小口径轴对称收缩喷嘴射流冲击大平板噪声指向特性研究

实验研究了3毫米口径轴对称收缩喷嘴在各种压比下射流垂直冲击和倾斜冲击坚固大平板产生的噪声的指向特性。发现噪声在过平板法线和喷嘴轴线的平面内呈近似四瓣分布，当喷嘴与平板距离减小时，指向壁射流下游的瓣得到增强，反之，指向喷嘴上游的瓣得到增强。喷嘴压比增加时，指向壁射流下游的瓣得到增强，反之，指向喷嘴上游的瓣得到增强。根据自由射流噪声的基本指向特性、射流冲击噪声基本指向特性、声波在平板处发生镜面反射和声波能量叠加的设定，建立了一个冲击射流总体噪声指向特性的模型，成功解释了实验结果，并揭示了形成冲击射流总体噪声指向特性的内在机理。     

侧壁面正弦加热条件下自然对流研究

通过采用SIMPLE算法求解二维流体力学基本方程组,研究了侧壁面正弦加热条件下普朗特数Pr=6.94的流体自然对流的动力学特性。结果表明,当格拉晓夫数Gr=4.4×10~3时系统由稳态阶段向周期阶段转变。在周期性阶段存在两种特殊的对流结构,它们是单局部对流卷和双局部对流卷;给出了特征物理量的分布及变化规律;说明垂直最大流速、水平最大流速、努塞尔数随着格拉晓夫数的增加而增加。最后,分析了腔体宽度对热壁面传热能力的影响,发现:当高宽比一定条件下,腔体宽度较大时,热壁面的传热能力较弱;对于宽度d分别为1cm和2cm的腔体,随着格拉晓夫数增大,最大努塞尔数的差值增大。     

小口径轴对称收缩喷嘴射流冲击大平板噪声特性的实验研究

为研究小口径喷嘴冲击射流的噪声特性，测定了3mm口径的轴对称收缩喷嘴在各种压比情况下产生的亚音速和超音速射流冲击坚固大平板产生的噪声。发现噪声在空间呈近似四瓣分布，当喷嘴与平板距离减小时，噪声指向壁射流下游的瓣到增强，反之，噪声指向喷嘴上游的瓣得到增强。噪声随喷嘴距平板距离的增加呈增强的趋势，在距平板一定距离内有锯齿现象。噪声随喷嘴压比的增加而增强，相应于各种工况，存在一不同的压比值，此压比之前，噪声随压比的增大而迅速提高，但有起伏现象，在此压比之后，噪声平缓地随压比的增大而增强。     

雷暴冲击风风洞设计及流场测试

鉴于雷暴冲击风试验装置的特殊性以及与低速直流风洞的共通性,参考低速直流风洞的设计方法设计完成了试验装置的洞体结构,并制作了具有调节功能的平板来模拟地面.通过调节平板,该装置能够同时改变冲击风强度、直径、射流高度、入射倾角等冲击风参数.试验测得稳态条件下射流口下竖向风速分布,以及沿竖向分布和水平分布的水平风速,研究了水平距离、高度及冲击风参数的影响.研究结果表明:最大水平风速出现的高度与其水平位置有关;射流速度V_(jet)与射流直径D_(jet)在一定范围内对试验结果影响不大;射流高度h与入射倾角α对冲击风的流场有明显影响.     

多层平行裂隙型多孔介质通道内流体流动传热特性

基于Brinkman-extended Darcy模型和局部热平衡模型, 对多层平行裂隙型多孔介质通道内的流动传热特性进行研究. 获得了多层平行裂隙型多孔介质通道内各区域的速度场、温度场、摩擦系数及努塞尔数解析解, 并分析了裂隙层数、达西数、空心率、有效热导率之比等对通道内流动传热特性的影响. 结果表明: 达西数较小时, 通道多孔介质层内会出现不随高度变化的达西速度, 此达西速度会随裂隙层数的增加而增大, 但却不受各裂隙层下多孔介质层位置变化的影响. 增加裂隙层数会减弱空心率对压降的影响, 会使通道内流体压降升高, 但升高程度会逐渐降低. 增大热导率之比或减小空心率会使多裂隙通道内出现阶梯式温度分布, 而在较小热导率之比或较大空心率时多裂隙情况下的温度分布曲线会趋于一致. 此外, 当热导率之比较小时, 多层裂隙通道内的传热效果在任何空心率下都要优于单裂隙情况, 当热导率之比较大时, 存在临界空心率使各裂隙层数通道内的传热效果相同, 且多裂隙通道内继续增加裂隙层数对传热强度影响不大.      

方腔内自然对流与混合对流的有限差分格子Boltzmann研究

基于有限差分法,建立了贴体坐标系下求解流体流动和传热的双分布格子Boltzmann模型.在密度分布函数和温度分布函数对应的离散速度方程中,时间项采用四阶Runge-Kutta法离散,空间离散采用二阶迎风和二阶中心差分的混合形式.采用此模型分别对瑞利数为10~3、10~4、10~5、10~6的方腔自然对流以及理查森数为0.1、1、10的方腔混合对流进行了数值模拟,获得了流体速度与温度分布的典型特征,得到的努塞尔数也与基准解高度吻合.计算结果表明了本文采用的数值方法和计算程序的有效性.     

湍流冲击射流流动与传热的数值研究进展

湍流冲击射流由于其冲击表面时具有很高的局部传热率和冲击 力,被广泛应用于如表面的加热、电子元件的冷却、纸张的干燥和材料 的切割等工程应用和工业过程中.由于其流动的复杂性,也常被作为一 种理想的测试实例来评价湍流模型的性能.此外,湍升力射流与地面之 间的空气动力作用对V/STOL (垂直或短距离起落)飞机的性能具有很大 的影响.长期以来,人们从理论分析、实验测量和数值模拟方面对冲击 射流进行了广泛而系统的研究,积累了丰富的资料.本文在分析了湍流 冲击射流的数值研究现状的基础上,对近年来有关湍流冲击射流流动与 传热的数值研究方面的文献有选择地进行了综述,重点评述了不同湍流 模型对冲击射流流动与传热的预测能力,讨论了存在的问题并对该领域 今后的研究方向进行了展望.     

基于SPH方法粒子射流破岩数值模拟与实验研究

钻井液中加入体积分数为1%~3%的钢质粒子在钻头喷嘴处高速喷出冲击岩石，实现了粒子射流冲击和钻头机械联合破岩，有效提高了破岩效率。利用瞬态非线性动力学有限元模拟软件，基于光滑粒子流体动力学(smoothed particle hydrodynamics，SPH)方法，考虑流体对粒子射流冲击的影响，建立了粒子射流冲击破岩的物理模型，获得了粒子射流参数对破岩体积的影响规律，进行了室内实验验证，验证了SPH方法的有效性。结果表明:粒子射流冲击岩石表面形成规则的V型冲击坑；同条件下粒子射流破岩体积是水射流破岩体积的2~4倍；随着粒子射流冲蚀时间的增加，粒子射流破岩体积不断增加，但破岩效率降低；粒子射流压力大于10 MPa后，粒子射流破岩效率迅速增大；喷射角度大于6°后，破岩效率迅速减小。     

气枪喷嘴高速射流的除水效率研究

为揭示喷嘴除水的机理并进而对气枪喷嘴进行改进和优化设计,本文提出了利用图像分析处理对小尺度气枪喷嘴高速冲击乘风破浪的除水效率的研究方法。该方法将有效除水面积作为衡量喷嘴除水效率的标准,从面实现了对喷嘴整体除水效率的定量测量,并利用该方法对影响气枪喷嘴除水效率的各种因素（一次侧压力,喷嘴到平板的距离和射流攻角）进行了研究,并将实验结果与用热线风速仪及总压探头测量的结果进行了比较,得到冲击射流在平板水平速度分量是蚊蝇 嘴除尘除水效率的决定性因素等结论。     

超音速冲击射流离散频率噪声的屏蔽抑制方法

根据导致超音速冲击射流离散频率噪声的反馈机理，提出了一种能够有效地破坏反馈环的形成，从而抑制超音速冲击射流离散频率噪声的喷嘴屏蔽方法。这种方法是通过阻隔反馈波使其不能到达喷嘴唇口从而破坏反馈环、同时屏蔽罩不与射流接触来实现降噪的目的的。本文介绍了这种方法的基本思想并提出了屏蔽罩的设计要点。实验结果表明，对于合适的屏蔽罩的参数，降噪效果达5分贝以上。应用LDV方法对超声速射流轴线速度进行了测量和比较，发现应用屏蔽降噪方法以后射流轴线速度显著增加，核心区长度增加50%左右。分析表明这种降噪方法对射流冲击障碍物的推力和除尘除水效率的提高有帮助。     

Optimization of an inclined elliptic impinging jet with cross flow for enhancing heat transfer

This work presents a parametric study and optimization of a single impinging jet with cross flow to enhance heat transfer with two design variables. The fluid flow and heat transfer have been analyzed using three-dimensional compressible Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations with a uniform heat flux condition being applied to the impingement plate. The aspect ratio of the elliptic jet hole and the angle of inclination of the jet nozzle are chosen as the two design variables, and the area-averaged Nusselt number on a limited target plate is set as the objective function. The effects of the design variables on the heat transfer performance have been evaluated, and the objective function has been found to be more sensitive to the angle of inclination of the jet nozzle than to the aspect ratio of the elliptic jet hole. The optimization has been performed by using the radial basis neural network model. Through the optimization, the area-averaged Nusselt number increased by 7.89% compared to that under the reference geometry.     

Comparison of heat transfer distributions on a flat plate impinged by under-expanded jets from a convergent nozzle and a circular orifice

Experiments are carried out for a circular orifice and a nozzle for the same contraction ratio to explore the heat transfer characteristics. The pressure ratios covered in this study are 2.36, 3.04, 3.72, 4.4 and 5.08 for jet to plate distances (z/d) of 2, 4, 6 and 8. The presence of vena contracta and absence of the stagnation bubble in the orifice flow are confirmed from the surface pressure distributions. It is found that higher Nusselt number for the orifice than the nozzle are due to different shock structures and shear layer dynamics. Peak Nusselt number is found as high as 84 % than that for the nozzle. In the wall jet region, the heat transfer rates for the orifice and nozzle are almost of the same order, thus producing steeper temperature gradients under similar operating conditions. The average heat transfer rates are almost 25 % higher for the orifice than that of the nozzle. The recovery factors are in general higher in case of orifice than the nozzle. However, this has not resulted in decreasing the heat transfer rates due to shear layer dynamics.     

Heat transfer studies of the oblique impingement of round jets upon a curved surface

 The effect of jet inclination of the local heat transfer under an obliquely impinging round air jet striking on isothermal circular cylinder is experimentally investigated. The circumferential heat transfer distribution as well as axial Nusselt number is measured. The considered parameters are jet Reynolds number in range of 3800–40,000, and jet inclination angle, ranging from 90 to 20. The experiments are carried out for nozzle sizes, d=3, 5 and 7 mm, and separation distance from 7 to 30 of the nozzle diameter. The output results indicated that the point of maximum heat transfer along the x-axis is shifted upstream and the local heat transfer distribution changed as a function of jet inclination. The magnitude of the shift was found to be significantly higher than that observe for a flat plate. The increasing inclination caused increasing asymmetry around the point of maximum heat transfer, with the upstream side of heat transfer profile dropping off more rapidly than the downstream side. Correlations of both the magnitude and shift of maximum heat transfer point are presented. The surface average heat transfer rate is calculated and compared with the normal impingement. Received on 5 June 2000 / Published online: 29 November 2001     

Computational flow and heat transfer of a row of circular jets impinging on a concave surface

A computational investigation is carried out to study the flow and heat transfer from a row of circular jets impinging on a concave surface. The computational domain simulates the impingement cooling zone of a gas turbine nozzle guide vane. The parameters, which are varied in the study include jet Reynolds number (Re _d = 5000–67800), inter-jet distance to jet diameter ratio (c/d = 3.33 and 4.67) and target plate distance to jet diameter ratio (H/d = 1, 3 and 4). The flow field, predicted with K-ω turbulence model and using Fluent 6.2.16, is characterized with the presence of a pair of counter rotating vortices, an upwash fountain flow and entrainment. The local pressure coefficient and Nusselt number variations along the concave plate are presented and these values are found to under predict the available experimental data by about 12%.     

Flow structure and heat transfer characteristics of an unconfined impinging air jet at high jet Reynolds numbers

The flow and heat transfer characteristics of an unconfined air jet that is impinged normally onto a heated flat plate have been experimentally investigated for high Reynolds numbers ranging from 30,000 to 70,000 and a nozzle-to-plate spacing range of 1–10. The mean and turbulence velocities by using hot-wire anemometry and impingement surface pressures with pressure transducer are measured. Surface temperature measurements are made by means of an infrared thermal imaging technique. The effects of Reynolds number and nozzle-to-plate spacing on the flow structure and heat transfer characteristics are described and compared with similar experiments. It was seen that the locations of the second peaks in Nusselt number distributions slightly vary with Reynolds number and nozzle-to-plate spacing. The peaks in distributions of Nusselt numbers and radial turbulence intensity are compatible for spacings up to 3. The stagnation Nusselt number was correlated for the jet Reynolds number and the nozzle-to-plate spacing as Nu _st∝Re ^0.69(H/D)^0.019.     

Combined forced and free convective flow of water at 4°C past a semi-infinite vertical plate

Effects of buoyancy forces on forced and free convective flow of water at 4°C past a semi-infinite vertical plate at constant temperature are studied. Flow is assumed to be vertically upwards. Similarity solutions are derived and the resulting equations are solved numerically on a computer. Velocity and temperature profiles are shown graphically and numerical values of the skin friction and the rate of heat transfer are entered in tables. It is observed that the skin friction and the Nusselt number increase with increasing Gr/Re², where Gr is the Grashof number and Re is the Reynolds number     

Influence of streamwise pitch on the local heat transfer characteristics for in-line arrays of circular jets with crossflow of spent air in one direction

Influence of the streamwise pitch on local heat transfer distribution due to a rectangular in-line array of circular air jets of length-to-diameter ratio (l/d) of 1.0 is studied experimentally. The flow, after the impingement, is constrained to exit in one direction. Mean jet Reynolds number is varied from 3000 to 10000 and jet-to-plate spacing from d to 3d. Streamwise jet-to-jet distances of 3d, 4d and 5d and a constant spanwise pitch of 4d are considered. A flat target surface is made of thin stainless steel metal foil. The local temperature distribution on a target plate is measured using thermal infrared camera. The jet exit pressures are measured to estimate the cross-flow velocities and individual jet velocities. The streamwise distribution of the jet-flow and the cross-flow is least influenced by the streamwise pitch variation for the range of parameters investigated. Heat transfer characteristics are explained partially on the basis of flow distribution. The cooling performance, based on strip averaged Nusselt number per unit mass flow rate of coolant per unit area of cooled surface, deteriorates for lower streamwise pitch and higher jet-to-plate distance.     

Three-dimensional vortex dynamics and convective heat transfer in circular and chevron impinging jets

This paper describes an experimental investigation at Reynolds number equal to 5000 on circular and chevron impinging jets by means of time-resolved tomographic particle image velocimetry (TR-TOMO PIV) and infrared (IR) thermography. TR-TOMO PIV experiments are performed at kilo-hertz repetition rate in a tailored water jet facility where a plate is placed at a distance of 4 diameters from the nozzle exit. Using air as working fluid, time-averaged convective heat transfer is measured on the impinged plate by means of IR thermography with the heated-thin-foil heat transfer sensor for nozzle-to-plate distances ranging from 2 to 10 diameters. The circular impingement shows the shedding and pairing of axisymmetric toroidal vortices with the later growth of azimuthal instabilities and counter-rotating streamwise vortices. In the chevron case, instead, the azimuthal coherence is replaced by counter-rotating pairs of streamwise vortices that develop from the chevron notches. The heat transfer performances of the chevron impingement are compared with those of the circular one, analyzing the influence of the nozzle-to-plate distance on the distribution of Nusselt number. The chevron configuration leads to enhanced heat transfer performances for all the nozzle-to-plate distances hereby investigated with improvements up to 44% at the center of the impinged area for nozzle-to-plate distance of 4. Such enhancements are discussed in relation to the streamwise structures that, compared with the toroidal vortices, are associated with an earlier penetration of turbulence towards the jet axis and a higher arrival speed.     

Local heat transfer distribution between smooth flat surface and impinging air jet from a circular nozzle at low Reynolds numbers

An experimental investigation is performed to study the effect of jet to plate spacing and low Reynolds number on the local heat transfer distribution to normally impinging submerged circular air jet on a smooth and flat surface. A single jet from a straight circular nozzle of length-to-diameter ratio (l/d) of 83 is tested. Reynolds number based on nozzle exit condition is varied between 500 and 8,000 and jet-to-plate spacing between 0.5 and 8 nozzle diameters. The local heat transfer characteristics are obtained using thermal images from infrared thermal imaging technique. It was observed that at lower Reynolds numbers, the effect of jet to plate distances covered during the study on the stagnation point Nusselt numbers is minimal. At all jet to plate distances, the stagnation point Nusselt numbers decrease monotonically with the maximum occurring at a z/d of 0.5 as opposed to the stagnation point Nusselt numbers at high Reynolds numbers which occur around a z/d of 6.     

Heat transfer from a flat surface to an inclined impinging jet

An experimental study was carried out to investigate the effect of the inclination jet on convection heat transfer to horizontal flat plate. Local heat transfer determined as a function is of three parameters including inclination angle of the air jet relative to the plate in range of 90° ≤ θ ≤ 45°, jet-to-plate spacing in range of 2 ≤ L/D ≤ 8 and Reynolds number in range of 1,500 ≤ Re ≤ 30,000. The results show that the maximum heat transfer point moves towards the uphill side of the plate and the maximum heat transfer decreases as the inclination angle decreases. The correlations were conducted to predict maximum and local Nusselt number as a function of Re, θ, L/D, and x/D for a specific three regions.