多涡结构.通过模拟不同爆炸当量和不同大气稳定度的烟云上升最大高度,得到了与目前常用的爆炸烟云上升公式一致的形式.     

利用O型环抑制圆柱绕法流涡脱落的数值研究

圆柱绕流涡脱落诱发较大的振动和声,如何有效地抑制值得关注.利用大涡模拟技术求解了Navier-Stokes方程,得到了涡脱落频率,升力脉动幅值及平均阻力系数.计算表明二维模拟不能体现流动基本特征,三维计算与实验吻合较好.为了抑制涡脱落,在直径为D的圆柱表面装入间距为1D,直径为0.0167D的O型环.通过升力、速度谱分析以及柱向横截面流场分析可知,在光滑圆柱外表面加入O型环能诱发流体边界层分离,有效地抑制涡脱落现象,升力脉动和观测点速度脉动幅值几乎完全消失,阻力系数也略微降低,适合在实际工程中采用.     

倾斜圆柱结构涡激振动研究进展

圆柱结构涡激振动现象在生活中十分常见, 如海洋工程中的管道、土木工程中的高耸建筑、桥梁斜拉索, 核工程中的热交换器等频繁受到涡激振动影响, 诱发结构的疲劳损伤, 甚至破坏失效. 现阶段, 人们对垂直来流作用下圆柱结构涡激振动机理已有较为全面的认识. 然而, 当圆柱倾斜置于流场中, 结构后缘的尾流形态与垂直放置差异显著, 结构与流体的耦合作用机理更为复杂. 为简化倾斜圆柱涡激振动问题, 提出了不相关原则, 来流速度被分解为垂直圆柱结构轴向和平行圆柱结构轴向的两个速度分量, 仅考虑垂直结构轴向速度分量的影响, 忽略平行结构轴向速度分量的影响. 近年来, 针对倾斜圆柱涡激振动及不相关原则的适用性, 出现了大量实验和数值模拟研究成果. 为了深化对倾斜圆柱结构涡激振动相关机理的认知, 本文全面阐述了倾斜圆柱结构涡激振动响应规律、尾迹流场模式和流体力特性等方面的研究进展, 分析了不相关原则的适用范围, 探讨了倾斜圆柱结构涡激振动抑制措施, 并对今后该领域的研究进行了力所能及的展望.      

剪切流作用下层合梁非线性振动特性研究

针对剪切流中层合梁的大变形非线性振动问题, 采用高阶剪切变形锯齿理论和冯·卡门应变描述层合梁的变形模式和几何非线性效应, 构建了大变形层合梁非线性振动有限元数值模型; 采用基于任意拉格朗日?欧拉方法的有限体积法求解不可压缩黏性流体纳维-斯托克斯方程, 结合层合梁和流体的耦合界面条件建立了剪切流作用下层合梁流固耦合非线性动力学数值模型, 采用分区并行强耦合方法对层合梁的流致非线性振动响应进行了迭代计算. 研究了不同速度分布的剪切流作用下单层梁和多层复合材料梁的振动响应特性, 并验证了本文数值建模方法的有效性. 结果表明: 剪切流作用下单层梁的振动特性与均匀流作用下的情况不同, 梁的运动轨迹受剪切流影响向下偏斜, 随着速度分布系数增加, 尾部流场中的涡结构发生改变; 刚度比对剪切流作用下层合梁的振动特性有显著影响, 随着刚度比的增加, 层合梁振动的振幅增大, 主导频率下降, 运动轨迹由‘8’字形逐渐变得不对称; 发现了不同厚度比和铺层角度情况下, 层合梁存在定点稳定模式、周期极限环振动模式和非周期振动模式三种不同的振动模式, 改变层合梁铺层角度可实现层合梁周期极限环振动模式向非周期振动模式转变.      

近距离下射流冲击平板PIV实验研究

运用时间分辨粒子成像测速系统(time-resolved particle image velocimetry, TR-PIV)对近距离下射流冲击平板时的流场进行了直接测量, 通过对两个正交的平面流场开展测量, 揭示了冲击距离和雷诺数对射流间隙内三维流动特征及涡系结构演化规律的影响. 结果表明: 射流间隙存在三种典型的涡系结构, 分别为双涡环模式、单涡环模式和卷吸模式, 但在大流量湍流状态下, 射流可能会冲破涡环, 形成随机的高速出流, 各流动模式的出现主要与射流流态及壁面约束作用有关. 运用涡量分析对三种典型涡系结构的能量传递和损失特性进行了比较. 结果表明: 近距离冲击时, 射流的能量通过涡环模式向外传递. 在双涡环模式下, 两个涡环的旋向相反, 端面的约束作用使得两个涡环都被严格约束在射流棒端面之内, 且一次涡环强度显著大于二次涡环强度. 最后, 运用本征正交分解方法对射流间隙内的流动模态及其能量分布进行了分析. 单涡和双涡模式前十阶模态分析结果表明: 能量脉动在较低阶时即以配对的模式出现, 这表明一次涡环与二次涡环均具有良好的对称性, 同时在双涡模式中, 一次涡环是占主导作用的大尺度流动结构. 卷吸模式的前三阶模态分析表明: 射流的能量集中在射流上游, 能量随紊动扩散急剧衰减.      

虚拟时变微下击暴流的数值仿真方法

为了生成虚拟飞行仿真中的微下击暴流风场,本文提出了一种基于涡环原理的工程化非对称时变微下击暴流模型。考虑了空气粘性的作用,建立了有限粘性涡核模型,解决了诱导速度在涡核内分布不连续的问题。采用湍流自由射流理论求解涡环中心轴处诱导速度,避免了奇异值的产生。考虑造成涡环运动的因素,建立了随时间变化的非定常涡环模型。仿真结果表明:与解析法相比,本文采用的数值方法所耗机时短(仅需0.3871s),所得结果与解析法结果完全一致,计算结果精确;且得出的微下击暴流风场的分布与真实情况类似,可满足实时飞行仿真的需要。本文结果可为虚拟飞行实验提供一定的理论参考。     

利用O型环抑制圆柱绕流涡脱落的数值研究

圆柱绕流涡脱落诱发较大的振动和声,如何有效地抑制值得关注。利用大涡模拟技术求解了Navier—Stokes方程,得到了涡脱落频率,升力脉动幅值及平均阻力系数。计算表明二维模拟不能体现流动基本特征．三维计算与实验吻合较好。为了抑制涡脱落,在直径为D的圆柱表面装入间距为1D．直径为0．0167D的O型环。通过升力、速度谱分析以及柱向横截面流场分析可知．在光滑圆柱外表面加入O型环能诱发流体边界层分离,有效地抑制涡脱落现象．升力脉动和观测点速度脉动幅值几乎完全消失,阻力系数也略微降低,适合在实际工程中采用。     

涡激诱导并列双圆柱碰撞数值模拟研究

圆柱类结构物的涡激振动是工程中较为常见的一种现象,如果圆柱结构物之间的距离较小, 就会产生涡激诱导碰撞现象,而涡激碰撞会比涡激振动对结构物疲劳破坏产生更严重的威胁.采用浸入边界法模拟流体中的动边界问题,避免了传统贴体网格方法在求解流体中存在固体间碰撞问题时出现数值求解不稳定问题,采用有限元方法对圆柱的运动和碰撞进行求解,通过数据回归方法建立了流体流动条件下的润滑模型,对不同间隙比下涡激诱导并列双圆柱振动及碰撞过程进行了数值模拟, 数值结果表明,如果两圆柱产生了碰撞将会有连续的碰撞发生, 碰撞时出现了多阶频率,振动主频率要比无碰撞时大, 两圆柱碰撞时的相对速度比自由来流速度小;当两圆柱相互接近时, 随着涡环分离角度的逐渐倾斜, 横向流体力先逐渐减小,当两圆柱间涡环开始相互影响发生挤压时, 横向流体力开始逐渐增大;当两圆柱开始反弹时, 两圆柱间形成了低压区, 改变了横向流体阻力的方向,使两圆柱又产生了接近运动,如此反复从而产生了碰撞后横向流体力和圆柱速度的振荡现象.      

Lagrangian-based investigation of multiphase flows by finite-time Lyapunov exponents

Multiphase flows are ubiquitous in our daily lifeand engineering applications.It is important to investigatethe flow structures to predict their dynamical behaviors effectively.Lagrangian coherent structures(LCS) defined bythe ridges of the finite-time Lyapunov exponent(FTLE) isutilized in this study to elucidate the multiphase interactionsin gaseous jets injected into water and time-dependent turbulent cavitation under the framework of Navier-Stokes flowcomputations.For the gaseous jets injected into water,the highlightedphenomena of the jet transportation can be observed by theLCS method,including expansion,bulge,necking/breaking,and back-attack.Besides,the observation of the LCS revealsthat the back-attack phenomenon arises from the fact that theinjected gas has difficulties to move toward downstream region after the necking/breaking.For the turbulent cavitatingflow,the ridge of the FTLE field can form a LCS to capturethe front and boundary of the re-entraint jet when the adverse pressure gradient is strong enough.It represents a barrier between particles trapped inside the circulation regionand those moving downstream.The results indicate that theFTLE field has the potential to identify the structures of multiphase flows,and the LCS can capture the interface/barrieror the vortex/circulation region.     

The nonlinear interaction of vortex rings with a free surface

Nonlinear interactions of vortex rings with a free surface are considered in an incompressible, ideal fluid using the vortex contour dynamics technique and the boundary integral equation method. The flow is axisymmetric and the vorticity is linearly distributed in the vortex. Effects of the gravity and the surface tension as well as the initial geometric parameter of the vortex on the interaction process are investigated in considerable detail. The interaction process may be divided into three major stages: the vortex free-traveling stage, the collision stage, and the vortex stretching and rebounding stage. Time evolutions of both the vortex and free surface under various conditions are provided and analyzed. Two kinds of waves exist on the free surface during interaction. In a special case where the gravity and surface tension are very weak or the vortex is very strong, an electric-bulb-like ‘cavity’ is formed on the free surface and the vortex is trapped in the ‘cavity’ for quite a long time, resulting in a large amount of fluid above the mean fluid surface. The project supported by the National Education Commission of China and NASA under cooperative grant agreement # NCC5-34     

Interactions of three-dimensional vicous axisymmetric vortex rings with a free surface

The unsteady nonlinear interaction of three-dimensional vortices with a free surface is a great challenge in fluid mechanics, which has deep theoretical significance and important practical background. Applying the three-dimensional VOF method, the interactions of three-dimensional axisymmetric vortex rings with a free surface in an incompressible viscous fluid are numerically simulated. The influence of the Froude number and the surface tension are studied and the evolution of the vorticity, the trajectories of the vortex rings and the baroclinic vorticity on the surface are obtained. The results agreed well with the experiments reported in the literature. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

Particle Simulation of Swirling Flows

The vortex particle method has been applied to the axisymmetric swirling flow of a viscous fluid. The formulation used yields two transport equations which have been solved within the lagrangian framework of particle method. The diffusion operator for both equations has been approximated by means of a Particle Strength Exchange scheme. Applications to the cases of one isolated vortex ring and two co-rotating vortex rings illustrate the interest of this new method. Special attention has been devoted to the vorticity production resulting from the interaction between the azimuthal components of vorticity and velocity. The generation of small eddies at the boundary of the vortex ring cross-section has been particularly investigated. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Multisensor Hot Wire Vorticity Probe Measurements of the Formation Field of Two Corotating Vortices

Experimental evidence is reported, regarding the formation of a pair of co-rotating tip vortices by a split wing configuration, consisting of two half wings at equal and opposite angles of attack. Simultaneous measurements of the three-dimensional vector fields of velocity and vorticity were conducted on a cross plane at a downstream distance corresponding to 0.3 cord lengths (near wake), using an in-house constructed 12-sensor hot wire anemometry vorticity probe. The probe consists of three closely separated orthogonal 4-wire velocity sensor arrays, measuring simultaneously the three-dimensional velocity vector at three closely spaced locations on a cross plane of the flow filed. This configuration makes possible the estimation of spatial velocity derivatives by means of a forward difference scheme of first order accuracy. Velocity measurements obtained with an X-wire are also presented for comparison. In this near wake location, the flow field is dictated by the pressure distribution established by the flow around the wings, mobilizing large masses of air and leading to the roll up of fluid sheets. Fluid streams penetrating between the wings collide, creating on the cross plane flow a stagnation point and an “impermeable” line joining the two vortex centres. Along this line fluid is directed towards the two vortices, expanding their cores and increasing their separation distance. This feeding process generates a dipole of opposite sign streamwise mean vorticity within each vortex. The rotational flow within the vortices obligates an adverse streamwise pressure gradient leading to a significant streamwise velocity deficit characterizing the vortices. The turbulent flow field is the result of temporal changes in the intensity of the vortex formation and changes in the position of the cores (wandering).     

旋翼尾流与地面干扰时地面涡现象的研究

用Ｎ－Ｓ方程对近地飞行时旋翼尾流与地面干扰时产生的地面涡现象进行了数值计算旋翼对流场的作用由分布在特定区域内的动量源项模拟结果表明，旋翼尾流撞到地面后的卷起和轴向流动的拉伸作用是形成地面涡的原因；地面边界层形成的二次分离涡向地面涡内输入（与尾流所携带的涡量）相反的涡量，而使地面涡保持平衡；地面涡的存在和运动使旋翼附近流场大大改变     

Diffusion velocity for a three-dimensional vorticity field

A discussion is presented on the existence of a diffusion velocity for the vorticity vector that satisfies extensions of the Helmholtz vortex laws in a three-dimensional, incompressible, viscous fluid flow. A general form for the diffusion velocity is derived for a complex-lamellar vorticity field that satisfies the property that circulation is invariant about a region that is advected with the sum of the fluid velocity and the diffusion velocity. A consequence of this property is that vortex lines will be material lines with respect to this combined velocity field. The question of existence of diffusion velocity for a general three-dimensional vorticity field is shown to be equivalent to the question of existence of solutions of a certain Fredholm equation of the first kind. An example is given for which it is shown that a diffusion velocity satisfying this property does not, in general, exist. Properties of the simple expression for diffusion velocity for a complex-lamellar vorticity field are examined when applied to the more general case of an arbitrary three-dimensional flow. It is found that this form of diffusion velocity, while not satisfying the condition of circulation invariance, nevertheless has certain desirable properties for computation of viscous flows using Lagrangian vortex methods. The significance and structure of the noncomplex-lamellar part of the viscous diffusion term is examined for the special case of decaying homogeneous turbulence.     

基于涡旋识别方法的高速列车尾涡结构的讨论

利用改进型延迟分离涡模拟方法对缩尺比例1:30的高速列车简化模型的绕流流场进行数值计算,主要针对近尾流区的涡旋结构展开具体讨论. 通过不同的涡旋识别方法,发现在尾涡结构中,高涡量的强涡旋主要聚集于尾车附近,而涡量较低但处于相对稳定状态的涡旋分布在大部分尾流空间中. 对此,主要基于最新提出的涡旋定义及其物理意义认为,由于边界层在尾部发生的流动分离,剪切变形以及高涡量的扩散对强涡旋的形成发挥着重要的作用,而涡旋会被较强的剪切旋转拉伸,使得局部复杂的流动表现出突出的湍流特性;另一方面,尽管涡强度明显下降,但是在强剪切应变迅速衰减的情况下,流向涡核中的涡旋涡量是主要的,此时,在较接近地面的情况下,流体微团以涡核为中心的旋转运动使得涡旋与地面之间的相互作用成为主导的流动机制. 虽然涡强度会相对缓慢地衰减,但是从湍流能量产生的角度,该机制对涡旋的自维持发挥重要的作用,从而使尾涡结构能够相对稳定地存在于尾流流动中.      

NUMERICAL STUDY ON CUT-AND-CONNECT OF TWO VORTEX RINGS ALONG PARALLEL AXES

A numerical study has been conducted to investigate the interaction of two viscous vortex rings along parallel axes. The generation of two vortex rings created by the ejection of a fluid through orifices and their cut-and-connect process were numerically simulated by solving the three-dimensional and time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations. Based on the quantitative velocity and pressure data obtained from the Navier-Stokes simulation, the distribution and the evolution of the vorticity, helicity density and energy dissipation function were analyzed. The helicity density and its relation with the energy dissipation function in three-dimensional flow fields were also examined. It was found that the energy dissipation plays an important role in the cancellation of the vortex circulation during the vortex tubes cutting. This energy dissipation process may be used to explain the cut-and-connect of vortex tubes in the high Reynolds number turbulent flow. The numerical solutions were compared with the experimental observations and measurements under the similar condition. The correspondence between the numerical simulation and the experimental measurement was satisfactory.