厚壁管道周向超声导波缺陷检测研究

厚壁管道在特种承压设备领域中广泛使用,常规无损检测技术难以实现其快速有效地检测。本文采用数值模拟与实验相结合来研究周向导波快速检测厚壁管道的方法。首先,利用有限差分软件研究了不同角度激励下外径269mm、壁厚32mm的厚壁管道中周向导波的传播特性,优化了探头激励角度范围;然后分别制作了55°和45°的斜楔,并搭建了实验系统,研究了周向导波与厚壁管道壁厚方向不同位置缺陷的相互作用规律。研究结果表明,周向导波适用于厚壁管道快速检测。检测时需选择角度适中的探头。激发角度过小时,厚壁管中形成的周向导波模式较多,使得波包宽度较大,影响检测分辨率;而角度过大时,会使得盲区增大,导致靠近内壁区域缺陷漏检。本文的研究结论为厚壁管道缺陷周向导波的实际检测应用提供了指导。     

平板撞击下C30混凝土中冲击波的传播特性

采用1级气炮加载技术和锰铜应力计多点测试技术,开展了C30混凝土在平板撞击条件下的冲击压缩实验研究。基于锰铜应力计实测的应力波形,研究了混凝土中冲击波的传播特性,结果显示冲击波的应力峰值随传播距离呈现明显的衰减特性,衰减过程可分为2个阶段。在早期阶段,卸载波没有赶上前面传播的冲击波,冲击波应力峰值衰减较慢,主要是混凝土材料的本构粘性效应所引起的;而后期阶段应力峰值的快速衰减则归因于混凝土材料的本构粘性效应、后续的来自飞片自由面的反射波追赶卸载、边侧稀疏波卸载及波传播的几何弥散效应的共同作用;另外,冲击波在混凝土中传播的升时也随着传播距离逐渐增大,即由强间断波逐渐转化为弱间断波。     

周向导波在空心圆柱体中传播的数值模拟研究

在石油、化工、食品和城市供水等行业,由于腐蚀等原因而引起泄漏事故,造成巨大的经济损失和资源浪费.因此,能够预先检测到管道缺陷避免事故发生显得十分重要.基于弹性动力学理论,利用Matlab编程实现周向导波在空心圆柱体中传播的数值模拟.利用特征函数展开法计算出周向导波的频散曲线及0.6MHz和1MHz各个模态的时域波形图并据此分析激励方式同周向导波传播的关系,频率为1MHz或0.6MHz时,1和2模态在空心圆柱壳中传播的周向导波中处于主导地位:各模态的径向或周向位移幅度会受到激励入射角的影响而变化并且周向导波的位移幅度随着激励入射角的增加而增加:得到特定频率下,周向导波各模态径向、周向位移的变化关系.本文结果为进一步利用实验方法研究周向导波在空心圆柱体中传播特性和缺陷检测奠定了基础.     

轴向冲击载荷作用下锥壳中弹性应力波传播的计算和实验研究

本文利用有限元分析和模型实验研究了在轴向冲击载荷作用下,锥壳中弹性应力波的传播、计算和实验结果表明,结构中存在着弹性纵波和弹性弯曲波的传播,它们传播的速度各不相同,使壳面承受不同的应力状态;讨论了纵波和弯曲波随壳面的衰减;实验指出,由于边界的影响,即使纵波的反射也会产生新的反射弯曲波沿锥面传播。     

正交各向异性含液饱和多孔介质中应力波的传播

基于Biot的孔隙介质理论，研究了正交各向异性含液饱和多孔介质中应力波的传播特性．本文引入动态渗透率，导出了整个实频域内应力波传播的复特征方程及其解析解，给出了各种应力波成分的波速和衰减的解析表达武，计算了频散曲线和衰减曲线，并讨论了各类应力波之间的耦合关系及介质的各向异性对应力波传播的影响．     

缺陷岩体中弹性波传播的多次散射效应分析

弹性波在岩体中传播时与岩体缺陷相互作用形成复杂的传播图案。为研究缺陷对弹性波多次散射作用的影响,建立了双椭圆缺陷模型,基于Green函数基本解,采用边界积分的计算方法,得到了反映缺陷界面条件的刚度矩阵,分析了弹性波在双椭圆缺陷间的多次散射效应。结果表明：与单椭圆缺陷模型相比,双缺陷的相互作用使得弹性波频散和衰减效应增强,定量给出了缺陷的影响区域,从而明确了多次散射效应的尺度界限。进一步探讨了弹性波传播的多尺度效应,结果表明频散的Rayleigh峰、Mie峰和衰减的峰值频率同椭圆长轴和入射波波长两个尺度密切相关,存在明确的定量关系。相应的数值模拟结果表明,弹性波和缺陷相互作用在缺陷界面上诱发界面波,该界面波也存在频率相关性,影响了弹性波宏观传播的频散和衰减特征。     

含泄漏及弯头三维输水管道内水锤波传播特性研究

建立了含泄漏及弯头的三维几何模型,基于仿真软件,采用k-ε模型模拟了水锤波在管道的传播规律,分析了泄漏、弯头及流体粘度变化对输水管道内水锤波传播特性的影响。利用计算结果解释了非恒定摩阻模型影响水锤波波速这一现象。研究表明:(1)管道存在泄漏时,泄漏孔的存在并不改变水锤波的传播速度,弯头和粘性效应影响水锤波的传播速度;粘性越大,水锤波衰减幅度越大;泄漏位置越接近管道末端,水锤波衰减越快。(2)摩擦阻力的存在造成管道内水锤波呈现持续的线充效应,管道内壁的粗糙程度和管道的长度决定了线充效应的增压幅度,长度越大,线性充填效应越明显。     

煤体中爆炸应力波传播与衰减规律模拟实验研究

在岩石爆破理论的基础上分析了煤体中爆炸应力波的作用机理,借助损伤力学理论探讨了煤体在 爆炸应力波作用下的损伤断裂准则。煤体中爆炸应力波传播与衰减规律模拟实验结果表明:煤体中爆炸应力 波一般包含2段波形,第1段由压缩相和拉伸相组成简单波形,第2段是由多种作用形成的复杂波形;爆炸应 力波作用下,煤体首先承受压应力,而后承受拉应力,且压缩相的作用时间较拉伸相作用时间短;煤体中爆炸 应力波的衰减速度较一般岩体中的快,实验条件下应力波衰减因数符合=3-/(1-),爆炸应力波的主要 作用是在煤体中形成少量新裂隙、激活煤体中原生裂隙并打破煤体中瓦斯气体的平衡状态。     

石灰岩中应力波衰减机制的试验研究

本文提出了分析研究岩石杆中应力波衰减机制(初始微裂纹、节理、剪胀等因素的影响)的一种方法,并相应提出了减少波形振荡,提高试验精度的措施。利用这种方法,对这些因素引起应力波衰减的特点进行了初步探讨。此外还提出了在波传播时幅值无衰减的情况下,从一根杆试验中测得的应变波形,求得包括卸载在内的完整的动态滞迴应力应变关系的方法,这个方法比SHPB法更方便。实验结果说明,完整致密的石灰岩只有在剪张点以下方可当作弹性材料处理。     

一种简单介质模型和其中的球对称应力脉冲波的渐近传播性态

本文建议了一种简单的介质模型,用于计算球对称应力脉冲波的传播。证明了自相似波形和峰值以恒速传播是波传播渐近性态的表现。在渐近状态,运动方程和介质性质的线性部份,是波传播行为的主要控制因素。根据相似解,分析了压密和介质强度对应力波传播规律的影响。指出了在有剪力而剪力与静水压在运动中不耦合的条件下,衰减指数l=2。在一般情况下,衰减快慢随波形陡缓而变化。对一定的介质存在一个最大的衰减指数此时波前沿是间断跳跃。当应力波峰值的传播速度c_0超过加载体积波速C时,该最大衰减指数l_(max)就可大于2,否则就等于或小于2。     

Preface: Current research progress on mechanics of high speed rail

The construction and operation of high-speed rail（HSR）grid within the past two decades in China,in terms of the scale,may be possibly comparable to any national-wide construction in the history of China,even the Great Wall.By counting railways with commercial train service at the speed of200 km/h,China has the world’s longest HSR network with over 19 369.8 km of track in service today and this number     

ACTA MECHANICA SINICA 2014 ANNUAL SUBJECT INDEX

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人造地震动合成中的位移误差分析

三角函数级数法是合成人工地震动常用算法之一,但是通过对加速度积分求取位移时,却存在与零线漂移相类似的位移漂移现象。     

Rainwater rivulets on a cable subject to windFilets d'eau de pluie sur un câble soumis au vent

Rainwater rivulets appear on inclined cables of cable-stayed bridges when wind and rain occur simultaneously. In a restricted range of parameters this is known to cause vibrations of high amplitudes on the cable. The mechanism underlying this effect is still under debate but the role of rainwater rivulets is certain. We use a standard lubrication model to analyse the dynamics of a water film on a cylinder under the effect of gravity and wind load. A simple criterion is then proposed for the appearance and position of rivulets, where the Froude number is the control parameter. Experiments with several geometries of cylinder covered with water in a wind tunnel show the evolution of the rivulets with the Froude number. Comparison of the prediction by the model with these experimental data shows that the main mechanism of rivulet formation and positioning is captured. To cite this article: C. Lemaitre et al., C. R. Mecanique 334 (2006).     

Hermitian space-time finite elements for estuarine mass transport

Space-time finite element solutions of the convection–dispersion equation using higher-order nodal continuity and Hermitian polynomial shape functions are described. Five separate elements ranging from a complete linear element with C^0,0 nodal continuity to a complete first-order Hermitian element with C^1,1 nodal continuity are subjected to detailed analysis. Wave deformation analyses identify the source of leading or trailing edge oscillations, trailing edge oscillations being the major source of difficulty. These observations are confirmed by numerical experiments which further demonstrate the potential of higher-order nodal continuity. The performance of the complete first-order Hermitian element is quite satisfactory and measurably superior to the linear element.     

Cristallisation par onde acoustique : le cas de l'héliumCrystallization by acoustic waves: the case of helium

We establish a theoretical model to explain the nucleation of a crystal of helium by an acoustic over-pressure. We explain the interfacial laws for this ultra-fast cristallization, close to the sound speed. Assuming spherical symmetry and taking into account the experimental data, we recover the dynamics of the growth and melting during an over-pressure impulse. To cite this article: M. Ben Amar et al., C. R. Mecanique 331 (2003).     

Structure initiale et propriétés de liquéfaction statique d'un sableInitial structure and static liquefaction properties of sand.

Based on the use of two different preparation procedures for reconstituting triaxial samples of sand, i.e. wet tamping and dry pluviation, significant differences in associated mechanical behaviour are observed on a reference sand with respect to the phenomenon of ‘static’ liquefaction. Wet tamping favours the initiation of liquefaction instability, whereas dry pluviation favours a more stable behaviour, less susceptible to liquefaction. Microscopic observation of corresponding sand specimens allows us to identify two well differentiated structures, i.e., for wet tamping, an irregular structure with predominance of aggregates (aggregated grains) and macropores, very contractant and unstable and, for dry pluviation, a more regular structure, without macropores, more dilatant and more stable. These observations show the importance of further characterization, based on the introduction of appropriate parameters, of the initial structure of sandy materials, strongly dependant upon their mode of formation (natural or artificial). To cite this article: N. Benahmed et al., C. R. Mecanique 332 (2004).     

Sources of Complexity in Human Systems

Complex is a special attribute we can give to many kinds of systems. Although it is used often as a synonym of difficult, it has a specific epistemological meaning, which is going to be shared by the incoming science of complexity. Difficult is an object which, by means of an adequate computational power, can be deterministically or stochastically predictable. On the contrary complex is an object which can not be predictable because of logical impossibility or because its predictability would require a computational power far beyond any physical feasibility, now and forever. For complexity refers to some observing system, it is always subjective, and thus it is defined as observed irreducible complexity. Human systems are affected by several sources of complexity, belonging to three classes, in order of descending restrictivity. Systems belonging to the first class are not predictable at all, those belonging to the second class are predictable only through an infinite computational capacity, and those belonging to the third class are predictable only through a trans-computational capacity. The first class has two sources of complexity: logical complexity, directly deriving from self-reference and Gödel's incompleteness theorems, and relational complexity, resulting in a sort of indeterminacy principle occurring in social systems. The second class has three sources of complexity: gnosiological complexity, which consists of the variety of possible perceptions; semiotic complexity, which represents the infinite possible interpretations of signs and facts; and chaotic complexity, which characterizes phenomena of nonlinear dynamic systems. The third class coincides with computational complexity, which basically coincides with the mathematical concept of intractability. Artificial, natural, biological and human systems are characterized by the influence of different sources of complexity, and the latter appear to be the most complex.