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1.
Aerosol observation was conducted for four seasons from September 2001 to August 2002 at five sampling sites in Hangzhou, South China, on PM10 mass, 22 elements (Na, Mg, AI, Si, P, S, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As. Se, Br, Cd, Ba, and Pb), 5 major ions (F^-, Cl^ , NO3^-, SO4^2- , and NH4^+), and organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC), showing that PM10 mass ranged from 46.7 to 270.8 μg/m^3, with an annual average of 119.2 μg/m^3. Na, AI, Si, S, K, Ca, and Fe were the most abundant elements in PM10, most of S being in the form of SO4^2- . SO4^2-, NO3^-, and NH4^+ were the major ions, which contributed to about 20% of the PM10 mass. The mean seasonal concentrations for SO4^2- , averaged over all sites, were found to be 18.0, 18.5, 24,Z and 21.4 μg/m^3, for spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively, while the corresponding loadings for NO3^- were 7.2, 4.7, 7.1, and 11.2 μg/m^3, and for NH4^+ were 6.0, 5.9, 8.2, and 9.3 μg/m^3, in the form mostly of NH4NO3 in spring, autumn, and winter, and mostly of (NH4)2SO4 in summer. The low NO3^-/SO4^2- ratio found indicates coal combustion as the major source throughout the year. The mean annual concentrations of OC and EC in PM10 were found to be 21.4, and 4.1 μg/m^3, respectively. Material balance calculation indicated that fugitive dust, the secondary aerosol, and carbonaceous matter were the most abundant species in PM10 for the four seasons, as is characteristic for cities in South China.  相似文献   

2.
第七届全国周培源大学生力学竞赛报名工作圆满完成,在第六届报名总数9 736人的基础上,本届全国周培源大学生力学竞赛报名总人数共计11688人,遍布全国29个省、直辖市及自治区,各地具体报名人数如下:安徽省437人,北京市815人,重庆市270人,辽宁省543人,福建省316人,甘肃省219人,广东省242人,广西壮族自治区68人,贵州省64人,海南省17人,河北省229人,河南省527人,黑龙江省554人,湖北省642人,湖南省  相似文献   

3.
This paper provides a solution for the degenerate scale for N-gon configuration in antiplane elasticity using the conformal mapping function, and the lower and upper bounds for the degenerate scale for N = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 150 and 200, are evaluated.  相似文献   

4.
Flower-like TiO2 materials, with their advantages of high specific surface area, developed pore structure, and high photocatalytic activity, have been widely used in environmental management and air purification, sterilization, and surface self-cleaning, among other areas. This paper summarizes several methods used to fabricate the flower-like TiO2 nanostructures, such as the hydrothermal, solvothermal, microemulsion, sol-gel, hydrolysis, and electrodeposition oxidation methods. In addition, the morphologies, properties, and performance of different flower-like TiO2 structures are discussed. Meanwhile, the application progresses of different flower-like TiO2 structures are also analyzed.  相似文献   

5.
基于两点起爆实验,采用动力学有限元程序,在不考虑圆管破裂的前提下,详细分析了同一炸药爆轰下金属圆管各材料力学参数对其运动的影响规律。计算结果表明:弹性模量越大,泊松比越大,金属圆管的膨胀速度越大,但它们对圆管膨胀的位移和速度影响极小,在工程中可以忽略;屈服应力对金属圆管的运动有一定影响,屈服应力越大,对碰部位的鼓包范围越宽,鼓包峰值越小,但圆管各处的膨胀量均落后于屈服应力较小的情况;密度对圆管运动有较大影响,密度越大,受鼓包影响范围越宽,鼓包峰高越小。  相似文献   

6.
征稿简则     
《力学与实践》是传播和报道与力学相关的前沿领域、工程应用、教学经验和科学知识的综合性学术刊物,它始终坚持科学性、实践性、知识性、可读性、时效性的办刊宗旨,力求贴近公众,贴近现代生活。它以工程技术人员、科研人员和院校师生为对象,帮助他们丰富力学知识,开阔视野,活跃学术思想,促进力学学科的发展,为国民经济建设服务.刊登的文章力争做到文字简炼,深入浅出,形式多样,生动活泼.  相似文献   

7.
通过PS加固的高昌故城遗址土样崩解试验,耐风蚀的风洞模拟试验,冻融破坏,温差破坏,干湿破坏对力学强度影响等试验,模拟古丝绸之路特殊的自然环境对土遗址的影响,研究PS保护加固土遗址的效果。结果表明,经PS加固以后,样品的初始崩解时间延长,崩解速度大幅降低,抗风蚀能力提高10倍,抗冻融能力也有所增强。在高温养护下力学得到强度提高,干湿循环降低了样品的强度,但表现出良好的加固效果。试验证明PS可以有效地降低环境因素对干旱区土遗址的破坏,起到明显的加固保护效果。  相似文献   

8.
纳米RDX粉体的制备与撞击感度   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9  
将普通工业黑索今炸药溶解于混合溶剂中,通过喷雾干燥,制取纳米黑索今炸药粉体,得率达到50%以上,粒径为40~60nm。实验结果表明,随着粒径的减小,黑索今的机械撞击感度降低,纳米黑索今撞击感度的特性落高约为普通工业黑索今的两倍。  相似文献   

9.
多介质可压缩流体动力学界面捕捉方法   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
研究多介质流界面捕捉方法的主要目的是消除多介质流体在界面处压力、速度可能出现的非物理振荡现象 ,并通过流体动力学方程和界面捕捉方程的耦合 ,将多介质流体动力学计算形式上转化为单介质流体计算 ,从而可以采用对计算单介质有效的高精度计算方法来处理多介质流动问题。推广了Shyue界面捕捉和其等效方程的推导方法 ,给出的结果可以适用于具有状态方程 p =( ,e,a1 , ,an) +( ,e,b1 , ,bn)e的介质 ,并通过了数值试验验证。  相似文献   

10.
为了反映建筑结构的非线性特征,本文引入了bouc-wen模型.由于所采用的非线性模型很难降阶,同时考虑到直接对模型进行控制器设计也很难,为此,本文提出了一种基于能量的新的振动主动控制策略.该方法是通过比较允许能量与实际能量来确定结构控制力的大小,而其方向是通过对能量求导确定.由于不需要求解线性矩阵不等式,所以计算简单,操作方便.并且当采用同样容量限的多个作动器时,控制输出力一致,从而避免设计多个控制系统,简化了控制器设计.此外,由于采用阶跃控制,控制系统便于实现.最后,以八层建筑物为例来说明本文方法的可行性.  相似文献   

11.
In this paper,the nonlinear dynamic behavior of a string-beam coupled system subjected to external,parametric and tuned excitations is presented.The governing equations of motion are obtained for the nonlinear transverse vibrations of the string-beam coupled system which are described by a set of ordinary differential equations with two degrees of freedom.The case of 1:1 internal resonance between the modes of the beam and string,and the primary and combined resonance for the beam is considered.The method of multiple scales is utilized to analyze the nonlinear responses of the string-beam coupled system and obtain approximate solutions up to and including the second-order approximations.All resonance cases are extracted and investigated.Stability of the system is studied using frequency response equations and the phase-plane method.Numerical solutions are carried out and the results are presented graphically and discussed.The effects of the different parameters on both response and stability of the system are investigated.The reported results are compared to the available published work.  相似文献   

12.
Wen-Ching Yang   《Particuology》2010,8(6):507-513
The global concern over the greenhouse gas emissions and its effect on global warming and climate change has focused attention on the necessity of carbon dioxide capture and sequestration. There are many processes proposed to capture carbon either before or after combustion and these processes invariably involve investigation and application of traditional particuology. The solids employed are of different sizes, densities, morphologies, and strengths. Their handling, transportation, recirculation, and reactor applications are the essence of 'particuology'. Particuology can play an important and vital role in achieving cost-effective removal of carbon and minimize emissions of greenhouse gases. In this paper, the existing and developing carbon capture processes are briefly reviewed and the opportunities for application of particuology are identified. The review was not intended to be exhaustive. It is only in sufficient detail to make connection between particuology and climate change. For immediate and future challenges of reducing global warming and carbon capture and sequestration, innovative reactor design and application of parricuology is imperative. Expertise and innovation in particuology can greatly enhance the speed of development of those technologies and help to achieve cost-effective implementation. Particuology is indeed intimately related to the climate change and global warming.  相似文献   

13.
王正锦  王铁军 《力学学报》2019,51(3):635-655
在今后相当长一个时期,石油和天然气依然是人类的主要能源.油气井密封是油气开采中最重要的作业之一,在水平钻井、水力压裂等最新的油气开采技术中发挥着重要的作用,促进了页岩气等非常规油气开采的发展.密封质量会直接影响油气井的安全和生产效率,密封元件的失效可造成严重的环境污染和生命财产损失.因此,深入理解密封元件的失效行为,对于油气井安全评估具有重要意义.水泥和可溶胀高弹体密封是两种最主要的密封方式.水泥密封已有百余年历史,溶胀式高弹体密封则是一种相对较新的密封技术.本文介绍这两种油气井密封结构变形与失效行为的国内外最新研究进展.首先,介绍固井水泥环固化过程中的应力演化、生产作业导致的应力、水泥环的失效模式和失效判据方面的研究进展;然后,介绍溶胀式高弹体封隔器的基本原理、力学理论、测试方法、失效模式及失稳等方面的研究进展.   相似文献   

14.
骨组织内的流体流动不仅为骨细胞的生存提供了充足营养供应及代谢物排放途径,也在骨重建过程中起到关键作用. 为了更精确地阐明骨内液体流动的具体形式,这项研究利用骨陷窝-骨细胞的密度,形态和方向等参数来计算骨单元内液体的流动行为. 首先,计算出不同形状和方向的骨陷窝周围骨小管的数量及分布情况,其次利用算出的参数以及骨组织其他微结构数据来估计骨组织的渗透率和孔隙率等参数,最后根据计算所得的参数建立骨单元的多孔弹性力学有限元模型,并分析了在轴向位移载荷作用下骨陷窝形状和方向对骨单元内液体渗流行为的影响. 结果表明,在所研究的参数范围内不同骨单元模型的相同区域上,骨陷窝形状影响下的骨单元最大压力和流速比最小的分别增加了86%和18%;骨陷窝方向影响下的最大压力和流速比最小的分别增加了125%和56%. 伸长形骨陷窝对单个骨单元局部压力的影响远大于扁平形和圆形骨陷窝. 骨陷窝从0°绕$x$轴旋转到90°过程中压力是逐渐降低的,且30°,45°和60°的模型对骨单元内局部流速有显著影响. 该模型表示骨陷窝的形状和方向以及骨小管的三维分布对骨单元内液体压力和流速幅值及沿不同方向的流动差异有显著的影响. 这项研究将有助于精确量化描述骨内液体的流体行为.   相似文献   

15.
伍法权 《力学学报》2009,17(2):175-179
工程地质是一门认知工程-地质相互作用规律和过程的科学,它的使命是保障人类工程活动的安全。工程地质学科的基本理论形态包括“成因演化论”、“结构控制论”和“相互作用论”,这些理论有着相通的思想方法,就是成因决定结构,结构控制行为,工程地质过程是工程建设与地质环境相互作用的过程。随着我国近期工程建设的规模增大,埋藏加深,地质条件更复杂,由此带来的工程地质问题表现出显著的新特点,即研究对象大、深、动、热凸现,工程地质过程水、岩、温、化耦合,已有理论遭遇挑战,工程地质过程研究需要扩充。工程地质学科近期需要加强地质体工程性质研究、工程地质动力过程研究,以及地质环境研究。地质、地球物理、力学、工程科学的结合是工程地质学科发展的有效途径,理论、技术方法与实践并重的模式是工程地质学科发展的基本模式。  相似文献   

16.
Continuous ultrasonic devulcanization of ground tire rubber (GRT) and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) is considered. Experiments are performed under various processing conditions. Two recipes of SBR with different amounts of polysulfidic linkages are utilized. Gel fraction and crosslink density of devulcanized rubbers are measured and a unique relationship between them is established. Die characteristics with and without imposition of ultrasonic waves are determined. Devulcanized samples are revulcanized and mechanical properties are measured. In some cases, properties of revulcanized SBR samples exceeded those of virgin vulcanizates. This is explained based on the presence of a double network in the revulcanized rubber. A modification of acoustic cavitation and flow modeling of ultrasonic devulcanization of SBR and GRT is proposed using a concept of effective viscosity characterizing the flow of vulcanized particles before devulcanization combined with a shear rate, temperature and gel fraction-dependent viscosity of devulcanized rubber. Velocity, shear rate, pressure, and temperature field along with gel fraction, crosslink density and number of bonds broken are simulated. Predicted data on gel fraction, crosslink density, and pressure using the present modification of the model are found to be closer to experimental data then previously reported.Dedicated to the memory of Professor Tasos C. Papanastasiou  相似文献   

17.
Catalyst and catalytic process technology has been an ever-growing field that involves chemical engineering, chemistry, and material science. A number of excellent review articles and books have been published on the subject. In this work, the author reviews the evolution and development of catalyst products with multi-scale methodology. The catalyst technologies are classified into three levels, macro-scale (reactor size), mini-and micro-scale (catalyst unit), and nano-scale (catalyst intrinsic structures). Innovation at different scales requires different sets of expertise, method, and knowledge. Specific examples of significant impact to practical application are used to illustrate technology development at each scale. The multi-scale analysis enables clear delineation of technology components and their relationship for a catalyst product and catalytic process. Manipulation of catalyst structures at nano-scale to increase intrinsic activity and/or selectivity is considered of large potential for future catalyst product development. Recent research results on Cu-CeO2 and Au-CeO2 composite catalysts for air pollution control and hydrogen production are used to show how novel catalytic properties can be discovered by unique combination of different but common materials at the nano-scale.  相似文献   

18.
为了系统地了解和掌握人为土的工程性质,更好地开发和利用人为土,本文对人为土进行了比较系统的研究,定义了人为土的内涵,分析了人为土的成因,确立了人为土的分类原则,建立了人为土的工程分类和利用体系。根据人为土的成因,将人为土分成二个大类,五个亚类和十一个种类,并对每一类土的内涵、基本原理、工程性质及其优缺点等进行了详细的分述,在此基础上,提出了各类人为土的工程利用方案和适用范围。研究成果为人为土的研究和工程利用提供了理论基础。  相似文献   

19.
Experiments on a beam-rigid body structure repetitively impacting a rod   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
This paper investigates the experimental dynamics of a beam structure that supports an attached rigid body and that can impact a comparatively compliant base structure. The problem area is motivated by impact phenomena that are observed in certain structures internal to nuclear reactors. The assembly is subjected to base excitation at specified frequency and acceleration, and the resulting displacement and velocity time histories are recorded and used to obtain spectra, phase diagrams, and Poincaré sections. The measurements validate simulation results obtained by using a constraint and modal mapping method based on the two sets of modes when the structure is in-contact, and when it is not-in-contact. Generalized coordinates are mapped across the impact discontinuities in the modal representation. The forced response simulation predicts the test specimen’s response over a range of excitation frequencies. The specimens are fabricated as single integral structures from acrylnitrile butadene styrene plastic through rapid prototyping technology in order to eliminate the undesirable dissipation and flexibility arising from joints and connections. The experimental system can exhibit complex response characteristics, and the influences on complexity of deadband clearance and of asymmetry in the point of impact are examined in the experiments.  相似文献   

20.
Amplification of effective stress and plastic strain rates after yielding are derived for the anisotropic stress fields of the prolate and oblate spheroidal shells as models of the myopic and hyperopic eyes. Dimensionless closed-form results are presented for arbitrary axis ratio with both constant shell thickness and variable shell thickness, using the constant scleral mass assumption. The results show that the myopic and hyperopic eyes are susceptible to failure by plastic yielding at the equator and pole, respectively, for high intraocular pressures. Experimental data from the equatorial zone of rabbit sclera shows scleral yielding and plastic flow for intraocular pressures greater than 32 mm Hg. Practical applications include glaucoma and pathological myopia.  相似文献   

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