乘员股骨在轴向压力-弯矩下的损伤生物力学机理研究

汽车前碰撞事故中在冲击力作用下乘员股骨经常产生骨折创伤.为研究乘员股骨在不同的轴向压力-弯矩作用下的损伤机理及其耐受限度值,首先建立了一个较为精细的50百分位乘员的坐姿下肢有限元模型,并通过模拟股骨动态三点弯曲及下肢的轴向膝部冲击实验对模型的有效性进行了验证.在此基础上,针对股骨在轴向压力-弯矩载荷下的断裂失效分别进行了曲梁力学模型分析及有限元虚拟实验研究.结果表明:股骨骨折位置依赖于膝部轴向压力及弯矩的载荷大小的变化,在预加载弯矩从0增加到676Nm时,股骨失效部位由股骨颈部转移到股骨干末端区域;失效部位发生在颈部及股骨干时的最大力矩分别为285 296Nm和381443Nm.股骨损伤机理的分析结果阐释了在膝部轴向冲击实验中失效部位位于股骨颈部,而在汽车前碰撞事故中仍有大量的股骨干骨折出现的原因.      

非对称结构铝合金波纹夹层板的三点弯曲力学性能研究

针对车辆轻量化问题,通过模压和胶结技术,制作了比现有实心铝合金板减重20%的具有平台结构的铝合金非对称结构波纹夹层板。对三点弯曲加载条件下非对称结构波纹夹层板的破坏模式进行了理论分析,得到了该结构的三点弯曲破坏模式图。通过三点弯曲加载测试,对比分析了实心板材与非对称结构铝合金波纹夹层板的三点弯曲性能,并验证了非对称结构波纹夹层板的破坏模式。研究结果表明,在三点弯曲载荷作用下,非对称结构铝合金波纹夹层板的刚度和强度均显著高于现有的实心板材,厚度为10mm、15mm波纹板的弯曲刚度分别是实心板的4.4倍、8.9倍,二者的弯曲强度分别是实心板的1.4倍以上、2倍以上。     

基于多尺度方法的三维编织C/C复合材料弯曲失效特性分析

为了预测三维编织C/C复合材料的弯曲失效行为,基于多尺度渐进展开理论,结合细观渐进损伤模型,建立了三维编织C/C复合材料宏细观多尺度分析模型。通过商业有限元软件ABAQUS用户子程序UMAT的二次开发,在宏观结构有限元分析中实时调用细观单胞模型进行细观渐进损伤分析,实现了宏细观尺度之间交互式信息传递和多尺度损伤模拟。利用上述模型对三点弯曲载荷下三维编织C/C复合材料梁的渐进损伤和失效过程进行了模拟,预测了梁的载荷-挠度曲线和弯曲强度,并与实验结果进行了对比分析,验证了基于多尺度方法的三维编织C/C复合材料弯曲强度预测模型的有效性,为此类材料及结构失效分析提供了一种手段。     

陶瓷材料三点及四点弯曲断裂强度关系之讨论

 利用Katayama在一种Si断裂强度;弯曲试验;加载因子;Weibull模量;fracture strength, bending test, load factor, Weibull modulus2002年6月25日2003-12-10利用Katayama在一种Si3N4陶瓷得到的实验数据，考察了一条关联陶瓷材料三点及四点弯曲断裂强度的式子，其准确度较好，简要地导出了一般教材上较少提及其推导的四点弯曲加载因子。     

乘员股骨在轴向压力--弯矩下的损伤生物力学机理研究

汽车前碰撞事故中在冲击力作用下乘员股骨经常产生骨折创伤.为研究乘员股骨在不同的轴向压力--弯矩作用下的损伤机理及其耐受限度值,首先建立了一个较为精细的50百分位乘员的坐姿下肢有限元模型,并通过模拟股骨动态三点弯曲及下肢的轴向膝部冲击实验对模型的有效性进行了验证.在此基础上,针对股骨在轴向压力--弯矩载荷下的断裂失效分别进行了曲梁力学模型分析及有限元虚拟实验研究.结果表明:股骨骨折位置依赖于膝部轴向压力及弯矩的载荷大小的变化,在预加载弯矩从0增加到676Nm时,股骨失效部位由股骨颈部转移到股骨干末端区域;失效部位发生在颈部及股骨干时的最大力矩分别为285～296Nm和381～443Nm.股骨损伤机理的分析结果阐释了在膝部轴向冲击实验中失效部位位于股骨颈部,而在汽车前碰撞事故中仍有大量的股骨干骨折出现的原因.     

带接头管道在内压与循环载荷作用下的棘轮行为研究

液压管道在服役过程中受内压和循环弯曲载荷的共同作用．管道经常处于非比例循环加载状态，尤其是在管道接头位置处，容易产生棘轮行为，对管道的服役寿命有不利影响．因此，本文采用充液管道悬臂弯曲加载方式，对管道在接头位置处的棘轮响应进行研究。首先通过管材实验确定了材料的非线性等向/随动强化模型参数，并通过应变的实验测量结果与数值仿真结果的比较，验证了本构模型的有效性，然后建立了悬臂管道的有限元模型，模拟分析内压水平，内压小幅脉动，管道壁厚等因素对管道棘轮行为的影响．通过对带接头管道棘轮行为的研究分析，为进一步完善液压管道的设计，提高液压管道的可靠性，提供一定的理论基础．     

用两种ISRM推荐圆盘试样测试岩石断裂韧度的试验研究

采用国际岩石力学协会推荐的人字型切槽巴西圆盘试样(CCNBD)和中心直裂纹三点弯曲试样(NSCB),在RMT-150B试验机上进行了劈裂加载试验,结合声发射仪对比分析了不同尺寸试样的载荷-位移曲线、破坏形态和断裂韧度测试值的差异。结果表明:CCNBD试样的载荷-位移曲线可能出现二次倒拐现象,NSCB试样的载荷-位移曲线峰后直接跌落;两种试样破坏过程中的振铃计数和能量与时间的变化过程与载荷-时间曲线完全对应;NSCB试样测得的大理岩断裂韧度平均值比CCNBD试样测试值偏高4%左右,但试样尺寸较大时,偏高程度更为明显;两种试样都是劈裂加载破坏形式,CCNBD试样在端部可能出现偏离加载直径方向的破坏形式,本研究结果有助于进一步完善和推广ISRM测试岩石断裂韧度的建议方法。     

船-冰作用中海冰典型破坏模式的离散元数值模拟

在破冰船破冰过程中,冰排主要表现为挤压与弯曲两种破坏模式.本文基于黏结离散单元法对船-冰作用中的这两种典型破坏模式进行数值模拟.海冰离散元数值试样采用随机排布方式生成,采用单轴压缩试验与三点弯曲试验相结合的方式标定模型中的细观参数.将船-冰碰撞中的挤压和弯曲作用方式简化为直立或倾斜 平板与海冰的作用模式,构建挤压与弯曲破坏的海冰离散元数值试样,分析了挤压破坏模式中不同加载方位以及冰厚和加载速率对破坏模式的影响,以及弯曲破坏模式中不同冰排夹角以及冰厚和加载速率对破坏模式的影响.计算结果表明,离散元海冰数值模型可以很好地对冰排挤压与弯曲破坏现象进行模拟,可揭示冰排在不同破坏模式下的破坏机理.     

预制裂纹参数及相对密度对平面多孔结构裂纹扩展的影响

基于有限元仿真和准静态三点弯曲实验研究了预制裂纹参数和相对密度对平面多孔结构板裂纹扩展的影响规律。考虑预制裂纹尺寸、数量、倾角和位置以及多孔结构板的相对密度，共设计9组模型；利用有限元仿真软件获得模型弹塑性阶段的应力图及载荷-位移曲线并进行分析，提出相应规律；同时采用3D打印机熔融丝制备多孔结构模型，利用微机控制电子万能试验机完成三点弯曲实验，并与有限元仿真结果进行拟合分析，验证结论的正确性。结果表明：预制裂纹的尺寸越大、数量越多，则模型抑制裂纹萌生和扩展的能力越强；多孔结构的相对密度对不同的单元形状及单元取向模型抑制裂纹萌生及扩展的影响不同。     

裂纹扩展稳定性的实验研究

对五种金属材料进行了裂纹扩展稳定性的实验研究,试件分别采用三点弯曲试件(3PB 试件)和紧凑拉伸试件(CT 试件).试验结果分别由载荷 P——位移Δ曲线斜率的变化,(dp)/(dΔ)——Δ曲线,和撕裂模量曲线验证“撕裂失稳准则”.实验表明该准则是非保守的,同时还表明材料撕裂模量曲线 T_(MAT)-Δ(?)有相当离散度.     

Evaluation of high-cycle fatigue behavior in compact bones at different loading frequencies

This article presents the evaluation of the high-cycle fatigue behavior in bovine compact bones under different loading frequencies. For this objective, rotating bending fatigue testing has been utilized at 10, 20 and 30 Hz of the loading frequency. Cylindrical specimens were obtained from the 12-month old bovine compact bone, considering both tibia and femur. Obtained experimental results indicated that averaged fatigue lifetimes of femur was higher than the ones of tibia. Besides, the effect of the loading frequency on the high-cycle fatigue lifetime was not significant. In addition, scanning electron microscopy images predicted brittle fractures for bones with cleavage marks. Failure mechanisms for tibia were reported as the separation of the fiber (osteon) and the matrix, micro-cracks insides the matrix, and micro-cracks of the fiber (osteon). Failure mechanisms for femur were presented as the separation of lamella layers and micro-cracks in the lamella bone.     

多种冲击载荷条件下的人体肋骨骨折有限元分析

旨在研究不同碰撞载荷条件下基于不同失效模型的人体肋骨骨折机理. 为此采用已验证的人体有限元胸部模型来分析人体肋骨骨折现象. 该模型基于人体解剖学结构,包含了人体胸椎、腰椎、肋骨、胸骨、肋间软骨、胸腹部器官和其他的软组织,定义的生物材料参数都基于已有的文献记载. 基于人体在损伤生物力学领域内一些较为典型的肋骨骨折失效模型,根据已发表文献中的人体标本实验载荷条件模拟了人体肋骨结构在不同冲击载荷下的骨折现象,并与这些实验结果进行了对比分析. 所引用的实验结果包括单根肋骨强度结构实验和人体胸部正面碰撞块冲击实验. 从文中有限元仿真分析的结果来看,针对不同的载荷条件,不同肋骨骨折失效模型的适用性各不相同. 该人体胸部有限元模型可用于车辆交通事故中冲击载荷条件下的人体肋骨损伤生物力学研究.      

Development of a planar multibody model of the human knee joint

The aim of this work is to develop a dynamic model for the biological human knee joint. The model is formulated in the framework of multibody systems methodologies, as a system of two bodies, the femur and the tibia. For the purpose of describing the formulation, the relative motion of the tibia with respect to the femur is considered. Due to their higher stiffness compared to that of the articular cartilages, the femur and tibia are considered as rigid bodies. The femur and tibia cartilages are considered to be deformable structures with specific material characteristics. The rotation and gliding motions of the tibia relative to the femur cannot be modeled with any conventional kinematic joint, but rather in terms of the action of the knee ligaments and potential contact between the bones. Based on medical imaging techniques, the femur and tibia profiles in the sagittal plane are extracted and used to define the interface geometric conditions for contact. When a contact is detected, a continuous nonlinear contact force law is applied which calculates the contact forces developed at the interface as a function of the relative indentation between the two bodies. The four basic cruciate and collateral ligaments present in the knee are also taken into account in the proposed knee joint model, which are modeled as nonlinear elastic springs. The forces produced in the ligaments, together with the contact forces, are introduced into the system’s equations of motion as external forces. In addition, an external force is applied on the center of mass of the tibia, in order to actuate the system mimicking a normal gait motion. Finally, numerical results obtained from computational simulations are used to address the assumptions and procedures adopted in this study.     

An Experimental–Numerical Methodology for a Rapid Prototyped Application Combined with Finite Element Models in Vertebral Trabecular Bone

In the present study, a novel evaluation method involving rapid prototyped (RP) technology and finite element (FE) analysis was used to study the elastic mechanical characteristics of human vertebral trabecular bone. Three-dimensional (3D) geometries of the RP and FE models were obtained from the central area of vertebral bones of female cadavers, age 70 and 85. RP and FE models were generated from the same high-resolution micro-computed tomography (μCT) scan data. We utilized RP technology along with FE analysis based on μCT for high-resolution vertebral trabecular bone specimens. RP models were used to fabricate complex 3D objects of vertebral trabecular bone that were created in a fused deposition modeling machine. RP models of vertebral trabecular bone are advantageous, particularly considering the repetition, risks, and ethical issues involved in using real bone from cadaveric specimens. A cubic specimen with a side length of 6.5 mm or a cylindrical specimen with a 7 mm diameter and 5 mm length proved better than a universal cubic specimen with a side length of 4 mm for the evaluation of elastic mechanical characteristics of vertebral trabecular bones through experimental and simulated compression tests. The results from the experimental compression tests of RP models closely matched those predicted by the FE models, and thus provided substantive corroboration of all three approaches (experimental tests using RP models and simulated tests using FE models with ABS and trabecular bone material properties). The RP technique combined with FE analysis has potential for widespread biomechanical use, such as the fabrication of dummy human skeleton systems for the investigation of elastic mechanical characteristics of various bones.     

THREE-DIMENSIONAL FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION OF TOTAL KNEE JOINT IN GAIT CYCLE

Based on CT scanning pictures from a volunteer＇s knee joint, a three-dimensional finite element model of the healthy human knee joint is constructed including complete femur, tibia, fibular, patellar and the main cartilage and ligaments. This model was validated using experimental and numerical results obtained from other authors. The pressure distribution of contact surfaces of knee joint are calculated and analyzed under the load action of ‘heel strike＇, ‘single limb stance＇ and ‘toe-off＇. The results of the gait cycle are that the contact areas of medial cartilage are larger than that of lateral cartilage; the contact force and contact areas would grow larger with the load increasing; the pressure of lateral meniscus is steady, relative to the significant variation of peak pressure in medial meniscus; and the peak value of contact pressure on all components are usually found at about 4570 of the gait cycle.     

Homogenization of elasto-plastic composites coupled with a nonlinear finite element analysis of the equivalent inclusion problem

This paper deals with the micromechanical modeling of particle reinforced elasto-plastic composites under general non-monotonic loading histories. Incremental mean-field (MF) homogenization models offer an excellent cost-effective solution, however there are cases where their predictions are inaccurate. Here, we assess the applicability of the equivalent inclusion representation, which sustains many homogenization schemes. To this end, MF models are fully coupled with a finite element (FE) solution of the equivalent inclusion problem (EIP). Consequently, Eshelby’s tensor is not used and most (but not all) approximations involved in the generalization of MF models from linear elasticity to the nonlinear regime are avoided. The proposal is implemented for Mori-Tanaka (M-T) and dilute inclusion models and applied to several composite systems with elasto-plastic matrix and spherical or ellipsoidal particles, subjected to various loadings (tension, plane strain, cyclic tension/compression). The predictions are verified against reference full-field FE simulations of multiparticle cells. Results show that the M-T model coupled with the nonlinear FE solution of the EIP is very accurate at the macro level up to 25% volume fraction of reinforcement, while the phase averages remain accurate as long as the volume fraction does not exceed 15%. The strain concentration tensor computed almost exactly from single inclusion FE analysis is compared against approximate expressions assumed by classical MF models. Implications for the development of advanced MF homogenization models are discussed.     

A new nonlinear multibody/finite element formulation for knee joint ligaments

The focus of this investigation is to study the mechanics of the human knee using a new method that integrates multibody system and large deformation finite element algorithms. The major bones in the knee joint consisting of the femur, tibia, and fibula are modeled as rigid bodies. The ligaments structures are modeled using the large displacement finite element absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF) with an implementation of a Neo-Hookean constitutive model that allows for large change in the configuration as experienced in knee flexion, extension, and rotation. The Neo-Hookean strain energy function used in this study takes into consideration the near incompressibility of the ligaments. The ANCF is used in the formulation of the algebraic equations that define the ligament/bone rigid connection. A unique feature of the ANCF model developed in this investigation is that it captures the deformation of the ligament cross section using structural finite elements such as beams. At the ligament/bone insertion site, the ANCF is used to define a fully constrained joint. This model will reflect the fact that the geometry, placement and attachment of the two collateral ligaments (the LCL and MCL), are significantly different from what has been used in most knee models developed in previous investigations. The approach described in this paper will provide a more realistic model of the knee and thus more applicable to future research studies on ligaments, muscles and soft tissues (LMST). Current finite element models are limited due to simplified assumptions for the spatial and time dependent material properties inherent in the anisotropic and anatomic constraints associated with joint stability, and the static conditions inherent in the analysis. The ANCF analysis is not limited to static conditions and results in a fully dynamic model that accounts for the distributed inertia and elasticity of the ligaments. The results obtained in this investigation show that the ANCF finite elements can be an effective tool for modeling very flexible structures like ligaments subjected to large flexion and extension. In the future, the more realistic ANCF models could assist in examining the mechanics of the knee to study knee injuries and possible prevention means, as well as an improved understanding of the role of each individual ligament in the diagnosis and assessment of disease states, aging and potential therapies.     

Development and validation of a viscoelastic finite element model of an L2/L3 motion segment

The prediction of the time dependent response of the spine to dynamic loading conditions is essential in understanding the injury mechanisms leading to occupationally related low back disorders (OLBD). Many previous finite element (FE) models of the lumbar spine have over-simplified the geometry and the material properties of their elements, yielding results limited generalizability. This study reports on the development and validation of a nonlinear viscoelastic FE model that can quantify the mechanical responses of the L2/L3 motion segment to time varying external loads. This model was developed by consideration of the intrinsic material properties of its individual constituents. A piecewise parameter identification method was adopted due to the inherent complexity in determining the role and contribution of each element to the overall behavior of the motion segment. The results of simulation of four loading conditions (quasistatic, constant loading rate, creep and cyclic relaxation) showed a satisfactory agreement with experimental observations in the literature. The detailed estimates of the state of stress/strain of this validated FE model can be used to test the role of epidemiological risk factors such as prolonged awkward posture, speed of lift (strain rate effect) and complex repetitive loading in OLBD.     

Modeling the effects of material non-linearity using moving window micromechanics

In the analysis of materials with random heterogeneous microstructure the assumption is often made that material behavior can be represented by homogenized or effective properties. While this assumption yields accurate results for the bulk behavior of composite materials, it ignores the effects of the random microstructure. The spatial variations in these microstructures can focus, initiate and propagate localized non-linear behavior, subsequent damage and failure. In previous work a computational method, moving window micromechanics (MW), was used to capture microstructural detail and characterize the variability of the local and global elastic response. Digital images of material microstructure described the microstructure and a local micromechanical analysis was used to generate spatially varying material property fields. The strengths of this approach are that the material property fields can be consistently developed from digital images of real microstructures, they are easy to import into finite element models (FE) using regular grids, and their statistical characterizations can provide the basis for simulations further characterizing stochastic response. In this work, the moving window micromechanics technique was used to generate material property fields characterizing the non-linear behavior of random materials under plastic yielding; specifically yield stress and hardening slope, post yield. The complete set of material property fields were input into FE models of uniaxial loading. Global stress strain curves from the FE–MW model were compared to a more traditional micromechanics model, the generalized method of cells. Local plastic strain and local stress fields were produced which correlate well to the microstructure. The FE–MW method qualitatively captures the inelastic behavior, based on a non-linear flow rule, of the sample continuous fiber composites in transverse uniaxial loading.     

On the Correlation of FEM and Experiments for Hyperelastic Elastomers

Correlation of modern finite element methods (FEM) with advanced experimental techniques for elastomers, biomedical materials, and living organs requires study and modification of the behavior of these materials. In this study, the mechanical behavior of a commonly-used elastomer, silicone rubber, which provides excellent biocompatibility, was examined under different applied loading configurations, and large deformations were investigated through both experiment and simulation. The stress-strain behaviors of silicone rubber were tested, using multiple homogeneous experiments, including uniaxial extension and equibiaxial tension, the load-apex displacement response, and digitized deformed shapes of two of the most-used structures for nonlinear hyperelasticity—the inflation of a clamped circular membrane, and indentation of the membrane by a spherical indenter. Uniaxial and equibiaxial data were evaluated simultaneously, characterized by various constitutive models for implementation in the FE simulation. These constitutive models examined the prediction of the FE simulations for the inflation and indentation tests in comparison to the results of experiments at various load-apex displacement levels. The results showed that the constitutive models calibrated with the uniaxial and equibiaxial tests, predicted nearly the same results as the actual experimental results, particularly for the applied loads that generated moderate strain. However, when the FE simulations based on the constitutive models were adjusted, employing only uniaxial or equibiaxial tests, they predicted different results, where the degree of their correlations with experimental results was incomplete or in some states simply poor. The simulations suggested that the inverse FE procedure should not be restricted to the choice of material models, while more attention should be given to the choice of ranges of deformation.