端部受斜撞击作用悬臂梁的弹塑性动力响应模式

基于大变形动力控制方程并利用有限差分离散分析,研究了斜撞击作用下弹塑性悬臂梁的动力响应．通过对屈服函数以及弯矩、轴力在动力响应过程中分布规律的分析,阐明了斜撞击下恳臂梁的弹塑性动力响应模式和斜撞击的轴向分量对变形机制的影响．研究表明,弹塑性响应过程可划分为四个阶段,对应的变形模式为：“压缩塑性区扩展”模式,“广义移行塑性铰”和“压缩塑性区收缩”混合模式,“驻定塑性铰”模式,“弹性自由振动”模式．与刚塑性分析所假定的两相变形模式比较,弹塑性应响分析证实了响应早期的瞬态轴向压缩模式和梁根部“驻定塑性铰”模式的存在性,肯定了刚塑性分析所假定变形模式的主要特征．斜撞击的轴向分量在撞击发生的瞬时主导了梁的变形,使梁呈现同承受横向冲击明显小同的变形规律．随着响应的深入,轴向分量迅速衰减,其对截面屈服的贡献非常微弱,由横向分量引起的弯曲挠动在大部分时间内主导和控制梁的变形．数值计算结果表明,斜撞击载荷的质量、撞击速度和角度是影响梁动力响应的重要因素．     

哈大客运专线沈阳高铁站弹塑性时程分析

以哈大客运专线沈阳站为工程背景,对该结构进行罕遇地震作用下的弹塑性时程分析。通过SAP2000有限元软件研究结构的动力特性、变形状况、基底剪力时程曲线,分析了框架梁、柱的塑性损伤发展历程、拱桁架的塑性铰出铰机制以及关键框架梁、柱构件的塑性损坏状态。结果表明:结构在7度罕遇地震作用下基底剪力与多遇地震下比值最大为5.69;框架梁的损伤比框架柱严重,已进入"极限承载力"状态,仅有少量框架柱进入塑性变形阶段,结构满足"强柱弱梁"的设防要求;关键梁、柱构件损坏程度为79%和68%,仍有较大的富余度。结构薄弱区集中在顶层商业层区域,由于屋面和框架柱的连接效应,柱顶率先出现塑性铰,致使顶层位移角增大。     

基于塑性铰理论的车身概念设计正碰分析与优化方法

在概念设计阶段,车身碰撞安全性能评价是一个难点问题,需要详细的结构模型,本文基于塑性铰理论提出采用梁单元简化模型对框架车身进行概念设计阶段的耐撞性评估和优化设计方法。首先,介绍了关于箱型截面薄壁梁弯曲特性研究的理论模型与计算过程,接着赋予梁单元塑性铰的特性,模拟薄壁梁变形,再对框架车身进行了碰撞仿真。将仿真结果与详细模型对比,以分析简化模型的精度及可靠性。最后,以此为基础对框架车身进行耐撞性优化。结果表明,该简化模型易于创建,且有较高的精度,可用于概念设计阶段梁结构的设计工作。     

基于结构力学求解器的框架“强柱弱梁”机制探讨

框架结构的强柱弱梁延性机制一直是框架结构抗震设计当中的关键,在抗规中也一直保持重要的位置。文章基于结构力学求解器(Structural Mechanics Solver V2.6.1)的杆系模型,对框架结构的强柱弱梁问题进行半定量的探讨,建模计算了不同梁柱系数下结构的塑性铰分布情况以及极限承载力。同时,考虑结构力学求解器中不能进行塑性计算,为描述结构的延性耗能能力,提出了一种以低刚度杆件模拟塑性铰转动特性的建模方法。     

基于结构力学求解器的框架“强柱弱梁”机制探讨1)

框架结构的强柱弱梁延性机制一直是框架结构抗震设计当中的关键,在抗规中也一直保持重要的位置。文章基于结构力学求解器(Structural Mechanics Solver V2.6.1)的杆系模型,对框架结构的强柱弱梁问题进行半定量的探讨,建模计算了不同梁柱系数下结构的塑性铰分布情况以及极限承载力。同时,考虑结构力学求解器中不能进行塑性计算,为描述结构的延性耗能能力,提出了一种以低刚度杆件模拟塑性铰转动特性的建模方法。     

受冲击作用弹塑性圆板动力响应的弹性效应

利用有限差分离散微分方程进行计算分析,研究冲击载荷作用下弹塑性圆板的早期动力响应,通过对瞬态径向弯矩分布规律的细致分析,阐明弹塑性固支圆板响应过程中弹性效应对其变形历史的影响.研究表明:弹塑性响应过程可划分为八个阶段,对应的变形模式为:“单铰圆模式”,“双铰圆模式”,“五铰圆模式”,“四铰圆模式”,“三铰圆模式”,“双铰圆模式”,“双驻定铰圆模式”,“弹性振动模式”.与刚塑性分析所假定的三相的变形模式比较,弹塑性响应分析证实了固支边界“驻定塑性铰圆”的存在性.虽然刚塑性分析所假定的第一相位移响应模式并不存在,但第二相和第三相响应模式则得到了证实.由于这两相及相应弹塑性分析的两个阶段持续时间都较长,因而也肯定了刚塑性分析所假定变形模式的主要特征.弹性效应对于板内“移行铰圆”的影响比较大,它不但使“移行铰圆”出现“回退”现象,还使得“移行铰圆”的个数增加到三个;对于圆心处的“塑性铰圆”,弹性效应则使得它的符号出现由负向到正向的反复变化.因此,弹性效应对弹塑性板的变形历史影响十分明显.     

均布荷载作用下一次超静定梁的弹塑性过程改进分析

对均布荷载作用下一次超静定梁的弹塑性加载和变形全过程进行了改进分析.根据受力变形特点,均布荷载作用下一次超静定梁的加载过程可分为4个阶段,分别是弹性阶段、固支端附近塑性变形区扩展阶段、固支端保持为塑性铰而固支端附近塑性变形区卸载阶段、固支端保持为塑性铰而梁中部塑性变形区产生并扩展直至中部某点形成塑性铰阶段.在弹性阶段,位移与外荷载是线性比例关系,在第2、第4两个阶段,位移与外荷载是复杂的非线性关系,而在第3阶段,位移与外荷载是线性关系但不是比例关系.针对现有研究中位移计算存在的错误,给出了产生塑性铰后的第3、4两个阶段全过程任意点的位移计算公式,给出了跨中位置点各阶段荷载终值对应的位移.给出的位移公式具有一定的结构设计应用价值.     

钢框架抗震耗能节点梁的极限承载力分析1）

为提高结构的抗震性能，框架结构中以翼缘削弱型节点为代表的延性耗能节点逐渐代替传统节点，为研究翼缘削弱型节点框架梁在单向比例加载时的极限载荷，对削弱梁极限状态进行了分析，判定极限状态下削弱梁塑性铰生成的位置并计算极限载荷，将计算结果和普通梁进行对比.分析结果表明：削弱梁越长承载力下降越明显，对短梁需要选择合适的削弱参数，才能避免塑性铰出现在梁端.研究结果可为削弱梁塑性设计提供依据，同时拓展结构力学极限载荷学习内容.     

钢框架抗震耗能节点梁的极限承载力分析

为提高结构的抗震性能,框架结构中以翼缘削弱型节点为代表的延性耗能节点逐渐代替传统节点,为研究翼缘削弱型节点框架梁在单向比例加载时的极限载荷,对削弱梁极限状态进行了分析,判定极限状态下削弱梁塑性铰生成的位置并计算极限载荷,将计算结果和普通梁进行对比.分析结果表明:削弱梁越长承载力下降越明显,对短梁需要选择合适的削弱参数,才能避免塑性铰出现在梁端.研究结果可为削弱梁塑性设计提供依据,同时拓展结构力学极限载荷学习内容.     

冲击载荷下软钢梁早期响应的数值模拟和简化模型

冲击载荷作用下，梁的早期响应既有弹性变形也有塑性变形，两者相互耦合．有限元数值模拟的结果表明，弹性弯曲波的传播是梁早期变形的主要机制，刚塑性简化理论预言的初始阶段中梁的“移行塑性铰”实际上是不存在的．本文提出的弹性 理想塑性简化模型可以很好地模拟固支软钢梁的早期响应     

结构非线性振动智能控制试验与分析

在结构动力学与控制领域中,试验验证对于理论与数值研究是非常重要的.但是,目前的模型试验大部分都只考虑结构的线性行为,所以考虑结构非线性振动的试验模型成为一个研究热点.采用磁流变旋转阻尼器来模拟结构中的塑性铰,并通过调整输入到此旋转阻尼器中的电压来实现不同的非线性行为,然后在不同的非线性行为下验证了动态神经网络观测器和自适应模糊滑模控制算法的有效性.试验结果表明建立的结构非线性试验模型可以在试验完成后不需要任何代价而恢复到初始状态,并且能够实现不同的非线性行为,同时采用的智能控制算法对结构非线性振动也有较好的控制作用.     

计及轴向压力的方管节点塑性铰线模型

塑性铰线分析模型已成功用于估计由弦杆表面屈服控制的各种管节点的强度;然而弦杆自身的轴向压力对节点承载力的影响仍然是用一个经验折减系数来考虑的.为了计算在轴向压力作用下沿倾斜塑性铰线的极限弯矩,研究者们提出了各种理论模型.该文对这些模型进行了分析和对比.结果表明,采用简化假设的阶梯形塑性铰线模型用于评价T形方管节点的强度与试验结果和有限元计算结果符合得最好.     

冲击载荷形状对阻尼介质中结构最终塑性变形的影响

分析了在阻尼介质中当保持相关参量相同时，冲击载荷形状对简支刚塑性圆板和圆柱薄壳的最终塑性变形的影响。在结构物高载阶段的运动中，考虑了阻尼介质对塑性铰区移行的影响。结果表明:在阻尼介质中，文献［６］中相关参量的概念仍然可以沿用，但结构的最终塑性变形与相关参量的关系式Ｗ＿ｏｆ＝Ｉ￣２＿ｅＧ（Ｐ＿ｅ）应由更一般的表达式来代替。     

An analysis of the shear failure of rigid-linear hardening beams under impulsive loading

A theoretical rigid-plastic analysis for the dynamic shear failure of beams under impulsive loading is presented when using a travelling plastic shear hinge model which takes into account material strain hardening. The maximum dynamic shear strain and shear strain-rate can be predicted in addition to the permanent transverse deflections and other parameters. The conditions for the three modes of shear failure, i.e., excess deflection failure, excess shear strain failure and adiabatic shear failure are analyzed. The special case of an infinitesimally small plastic zone is discussed and compared with Nonaka's solution for a rigid, perfectly plastic material. The results can also be generalized to examine the dynamic response of fibre-reinforced beams.     

高精度石英振梁加速度计挠性支承设计研究

分析了石英振梁加速度计的工作原理和结构设计,确定出挠性支承的结构形式.根据力学原理给出了挠性支承的设计计算公式,并依据挠性支承的结构设计原则,确定了加速度计基本结构参数.利用有限元分析软件对该加速度计建模并进行整体的位移分布、应力特性等有限元力学分析,软件仿真结果与理论计算的摆片端部位移相差小于3%,支承在极限范围内不会断裂,证明了所建立的支承力学模型正确,这为优化结构设计提供了理论依据和方法.     

Thermodynamics of plastic hinges with damage

Elastic structural members are considered with plastic hinges at which damage may occur. Equations of balance of linear momentum, angular momentum and energy are obtained expressing the fact that energy may be absorbed by damage at a plastic hinge. It is shown that all the work done by the moments in bending of a plastic hinge that does not appear as heat must be absorbed by damage. The fraction of the bending work which is transformed into damage is thecoefficient of damage. In general, this coefficient is smaller than unity, which implies that the plastic hinge is a heat source. The heat source manifests itself by producing a jump discontinuity in axial heat flux and thus, in virtue of Fourier's law, a jump discontinuity in temperature gradient ensues. The general thermodynamics of the system is formulated: It is shown that agreement with the second law of thermodynamics prevails if the coefficient of damage does not exceed unity. Using the condition that a plastic hinge must break after absorbing a critical amount of damage energy, we show that a structure composed of such structural members with a finite number of plastic hinges must fail before it absorbs an infinite amount of energy through a cyclic loading and unloading program. Although the failure criterion for a single plastic hinge may be simple, the complex distribution of damage among the plastic hinges of an entire structure can make the failure criteria for a structure defy simple rules. It is also argued that the introduction of a distributed damage energy rate does not seem feasible in view of the second law of thermodynamics. This suggests that damage in a microstructure is localized rather than uniformly distributed.     

Computational and experimental studies of crushing of metallic hemispherical shells

Axial compression of aluminium spherical shells of R/t values ranging from 25 to 43 was performed under central loading. Quasi-static tests were conducted on an INSTRON machine (model 1197) of 50 T capacity. Spherical shells were tested to identify their modes of collapse and to study the associated energy absorption capacity. In experiments all the spherical shells were found to collapse due to formation of an axisymmetric inward dimple associated with a rolling plastic hinge. A Finite Element computational model of development of the axisymmetric mode of collapse is also presented. Experimental and computed results of the deformed shapes and their corresponding load–compression and energy–compression curves were presented and compared to validate the computational model. The computed variations of the different strains and stresses were also studied. On the basis of the computational results mechanics of the development of the axisymmetric inward dimple mode of collapse has been presented, analysed and discussed.     

Truss optimization under stiffness, stability constraints and random loading

An actual design of light-weight structures must evaluate strength, stiffness and stability constraints as well as the nature of external loading. A designed structure must satisfy optimality and safety criterions per prescribed maintenance period. One faces the known difficulties when trying to implement several from the above mentioned requirements into optimization problem for further successful numerical realization. A method to formulate the optimization problem, incorporating all above described criterions, the mathematical model and algorithm to solve it numerically, taking into account the stochastic nature of external loading, are presented for elastic–plastic truss-type structure.     

弹塑性流变模型在弹流脂润滑特性分析中的应用

采用自行研制的高速润滑脂拖动力试验装置测量了7007国产润滑脂的拖动力;以7007润滑脂为例,建立了该类高速润滑脂的平均剪切弹性模量和平均极限剪切应力的计算公式,基于Tevaarwerk-Johnson弹塑模型给出了拖动力的计算方法,并分析了其流变特性.结果表明:该润滑脂在本文试验条件下表现出弹塑性,其拖动力的理论预测值与试验测量值具有很好的一致性;所建立的拖动力计算公式可用于指导润滑分析领域的工程计算.     

Energy absorption of an egg-box material

Conical frustra made from leaded gun-metal have been compressed axially. Collapse is either by a travelling plastic hinge or by tearing. An analytical model is developed for the travelling plastic hinge in a rigid, ideally plastic solid; its predictions are compared with the observed response, and with those of an axisymmetric finite element analysis. The travelling hinge mechanism is also observed in the compressive collapse of an egg-box material comprising a square array of conical frustra. Collapse mechanism maps are constructed for the egg-box material, and they show the regimes of dominance of elastic buckling, material tearing and the travelling plastic hinge. The maps are useful for selecting egg-box geometries that maximise the energy absorption per unit mass at any prescribed value of collapse stress. The optimisation indicates that the egg-box material has a similar energy absorption capacity to that of hexagonal honeycombs and is superior to that of metal foams.