用平均速度剖面法测量壁湍流摩擦阻力

用IFA300恒温热线风速仪精细测量风洞中不同雷诺数流动条件下的平板湍流边界层近壁区域对数律平均速度剖面．利用平板湍流边界层近壁区域的对数律平均速度剖面与壁面摩擦速度、流体黏性系数等内尺度物理量的关系和壁面摩擦速度与壁面摩擦切应力的关系，在准确测量平板湍流边界层近壁区域对数律平均速度剖面的基础上，测量平板湍流边界层的壁面摩擦阻力．实现了平板湍流边界层壁面摩擦阻力的无干扰或微小干扰测量．该种方法操作简便，不需要在流场中安装测力天平、传感器等复杂的测量装置，不需要对湍流边界层的壁面进行破坏，不会影响湍流边界层壁面附近区域原有的流场条件，是一种切实可行的测量平板湍流边界层壁面摩擦阻力的简便方法．     

绕壁面小障碍物的湍流边界层研究

采用RNGK－ε模型，对统平板壁面上的条柱、方柱等多种不同形状二维小障碍物的固壁剪切湍流进行数值研究，获得了小障碍物下游回流区及其发展区的时均速度场、回流分离点长度和湍流边界层厚度，计算结果与实验比较吻合良好．结果表明，小障碍物在壁面上的设置，明显地改变了平板壁面边界层的湍流形态和结构．     

湍流边界层中固体颗粒运动的数值模拟

根据Ｌａｇｒａｎｇｅ颗粒运动微分方程及不可压缩湍流边界层中流体的壁面速度分布规律，数值求解了颗粒在湍流边界层中的运动，考虑了Ｓａｆｆｍａｎ升为对颗粒运动的影响，壁面对运动阻力的影响，给出了固体颗粒沉积边壁，在边界层外缘上所需的最小速度和最小入射角，计算结果还表明边界层对固体颗粒撞击边壁的速度和入射角有较大影响，从数值结果可可以发现一个重要现象。     

输气管道壁面涂料减阻机理的实验研究

用IFA-300热线风速仪以高于对应最小湍流时间尺度的分辨率精细测量了风洞中不同壁面涂料的管道湍流边界层不同法向位置流向速度分量的时间序列信号,利用湍流边界层近壁区域对数律平均速度剖面与壁面摩擦速度、流体黏性系数等内尺度物理量的关系和壁面摩擦速度与壁面摩擦切应力的关系,在准确测量湍流边界层近壁区域对数律平均速度剖面的基础上,间接测量湍流边界层的壁面摩擦阻力．对不同壁面涂料的壁湍流脉动速度信号用子波分析进行多尺度分解,用子波系数的瞬时强度因子和平坦因子检测管道湍流边界层中的多尺度相干结构,提取不同尺度相干结构的条件相位平均波形,对比研究输气管道壁面涂料的减阻机理．     

Spalding公式在脊状表面湍壁摩擦力测量中的应用

在低速风洞中来流速度一定的情况下使用IFA300恒温热线风速仪测量了光滑表面和两种不同尺寸的脊状表面湍流边界层平均速度分布剖面,并验证了试验段湍流发展的充分性;通过应用Spalding壁面公式使用最小二乘法精准拟合了实验测量的边界层内层速度分布曲线,得到了湍流边界层壁面摩擦速度并进一步求得湍流壁面摩擦应力,较准确地计算出脊状表面的虚拟原点位置,并通过与对数律公式拟合结果比较分析,证实了该方法更加准确有效. 最后分别计算了3种实验模型的湍流边界层动量损失厚度. 通过对比脊状表面与光滑表面动量损失厚度和壁面摩擦应力,反映了动量损失厚度的大小与壁面摩擦应力的大小具有一致性,充分证实了脊状表面在湍流中具有一定的减阻效果.      

自由水跃区壁面阻力的研究

根据已有文献对附壁射流区流速分布和壁面阻力的试验成果,分析了自由水跃区断面流速分布和最大流速沿程分布规律;首次根据边界层的动量积分方程分析了水跃主体段的射流厚度、水跃区的壁面切应力系数、壁面阻力系数的变化规律;给出了边界层厚度、壁面局部阻力系数、壁面阻力系数、平均壁面阻力系数的计算方法,并将计算结果与已有文献的试验资料进行了比较。结果表明:由本文式(9)和式(26)得到的数据与文献中的试验数据吻合较好;在Fr1≥5.45时,式(29)的计算结果与试验较吻合,在Fr1?5.45时,其计算结果与试验偏差较大;采用本文公式(34)计算水跃的共轭水深,与文献所得结果的最大误差为3.643%。     

柔性壁面湍流减阻机理与多尺度相干结构控制的实验研究

用热膜测速仪以高于对应最小湍流时间尺度的分辨率,精细测量了水槽中刚性壁面和柔性壁面平板湍流边界层不同法向位置流向速度分量的时间序列信号,利用湍流边界层近壁区域的对数律平均速度剖面与壁面摩擦速度、流体粘性系数、壁面摩擦切应力等内尺度物理量的关系,在准确测量湍流边界层近壁区域对数律平均速度剖面的基础上,通过非线性迭代求解壁面摩擦速度以及湍流边界层壁面摩擦切应力.结果表明柔性壁的湍流边界层速度分布在对数律层有所上移,缓冲层增厚,说明柔性壁面具有一定的减阻作用. 利用湍流多尺度局部平均结构函数的概念和多尺度局部平均结构函数的瞬时强度因子、平坦因子检测多尺度相干结构及其间歇性的方法,提取了湍流边界层多尺度相干结构的条件相位平均波形.对比研究了刚性壁面和柔性壁面平板湍流边界层近壁区域多尺度相干结构的条件相位平均波形及其间歇性的统计特征,分析了柔性壁面具有减阻作用的物理机理.     

超音速/高超音速三维边界层的层流控制基金项目

根据可压缩黏性稳定性理论研究了壁面冷却和抽吸对超音速、高超音速三维边界层的层流控制作用.数值结果证明壁面冷却对第一模式起稳定作用,对第二模式有不稳定作用;壁面抽吸对第一、二模式都起稳定作用;直到Me＝7,导致绝热壁边界层转捩的始终是第一模式,Me≥6的冷却壁边界层则是第二模式对转捩起主导作用.壁面冷却能够推迟边界层转捩,但是和二维边界层相比壁面冷却对高速三维边界层的层流控制作用是很有限的.     

边界层对壁面湍流流动高分子减阻的影响

以“粘性”机制为理论基础,近年来在壁面湍流高分子减阻研究中提出了一种拉伸的高分子会产生自洽的等效粘度模型,这种等效粘度随离开壁面的距离而改变.通过等效粘度模型与Navier-Stokes方程的结合,运用雷诺应力模型计算壁面湍流减阻,并与基于高分子有限拉伸的非线性弹性哑铃模型的直接数值模拟结果进行比较,进一步校验了此等效粘度理论.通过肋条破坏槽道流中的边界层,显示了边界层对高分子减阻的影响,结果表明只有形成稳定的边界层,高分子才能有减阻作用.边界层是高分子减阻的首要条件,边界层中的粘性底层和对数率分布区之间的缓冲层可能是减阻的主要影响区域.     

超音速／高超音速三维边界层的层流控制

根据可压缩黏性稳定性理论研究了壁面冷却和抽吸对超音速、高超音速三维边界层的层流控制作用。数值结果证明：壁面冷却对第一模式起稳定作用,对第二模式有不稳定作用;壁面抽吸对第一、二模式都起稳定作用;直到Me=7,导致绝热壁边界层转捩的始终是第一模式,Me≥6的冷却壁边界层则是第二模式对转捩起主导作用。壁面冷却能够推迟边界层转捩,但是和二维边界层相比壁面冷却对高速三维边界层的层流控制作用是很有限的。     

烧蚀图象研究概述

本文着重介绍了林同骥和他的合作者们在烧蚀图象方面的研究工作,包括再入飞行器、地面实验模型和吉林陨石三部分。他们发现烧蚀图象是受烧蚀表面的边界层雷诺数控制的。研究了两种典型的烧蚀图象:有序熔楔和菱形花纹。得到了再入飞行器和模型的转捩雷诺数。     

再入飞行仿真的几个力学问题

本文针对航天器再入飞行仿真的研究。就仿真中的几个力学问题，讨论了如何建立合理的物理模型和数学模型。再入飞行仿真主要涉及刚体运动的飞行轨迹计算模型，涉及激波，表面压力。摩擦阻力。粘性干扰等因素的气动力计算模型；涉及边界层厚度，转捩，传热和物面粗糙度，辐射传热等因素的气动热计算模型；涉及结构强度，动态特性，稳定性，热应力等因素的有限元计算模型；涉及硅基和碳基防热材料，防热层温度分布等因素的热化学烧蚀模型；涉及天气严重环境指数，粒子与激波层干扰，粒子运动特性等因素的粒子侵蚀模型。涉及瞬时外形变化。气动特性变化。累积质量损失等因素的总体参数计算模型；其中要特别注意把握好对绕流流场计算，转捩准则选择，结构响应跟踪，瞬时外形圆整等问题的处理。才能使再入飞行仿真顺利进行到再入落地，而且仿真结果具有很好的可信度。     

Unsteady radiative-convective heat transfer in a high-temperature gas-particle flow past a semi-transparent plate

Numerical simulations of unsteady radiative-convective heat transfer in a turbulent flow of a mixture of gases and solid particles past a semi-transparent plate are performed. An ablation process is demonstrated to occur on the plate surface in the case of intense radiative heating of the plate by an external source with emission in a limited spectral range. Temperature fields and distributions of heat fluxes in the boundary layer and in the plate are calculated. Calculation results are presented, which allow determining the effect of ablation and reflecting properties of the plate surface on the thermal state of the medium in the system containing the boundary layer and the plate under conditions of plate heating by a high-temperature source of radiation. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 50, No. 3, pp. 140–146, May–June, 2009.     

Ablation of Teflon in a stream of dissociated air

A numerical solution to the coupled problem of heat and mass transfer on an ablating Teflon surface is used to analyze the influence of nonequilibrium physicochemical processes in the boundary layer on ablation. The results of the numerical calculations are compared with the experimental data in the literature on the ablation of Teflon subject to high heat fluxes and with data on measurements of the concentrations of the components in a boundary layer containing Teflon ablation products. It is shown that an important factor that must be taken into account in interpreting experimental data, particularly at low pressures and high stagnation enthalpies, is the influence of the catalytic properties of the surface on the heat transfer. An approximate expression is derived for calculating the ablation rate; it is valid in the range of free-stream velocities 3 km/sec < V < 8 km/sec.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 3, pp. 103–109, May–June, 1984.     

Graphite combustion in a chemical-equilibrium boundary layer

The mechanism of graphite decomposition in a dissociated air stream in the presence of heterogeneous reactions on the surface and nonequilibrium evaporation for the case of a frozen boundary layer is studied in [1, 2]. Examples of the calculation of graphite decomposition in an oxygen stream with equilibrium [3] and nonequilibrium [4] chemical reactions in the boundary layer are presented in [3, 4]. The effect of the chemical reactions in the boundary layer on the rate of mass transfer and on the surface temperature with variation of the external flow parameters (p, T_e) remains unexplained. The present paper is devoted to a study of the mechanism of graphite ablation over a wide range of temperatures and pressures with air flow about the body in the case of an equilibrium boundary layer. The effect of the individual components on the heat and mass transfer processes is investigated.In conclusion, the author wishes to thank N. A. Anfimov for this constant interest and valuable advice, and also I. S. Epifanovskii for fruitful discussion of the results.     

Investigation of transport processes in the high-temperature boundary layer on an ablating graphite surface

A study is made of the transport processes in the boundary layer on a graphite surface in a stream of dissociated air. The diffusion and sublimation ablation regimes of the grahite are considered. In contrast to earlier investigations [1, 3], allowance is made for a larger number of components in the boundary layer, the multicomponent nature of the diffusion, and the disequilibrium of the chemical reactions in the gas phase. On the basis of a critical analysis of the experimental and theoretical investigations of the intermolecular interaction potentials, a model is chosen that makes it possible to calculate the transport properties of gas mixtures containing ablation products with satisfactory accuracy. The results of the numerical investigation of the problem were used to obtain the dependences of the characteristics of heat and mass transfer on the stagnation parameters of the oncoming flow and the temperature of the surface. The influence of the extent to which the chemical reactions are in disequilibrium on these characteristics is estimated. The results of the calculations are presented in the form of approximation formulas. The method of numerical solution is described elsewhere [4, 5].Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 3, pp. 97–103, May–June, 1983.     

流过泰氟龙烧蚀表面的化学非平衡边界层数值研究

对流过泰氟龙烧蚀表面的化学非平衡边界层进行了数值分析．研究了气体模型、化学反应速率常数和壁画催化对边界层特性的影响．研究表明，气体模型对烧蚀产物组元浓度大小的排序有很大影响，但不同气体模型造成的电子数密度差最大仅一个数量级；不同的氟碳反应速率常数，虽在非催化壁条件下，对组元浓度剖面有强烈影响，但对电子数密度剖面，不管壁面催化特性如何，几乎都没有影响；表面烧蚀可能引起边界层分离．     

The effect of anisotropic permeability on free convective boundary layer flow in porous media

The effect of an anisotropic permeability on thermal boundary layer flow in porous media is studied. The convective flow is induced by a vertical, uniformly heated surface embedded in a fluid-saturated medium. A leading-order boundary layer theory is presented. It is shown that the thickness of the resulting boundary layer flow is different from that obtained in an isotropic porous medium. In general, an anisotropic permeability induces a fluid drift in the spanwise direction, the strength of which depends on the precise nature of the anisotropy. Conditions are found which determine whether or not the boundary layer flow is three-dimensional.     

Numerical Simulation of the 3D Laminar Viscous Flow on a Horizontal-axis Wind Turbine Blade

The aim of this paper is to describe the methodology followed in order to determine the viscous effects of a uniform wind on the blades of small horizontal-axis wind turbines that rotate at a constant angular speed. The numerical calculation of the development of the three-dimensional boundary layer on the surface of the blades is carried out under laminar conditions and considering flow rotation, airfoil curvature and blade twist effects. The adopted geometry for the twisted blades is given by cambered thin blade sections conformed by circular are airfoils with constant chords. The blade is working under stationary conditions at a given tip speed ratio, so that an extensive laminar boundary layer without flow separation is expected. The boundary layer growth is determined on a non-orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system related to the geometry of the blade surface. Since the thickness of the boundary layer grows from the leading edge of the blade and also from the tip to the blade root, a domain transformation is proposed in order to solve the discretized equations in a regular computational 3D domain. The non-linear system of partial differential coupled equations that governs the boundary layer development is numerically solved applying a finite difference technique using the Krause zig-zag scheme. The resulting coupled equations of motion are linearized, leading to a tridiagonal system of equations that is iteratively solved for the velocity components inside the viscous layer applying the Thomas algorithm, procedure that allows the subsequent numerical determination of the shear stress distribution on the blade surface.     

Locally similar solutions for hydromagnetic and thermal slip flow boundary layers over a flat plate with variable fluid properties and convective surface boundary condition

This paper presents heat transfer process in a two-dimensional steady hydromagnetic convective flow of an electrically conducting fluid over a flat plate with partial slip at the surface of the boundary subjected to the convective surface heat flux at the boundary. The analysis accounts for both temperature-dependent viscosity and temperature dependent thermal conductivity. The local similarity equations are derived and solved numerically using the Nachtsheim-Swigert iteration procedure. Results for the dimensionless velocity, temperature and ambient Prandtl number within the boundary layer are displayed graphically delineating the effect of various parameters characterizing the flow. The results show that momentum boundary layer thickness significantly depends on the surface convection parameter, Hartmann number and on the sign of the variable viscosity parameter. The results also show that plate surface temperature is higher when there is no slip at the plate compared to its presence. For both slip and no-slip cases surface temperature of the plate can be controlled by controlling the strength of the applied magnetic field. In modelling the thermal boundary layer flow with variable viscosity and variable thermal conductivity, the Prandtl number must be treated as a variable irrespective of flow conditions whether there is slip or no-slip at the boundary to obtain realistic results.