船用气水分离器惯性级流场分析及阻力特性研究

采用二阶全展开ETG有限元与大涡模拟（LES）相结合的算法，对120－20－35－3型船用气水分离器惯性级在不同雷诺数条下的流动进行了模拟，通过其中一组雷诺数条件下计算所得该实验件阻力系数与物理实验所得阻力系数相比较，确定出该雷诺数条件下采用大涡模拟时所需的亚格子应力模型常数，将该常数带入其它各组雷诺数条件下的计算中，并将计算结果与相同条件下的物理实验结果相比较，证实了该常数的通用性。该常数一经确定，对各雷诺数条件下的流场进行分析，结果反映出采用二阶全展开ETG有限元与大涡模拟（LES）相结合的算法可以捕捉到非常丰富的涡系及涡动的时变过程。在流场分析的基础上本文计算了该实验件内的能耗场，计算结果表明实验件内的能耗主要集中在大涡丰富的区段内。     

基于全局动态Vreman模型的复杂非定常湍流的大涡模拟

在湍流数值模拟方法中,大涡模拟方法可以提供丰富的大涡旋信息,已逐渐成为复杂湍流问题数值研究的重要方法。而大涡模拟中,最重要的一环是尽量准确地构建能反映流场物理本质特征的亚格子应力模型。基于该思想,将一种新型的大涡模拟亚格子应力模型-Vreman亚格子应力模型用于高雷诺数三维后台阶流动的求解,计算结果与实验结果进行对比分析结果较吻合,验证了该模型的可靠性。这是对该模型用于无任何均匀流动方向的高雷诺数复杂湍流非定常流动的首次检验,计算结果优于基于传统的Smagorinsky涡粘性的动态亚格子模型。     

后台阶分离流动中大涡结构演变的数值模拟

本文对后台阶分离流动中涡结构的演变进行了大涡模拟，研究了流场结构的变化规律。详细讨论了随着雷诺数的增加流场结构的典型特征的变化规律，指出流场中的涡结构随着雷诺数的增大变得十分复杂和丰富，回流区的数目、大小及其出现的位置也显著地不同。这些结果与已有的一些实验值和流场显示结果是吻合的。在此基础上，进一步研究了高雷诺数时流场中大尺度涡结构的瞬时发展和演化过程，展示了其中大涡的产生、追随、吸引、合并和破碎等过程。对于高雷诺数情况，对大涡模拟得到的数值结果进行了统计，得到的时均速度分布以及台阶后方的回流区长度与现有的其他实验结果符合得很好。本研究是针对后台阶分离流动深入开展湍流控制以及两相流动研究的基础。     

基于DES的高雷诺数空腔噪声数值模拟

发展出一套基于SA-DES和SST—DES模型,对三维超音速空腔流动进行数值模拟的方法和程序。采用混合网格有限体积方法求解非定常流场,时间离散采用基于LU—SGS隐式格式的双时间步长方法。采用可压缩物面函数来减少进行高雷诺数数值模拟时物面粘性网格的数量。对比了一方程SA-DES和两方程SST—DES计算得到的涡量和压强...     

亚临界雷诺数下圆柱绕流的大涡模拟

本文应用Smagorinsky涡粘性模式和二阶精度的有限体积法对圆柱绕流的流场进行大涡模拟．求解了非正交曲线坐标系下的N-S方程,对雷诺数为100和20000的工况进行了计算．计算结果与实验及动力涡粘性模式的结果进行了比较,表明计算对于层流及高亚临界雷诺数的湍流流动是合理的     

后台阶流动再附着过程的大涡模拟研究

应用自主开发的大涡模拟程序数值模拟研究了后台阶流动中再附着过程的演变。在流动几何参数不变情况下，给出了再附长度随雷诺数的变化规律，并与实验进行了比较，二者相符得比较好。在此基础上，给出了三种典型雷诺数下，后台阶流动的回流区特征。在湍流情况下，研究了突扩比对再附长度的影响，与实验结果吻合的比较好。详细讨论了湍流情况下大涡拟序结构的瞬时再附着过程。 这些研究结果对具有再附着现象的流动结构的工程应用具有指导意义。     

粘性不可压缩流的壁涡数值边界条件

本文对具有固壁边界的二维粘性不可压缩定常流提出了一种四阶壁涡公式,并构造了一类非平凡的精确解。用两种具有代表性的内点差分格式及六种常用的壁涡公式(包括本文提出的一种),对本文所构造的雷诺数直到2000的一系列流动进行了数值求解,并以所构造的精确解为基准,分析和比较了这六种壁涡格式的精度、稳定性和收敛速度。计算结果表明,本文所提出的壁涡公式是这六种公式中最好的一种。本文数值实验中的一些结果对粘性不可压缩流固壁数值边界条件的处理可能具有一定的普遍意义。     

不可压缩粘性流动的CBS有限元解法

对于二维不可压缩粘性流动,首先通过坐标变换的方式得到了的不含对流项的NS方程,并给出了CBS有限元方法求解的一般过程。结合一类同时含有压力和速度的出口边界条件,对方腔顶盖驱动流、后向台阶绕流和圆柱绕流进行了计算。所得结果与基准解符合良好,验证了CBS算法对于定常、非定常粘性不可压缩流动问题的可行性和所用出口边界条件的无反射特性。特别的,对于圆柱绕流,Re=100时非定常升、阻力系数及漩涡脱落等非定常都得到了较好地模拟,为一进步研究自激振动等更加复杂的非定常流动问题奠定了基础。     

不可压缩二维流动Navier—Stokes方程的有限元解

对不可压缩流体沿二维后台阶流动的Ｎ－Ｓ方程的流函数－涡量式用有限元方法加以求解，固壁上的涡量用时间迭代法加以确定。分别计算Ｒｅ＝２００，４００，８００和１０００时流动区域的流函数和涡量值，并在Ｒｅ＝８００时与有关文献的结果相比较，基本吻合。且在此基础上讨论了出口条件对计算结果的影响。本文的方法对分析流经液压阀口等流动问题具有借鉴意义。     

耦合离散流体理论的差分格式及其应用

求解Navier-Stokes方程组,一直是粘性流动计算的主导途径。但在计算中,都是在一定的网格单元上进行离散,而对不同的离散单元,流动的特征并不相同。本文通过离散单元上网格雷诺数的变化分析,采用耦合离散流体理论（CDFT）差分格式,对向后台阶底部超声速流动问题进行数值模拟,得到了满意的结果。     

Large eddy simulation and spectrum analysis of flow around two square cylinders arranged side by side

Large eddy simulation cooperated with the second order full extension ETG ( Euler-Taylor-Galerkin ) finite element method was applied to simulate the flow around two square cylinders arranged side by side at a spacing ratio of 1.5. The second order full extension ETG finite element method was developed by Wang and He. By means of Taylor expansion of terms containing time derivative, time derivative is replaced by space derivative. The function of it is equal to introducing an artificial viscosity term. The streamlines of the flow at different moments were obtained. The time history of drag coefficient, lift coefficient and the streamwise velocity on the symmetrical points were presented. Furthermore, the symmetrical problem of the frequency spectrum of flow around two square cylinders arranged side by side were studied by using the spectral analysis technology. The data obtained at the initialstage are excluded in order to avoid the influence of initial condition on the results. The power spectrums of drag coefficient, lift coefficient, the streamwise velocity on the symmetrical points were analyzed respectively. The results show that although the time domain process of dynamic parameters is nonsymmetrical, the frequency domain process of them is symmetrical under the symmetrical boundary conditions.     

粘性流基于特征线的四阶Runge-Kutta有限元法

对于二维不可压缩粘性流，通过沿流线方向的坐标变换，推导了无对流项的二维N-S（Navier-Stokes）方程。采用四阶Runge-Kutta法对N-S方程进行时间离散，并沿流线进行Taylor展开，得到显式的时间离散格式，然后利用Galerkin法对其进行空间离散，得到了高精度的有限元算法。利用本文算法对方腔驱动流和圆柱绕流进行了数值计算，通过对时间步长、网格尺寸和流场区域的计算分析，进一步验证了本文算法相比经典CBS法在时间步长、收敛性、耗散性和计算精度方面更具有优势。     

A second‐order time accurate finite element method for quasi‐incompressible viscous flows

A finite element method for quasi‐incompressible viscous flows is presented. An equation for pressure is derived from a second‐order time accurate Taylor–Galerkin procedure that combines the mass and the momentum conservation laws. At each time step, once the pressure has been determined, the velocity field is computed solving discretized equations obtained from another second‐order time accurate scheme and a least‐squares minimization of spatial momentum residuals. The terms that stabilize the finite element method (controlling wiggles and circumventing the Babuska–Brezzi condition) arise naturally from the process, rather than being introduced a priori in the variational formulation. A comparison between the present second‐order accurate method and our previous first‐order accurate formulation is shown. The method is also demonstrated in the computation of the leaky‐lid driven cavity flow and in the simulation of a crossflow past a circular cylinder. In both cases, good agreement with previously published experimental and computational results has been obtained. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A wavelet-based variational multiscale method for the LES of incompressible flows in a high-order DG-FEM framework

This work focuses upon the development of a wavelet-based variant of the variational multiscale method (VMS) for accurate and efficient large eddy simulation (LES) called wavelet-based VMS-LES (WMS-LES). This approach has been incorporated within the framework of a high-order incompressible flow solver based upon the pressure-stabilized discontinuous Galerkin finite element method (DG-FEM). The VMS approach is designed to produce an a priori scale separation of the governing equations, in a manner which makes no assumptions on either the boundary conditions or the mesh uniformity. Using second-generation wavelets (SGWs) elementwise for scale separation ensures, on one hand, the preservation of the computational compactness of the DG-FEM scheme and, on the other hand, the ability to achieve scale separation in wavenumber space. The optimal space-frequency localization property of the SGW provides an improvement over the commonly used Legendre polynomials. The suitability of the elementwise SGW scale-separation operation as a tool for error indication has been demonstrated in an h-adaptive computation of the reentrant corner test case. Finally, the DG-FEM solver and the WMS-LES method have been assessed through simulations upon the three-dimensional Taylor-Green vortex test case. Our results indicate that the WMS-LES approach exhibits a distinct improvement over the monolevel LES approach. This effect is not produced by a change in the magnitude of the subgrid dissipation but rather by the redistribution of the subgrid dissipation in wavenumber space.     

A parallel implicit domain decomposition algorithm for the large eddy simulation of incompressible turbulent flows on 3D unstructured meshes

We present a parallel fully implicit algorithm for the large eddy simulation (LES) of incompressible turbulent flows on unstructured meshes in three dimensions. The LES governing equations are discretized by a stabilized Galerkin finite element method in space and an implicit second-order backward differentiation scheme in time. To efficiently solve the resulting large nonlinear systems, we present a highly parallel Newton-Krylov-Schwarz algorithm based on domain decomposition techniques. Analytic Jacobian is applied in order to obtain the best achievable performance. Two benchmark problems of lid-driven cavity and flow passing a square cylinder are employed to validate the proposed algorithm. We then apply the algorithm to the LES of turbulent flows passing a full-size high-speed train with realistic geometry and operating conditions. The numerical results show that the algorithm is both accurate and efficient and exhibits a good scalability and parallel efficiency with tens of millions of degrees of freedom on a computer with up to 4096 processors. To understand the numerical behavior of the proposed fully implicit scheme, we study several important issues, including the choices of linear solvers, the overlapping size of the subdomains, and, especially, the accuracy of the Jacobian matrix. The results show that an exact Jacobian is necessary for the efficiency and the robustness of the proposed LES solver.     

A multiscale approach to hybrid RANS/LES wall modeling within a high-order discontinuous Galerkin scheme using function enrichment

We present a novel approach to hybrid Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS)/ large eddy simulation (LES) wall modeling based on function enrichment, which overcomes the common problem of the RANS-LES transition and enables coarse meshes near the boundary. While the concept of function enrichment as an efficient discretization technique for turbulent boundary layers has been proposed in an earlier article by Krank & Wall (A new approach to wall modeling in LES of incompressible flow via function enrichment. J Comput Phys. 2016;316:94-116), the contribution of this work is a rigorous derivation of a new multiscale turbulence modeling approach and a corresponding discontinuous Galerkin discretization scheme. In the near-wall area, the Navier-Stokes equations are explicitly solved for an LES and a RANS component in one single equation. This is done by providing the Galerkin method with an independent set of shape functions for each of these two methods; the standard high-order polynomial basis resolves turbulent eddies, where the mesh is sufficiently fine and the enrichment automatically computes the ensemble-averaged flow if the LES mesh is too coarse. As a result of the derivation, the RANS model is applied solely to the RANS degrees of freedom, which effectively prevents the typical issue of a log-layer mismatch in attached boundary layers. As the full Navier-Stokes equations are solved in the boundary layer, spatial refinement gradually yields wall-resolved LES with exact boundary conditions. Numerical tests show the outstanding characteristics of the wall model regarding grid independence, superiority compared to equilibrium wall models in separated flows, and achieve a speed-up by two orders of magnitude compared to wall-resolved LES.     

Finite element solution to passive scalar transport behind line sources under neutral and unstable stratification

This study employed a direct numerical simulation (DNS) technique to contrast the plume behaviours and mixing of passive scalar emitted from line sources (aligned with the spanwise direction) in neutrally and unstably stratified open‐channel flows. The DNS model was developed using the Galerkin finite element method (FEM) employing trilinear brick elements with equal‐order interpolating polynomials that solved the momentum and continuity equations, together with conservation of energy and mass equations in incompressible flow. The second‐order accurate fractional‐step method was used to handle the implicit velocity–pressure coupling in incompressible flow. It also segregated the solution to the advection and diffusion terms, which were then integrated in time, respectively, by the explicit third‐order accurate Runge–Kutta method and the implicit second‐order accurate Crank–Nicolson method. The buoyancy term under unstable stratification was integrated in time explicitly by the first‐order accurate Euler method. The DNS FEM model calculated the scalar‐plume development and the mean plume path. In particular, it calculated the plume meandering in the wall‐normal direction under unstable stratification that agreed well with the laboratory and field measurements, as well as previous modelling results available in literature. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An improved KGF‐SPH with a novel discrete scheme of Laplacian operator for viscous incompressible fluid flows

The kernel gradient free (KGF) smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method is a modified finite particle method (FPM) which has higher order accuracy than the conventional SPH method. In KGF‐SPH, no kernel gradient is required in the whole computation, and this leads to good flexibility in the selection of smoothing functions and it is also associated with a symmetric corrective matrix. When modeling viscous incompressible flows with SPH, FPM or KGF‐SPH, it is usual to approximate the Laplacian term with nested approximation on velocity, and this may introduce numerical errors from the nested approximation, and also cause difficulties in dealing with boundary conditions. In this paper, an improved KGF‐SPH method is presented for modeling viscous, incompressible fluid flows with a novel discrete scheme of Laplacian operator. The improved KGF‐SPH method avoids nested approximation of first order derivatives, and keeps the good feature of ‘kernel gradient free’. The two‐dimensional incompressible fluid flow of shear cavity, both in Euler frame and Lagrangian frame, are simulated by SPH, FPM, the original KGF‐SPH and improved KGF‐SPH. The numerical results show that the improved KGF‐SPH with the novel discrete scheme of Laplacian operator are more accurate than SPH, and more stable than FPM and the original KGF‐SPH. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.