有压水环境中的混凝土动态抗压性能试验研究

对有压水环境中的混凝土进行了不同应变速率下的动态压缩试验研究,获得了水压为0~10MPa时的混凝土含水量特征以及不同应变速率下的应力应变曲线。试验结果表明:应变速率不高于10~(-3)/s时,混凝土的应力应变曲线与干燥混凝土的相似,受力状态如同单轴加载;在应变速率为10~(-2)/s时,其应力应变曲线的后半支随水压力增加而提高,与三轴受力状态类似,水压力对混凝土形成了围压效应。混凝土的强度及其动态增强因子随应变速率呈非线性增加趋势,水压力越高则增长速度越快。强度压力增强因子随水压力的变化趋势在不同应变速率下存在差异。在慢速加载时,强度压力增强因子变化幅度为10%,而快速加载时,其随水压力提高而增加,且显著高于慢速加载时的情况。在深入研究混凝土强度动态增强因子和压力增强因子的基础上,构建了有压水环境中混凝土的经验本构模型。该模型考虑了水压力和应变速率共同作用对混凝土强度的影响,与试验数据吻合较好。结合混凝土的含水量特征,进一步分析了不同应变速率下孔隙水对其力学性能影响的作用机理,分析表明含水量不同导致了粘滞应力和超孔隙水压力的差异,从而引起混凝土强度的非线性增长。     

预静态加载后的混凝土动态受压特性试验

进行了混凝土在应变速率分别为10-5/s、10-4/s、10-3/s的条件下,经历极限抗压强度分别为0、40%、60%、75%和85%的单调荷载作用的动态单轴压缩试验,在此基础上分析了经历不同单调加载历史和应变速率下混凝土的峰值应力、峰值应变和弹性模量的变化规律。试验结果表明,随着应变速率的提高,动态单轴抗压强度明显增加;当单调加载应力水平高于某一应力阈值时,混凝土极限抗压强度明显降低;混凝土弹性模量随着应变速率的提高而增加,随着单调加载幅值的增加表现出先增大后减小的趋势;混凝土峰值应变随着应变速率的提高而增加,随着单调加载幅值的增加而减少。     

花岗岩的加载速率效应及能量机制研究

加载速率对岩石的力学性质以及变形破坏方式具有重要的影响.基于MTS810电液伺服材料试验系统与PCI-2声发射仪对岩样进行不同加载速率作用下的单轴压缩和声发射试验.研究结果表明:(1)在各级加载速率作用下,岩样单轴压缩应力-应变曲线大致经历了压密、弹性、屈服、破坏四个阶段.岩样峰后曲线在加载速率为0.001~0.01mm/s时出现台阶型分段跌落状,在加载速率为0.01~0.1mm/s时呈现光滑、陡峭的连续曲线.(2)岩样峰值强度、弹性模量随加载速率的增加而增大,与加载速率对数均呈现三次多项式拟合关系.峰值应变随加载速率的增加而减小,与加载速率对数呈现线性拟合关系.(3)随着加载速率由0.001mm/s增加至0.1mm/s,岩样吸收的总应变能U具有波动性,可释放的弹性应变能Ue增幅60.42%,耗散应变能Ud降幅66.38%,Ue/U增幅43.33%,Ud/U降幅66.67%,岩样破裂模式由拉剪破坏逐渐向张拉劈裂破坏过渡,岩样破裂块数增多.(4)加载速率为0.001~0.1mm/s时,岩样破坏方式有所不同,但破坏为同一类损伤过程.单轴压缩状态下,能量耗散使得岩样损伤致使强度丧失,而能量释放使得岩样宏观破裂面贯通,并向着能量释放的方向张裂或弹射破坏.     

三向受压混凝土的动态特性研究

为探究混凝土在三向受压状态下的动态特性,利用自行研制的大型多功能三轴材料试验机,进行不同应变速率(10^-5/s、10^-4/s、10^-3/s、10^-2/s)下混凝土不同定侧压比(1:1、2:1、3:1、4:1)的动态真三轴抗压试验,研究了混凝土在动态抗压下的强度和变形特性。结果表明:混凝土在三向受压状态下表现出明显的应变率效应,峰值应力随着应变速率的增加先减小后增大,峰值应力减小最大幅度为5.42%而后开始增大,最大增幅为18.22%。而峰值应力随着侧压比的增大而增大,到达3:1时应力速率敏感性降低。混凝土的峰值应变在低侧压比(1:1和2:1)时随着应变速率的增加而减小,而在侧压比较高(3:1和4:1)时先减小再增大。随着应变速率的增加,裂纹开始从骨料处产生,塑性应变增大,导致峰值应变增大;在动态加载条件下,峰值应变随着侧压比的增大有先增大后减小的趋势。较高侧压比时混凝土的弹性模量随着应变速率的增加具有增大的趋势,最大增幅为240.66%。应力-应变曲线上升段随着应变速率增大越来越陡峭。试件的破坏形态随着侧压比的增大从柱状破坏变为斜剪破坏。     

含预制单裂隙石膏裂纹孕育与能量演化的应变率效应研究

基于高速相机和MTS万能试验机对含预制裂纹石膏样品进行了单轴压缩应变率效应试验研究,在应变率10~(-5)/s～10~(-3)/s之间选取6种应变率进行单轴压缩试验,对应力应变曲线、裂纹扩展路径、起裂应力、起裂角、弹性模量、峰值强度等与裂纹扩展相关的信息进行了应变率效应分析,并基于岩石材料破坏能量演化原理对其进行解释。试验表明:应变率在10~(-5)/s～2×10~(-4)/s范围时,石膏样品应力应变曲线台阶式上升或回落,波动较多,翼型裂纹发展充分,起裂应力、弹性模量、峰值强度等相差不大,裂纹起裂角82°左右,验证了最小应变能密度因子理论;应变率在5×10~(-4)/s、 10~(-3)/s时,石膏样品应力应变曲线峰前斜率较大,峰后跌落快,表现出岩石类材料典型的脆性特征,起裂应力、弹性模量、峰值强度等力学参数明显增大,起裂角为105°,此时应变能密度因子理论不再适用。     

大尺寸Hopkinson压杆及其应用

本文介绍了国内最大尺寸的SHPB装置;讨论了在大尺寸SHPB装置上测量混凝土类材料动态力学性能将会出现的几个问题;采取了在入射杆的打击端加设波形整形器,在试件与杆件之间加设万向头及在试件上直接测量应变等新的实验技术及采用新的数据处理方法,提高了试验结果的精确度和可信度;简要介绍了利用ф100 SHPB装置对四种体积含量(0,2%,4%和6%)钢纤维高强混凝土进行三种应变率(10~20/s,35~45/s和75~85/s)的冲击压缩实验。实验结果表明,钢纤维高强混凝土具有较强的应变率效应,其破坏应力、峰值应变随应变率增加而显著增加,弹性模量也随应变率增加而增加。另外,钢纤维含量对混凝土具有增韧效应,随着钢纤维含量的增加,其韧性增大,脆性降低。     

循环荷载作用下聚丙烯纤维再生混凝土受压性能试验研究

为研究循环荷载作用下聚丙烯纤维再生混凝土(PFRAC)的力学性能，以粗骨料取代率、纤维掺量、加载速率为变化参数，设计了78个圆柱体试件进行单轴循环受压试验。通过试验观察PFRAC的破坏形态，获取了应力-应变曲线、峰值应力、峰值应变、刚度退化等重要指标，研究了不同变化参数对其力学性能指标的影响规律，得到了循环荷载作用下聚丙烯纤维对再生混凝土的阻裂机理。结果表明：循环荷载作用下PFRAC主要发生斜向劈裂破坏；随着聚丙烯纤维掺量的增加，试件表面主裂缝宽度减小；循环荷载下PFRAC试件受压应力-应变曲线包络线与单调受压应力-应变曲线相似；聚丙烯纤维的加入可显著改善PFRAC循环荷载下的力学性能，随着纤维掺量的增加，峰值应力、弹性刚度比先增大后减小；纤维掺量为0.9%时的纤维改性效果最优，峰值应力和峰值刚度比分别提高了4.4%和7.4%。     

中应变率下钢纤维混凝土受拉全过程实验研究

在简要评述有关中应变速率下钢纤维混凝土动态力学性能的实验研究现状后,详细介绍了在Instron1342材料实验机的基础上经自行改装设计的钢纤维混凝土动态测试系统,并对实验方案、试件制作与加载及量测过程进行了阐述。利用该系统,成功完成了应变率由1.38×10-4s-1～0.532×10-1s-1三个数量级范围内的钢纤维混凝土受拉全过程试验(四点弯拉),得到了中应变率下钢纤维混凝土的应力、应变全过程曲线。同时,对实验结果进行了综合分析,实验结果表明:中应变率下,应变率不同时钢纤维混凝土的应力应变全曲线具有很好的相似性,而峰值应力、峰值应变与弹性模量(割线模量)随应变率的增加均有不同程度的提高。当应变速率从1.38×10-4s-1增大到0.532×10-1s-1时,SFRC的抗拉强度提高30%左右,峰值应力对应的应变提高10%左右,动态拉伸弹性模量提高20%左右。中应变率(1.38×10-4s-1～0.532×10-1s-1)下,当钢纤维掺量从0%增加到4%时,钢纤维混凝土的抗拉强度提高1.3倍左右。     

冻融损伤混凝土与光圆钢筋黏结本构关系试验研究

为了研究冻融损伤混凝土与光圆钢筋黏结本构关系,对三种强度等级混凝土试件分别开展了快速冻融循环试验及拉拔试验,得到了不同强度等级、不同冻融循环次数下混凝土的抗压强度及其与光圆钢筋的黏结-滑移曲线。试验结果表明,不同强度等级及不同冻融循环次数的混凝土与光圆钢筋黏结-滑移曲线形状类似;对于相同强度等级试件,随着冻融循环次数的增加,峰值黏结强度、残余黏结强度和初始黏结刚度不断降低而峰值滑移不断增大;对于遭受相同冻融循环次数试件,混凝土强度等级越高,峰值黏结强度和残余黏结强度也越高,而峰值滑移变化规律不明显。最后建立了冻融损伤混凝土与光圆钢筋的黏结-滑移本构模型。上述结果对寒冷地区钢筋混凝土结构性能评定有参考价值。     

单向恒定侧压下混凝土动态抗压特性试验研究

利用大连理工大学自行研制、改造的大型液压伺服混凝土静动三轴试验系统对立方体试件进行一向恒定侧压的动态压缩试验。完成了四个侧向恒定压力等级的试验,应变速率变化范围为10-5~10-2 s-1。探讨了不同应变速率以及不同恒定侧压条件下混凝土强度与变形的变化规律。以试验数据为基础,在八面体应力空间中建立了适用于单向恒定侧压条件下混凝土双轴动态破坏的强度公式,为大坝、海上采油平台等大型混凝土结构的抗震安全分析提供了参考。     

An application of a damage constitutive model to concrete at high temperature and prediction of spalling

A characteristic feature of concrete under uniaxial compression is the development of cracks parallel to the loading direction. A damage constitutive model proposed by Ortiz [Ortiz, M., 1985. A constitutive theory for the inelastic behaviour of concrete. Mech. Mater. 4, 67–93] can predict the transverse tensile stress responsible for these cracks by considering the interaction between the aggregate and the mortar and the development of damage in the latter. When concrete is exposed to high temperature, as is the case during fire, the failure mode is thermal spalling. In order to improve the prediction of the stresses involved in this failure Ortiz’s model is extended to account for the effects of high temperature. Published experimental results for uniaxial and biaxial compression at high temperatures are used to calibrate the temperature dependence of some of the material properties. The transient creep strain is accounted for by modifying the constrained thermal strain. The stress analysis is coupled with hygro-thermal analysis of heat, mass transfer and pore pressure build-up. The effect of pore pressure on the damage evolution is modeled by applying a body force in the stress analysis module proportional to the pressure gradient. A numerical example of concrete under fire is solved and the computed results are discussed. Spalling is predicted when the damage variable reaches its maximum value of unity. The predicted depth and time of spalling for a range of variation of permeability and initial liquid water content are presented. They are in good agreement with published experimental results.     

Thermal Responses of Saturated Silty Clay During Repeated Heating–Cooling Processes

The thermal responses of the saturated silty clay to repeated heating–cooling are studied in laboratory. Results show that the pore pressure induced by undrained heating increases with increasing temperature, but the peak pore pressure appears a degradation trend with increasing temperature cycles. During the consolidation process at an elevated temperature, the specimen contracts due to the dissipation of the pore pressure; however, the thermally induced pore pressure is under no conditions fully dissipated to zero, therefore, there always exists a residual pore pressure in the specimens once a thermal loading higher than the ambient temperature is applied. During the undrained cooling, pore pressure continues to decline and eventually falls below zero. During the isothermal consolidation at the original temperature, the specimen begins to expand due to water absorption caused by the negative pore pressure, and eventually reaches a steady value. In addition, the consolidation volumetric strain generated during the drainage process at 50°C is greater than that during the water absorption process at 25°C, the difference seems to be most obvious for the first three cycles, and begins to diminish gradually thereafter.     

Damage model for viscoplastic-softening behavior: cement paste and concrete

A viscoplastic-softening model is developed; it invokes damage accumulation depending on the viscous strain and stress rates. For deformation beyond the peak on the uniaxial stress-strain curve, the softening behavior is modelled by applying the accounting for loss in stiffness due to localized material damage by cracking. Predicted are the hardening/softening behavior of cement paste. The results for applied strain rates of 3 × 10⁻³, 3 × 10⁻² and 3 × 10⁻¹ s⁻¹ agreed well with the test data. Similar success was obtained for the creep of two types of concrete under compression.     

冻融循环冻土的冲击动态力学性能

以典型冻土为研究对象,通过不同冻融循环次数的冻融循环实验、不同温度的冻结实验以及不同应变率的冲击动态实验,综合研究了冻融循环冻土的冲击动态力学性能。结果表明,冻土存在冻融循环效应,随着冻融循环次数的增加,冻土的峰值应力有一定程度的降低,但在达到临界冻融循环次数后,峰值应力将维持稳定;同时,冻土表现出明显的应变率效应和温度效应,其峰值应力随应变率的增加或温度的降低而增加。通过定义冻融损伤因子,推导满足Weibull分布的冲击损伤,提出了一个基于Z-W-T方程的损伤黏弹性本构模型。该模型可较好地描述冻融循环后冻土的冲击动态力学行为,为研究季节性冻土区冻土的冲击动态破坏提供参考。     

Experimental study on the two-phase pressure drop in copper foams

Experiments were performed to study pressure drops in copper foams embedded in a rectangular copper channel. De-ionized water was used as the working fluid with mass fluxes of 30–200 kg/m² s, and inlet temperature of 40–80°C. The copper foam has the porosity of 0.88 and the pore densities of 30, 60 and 90 ppi (pores per inch). Both single-phase liquid flow and boiling two-phase flow are studied. Effects of mass fluxes, vapor mass qualities, and average pore diameters of metallic foams are investigated. It is found that friction factors for the single-phase liquid flow are mainly dependent on the Reynolds number and the average pore diameter of metallic foams. The friction factors are decreased with increases in the Reynolds numbers, and will approach 0.22 at high Reynolds numbers. For the boiling two-phase flow, two-phase pressure drops are increased with increases in the outlet vapor mass qualities, mass fluxes, and ppi values. The two-phase multiplier is increased with increases in the outlet vapor mass qualities and mass fluxes, and it is decreased with increases in the Martinelli parameter and will attain a constant value depending on the mass fluxes. The larger the mass fluxes, the larger the constant value is. An experimental correlation considering the effects of vapor mass qualities, mass fluxes, and average pore diameters of metallic foams is recommended, showing good accuracy to predict the two-phase pressure drops in metallic foams.     

Several contributions to soil compactibility induced by cyclic loading test

To investigate the soil compactibility during the cyclic loading, three different kinds of paddy field soils were prepared so as to clarify interrelationships among stress amplitude ratio, bulk density, soil water content and pore water pressure. The presetting values of specimen include the soil water content(percent dry basis) and bulk density of 25% d.b. and 1.1 Mg/m³ respectively. The relation between the number of cyclic loading and axial strain exhibited an asymptotically increasing trend, converging toward a specific value for each experimental condition. Possible effect caused by elastic–plastic characteristics could be recognized, when axial strain for 0.5 Hz excitation becomes greater than the one of 1.0 Hz under same stress amplitude ratio. When the stress amplitude ratio took 0.1, the absolute value of axial strain of 0.5 Hz was greater than the one of 1.0 Hz, whereas its decreasing trend was recognized in the sequence of silt, clay and silty sand. The qualitative relations between pore water pressure and number of cyclic loading were also examined to scrutinize the effect of effective water pressure to the soil compactibility.     

Quantifying the dynamics of flow within a permeable bed using time-resolved endoscopic particle imaging velocimetry (EPIV)

This paper presents results of an experimental study investigating the mean and temporal evolution of flow within the pore space of a packed bed overlain by a free-surface flow. Data were collected by an endoscopic PIV (EPIV) technique. EPIV allows the instantaneous velocity field within the pore space to be quantified at a high spatio-temporal resolution, thus permitting investigation of the structure of turbulent subsurface flow produced by a high Reynolds number freestream flow (Re _s in the range 9.8?×?10³?C9.7?×?10⁴). Evolution of coherent flow structures within the pore space is shown to be driven by jet flow, with the interaction of this jet with the pore flow generating distinct coherent flow structures. The effects of freestream water depth, Reynolds and Froude numbers are investigated.     

循环加卸载损伤大理岩的动力学特性

利用MTS 815电液伺服岩石实验系统进行上限应力为80%、85%、90%、95%单轴抗压强度的大理岩单轴压缩循环加卸载实验，每种上限应力条件分别设置20、40、60、80次循环。再利用分离式Hopkinson压杆对损伤岩样进行动力学实验。分析了循环加卸载上限应力及循环次数对大理岩塑性应变的影响，揭示了大理岩动态力学参数和破碎吸收能随损伤变量的演化规律。实验结果表明:塑性应变与循环次数呈正相关，且上限应力越大，塑性应变趋于稳定所需的循环次数也会增大；动态单轴抗压强度、动态弹性模量随损伤变量增加呈指数衰减；破碎吸能占比以损伤变量D=0.343为临界点分为两个阶段，D＜0.343时，破碎吸能占比稳定在10%左右，数值约为13 J，当D＞0.343时破碎吸能占比随损伤变量增加不断增大。研究结果可为岩体工程的设计、施工及支护参数的选取提供参考。