Deformation of an ellipsoidal ferrogel sample in a uniform magnetic field

The elongation of a ferroelastic material sample (whose initial shape is a sphere or an ellipsoid of revolution) under the action of an external magnetic field is studied in an in approximation of small strains. For a sphere, there is a classical estimate obtained under the assumption that elongating in the direction of the field, it becomes a spheroid and the stress and strain fields remain uniform. In the present calculation, it is assumed that the body is an ellipsoid (a sphere in a particular case) only in the absence of an external field; the shape of the sample in the presence of a field is not specified in advance but is found from the condition of balance of surface forces (elastic and magnetic). For the spherical case, the problem is solved exactly: it is shown, that the contour of the deformed body is described by a third-order algebraic equation. The case where the initial configuration is an ellipsoid of revolution is studied numerically. It is shown that in all versions, the refined solution leads to an appreciable increase in the elongation of the sample compared to the classical estimate. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 153–164, May–June, 2005.     

汶川地震触发陕西省境内地质灾害灾险情特征

在实地调查、汶川地震震后次生地质灾害隐患排查成果的基础上,结合县市地质灾害调查数据,从灾情和险情两个方面,对汶川地震触发地质灾害灾险情的致灾灾险情、灾种、类型等特征进行了较系统的分析对比。进一步比较了陕西在汶川地震触发地质灾害受灾省份中的情况,并对地质灾害趋势做了初步预测。研究表明,灾险情集中分布在龙门山构造带向陕西境内的延伸部分,险情比灾情分布范围广。灾险情的灾种都以崩塌为主,其次为滑坡,地震对地质体的震动触发作用明显。机关学校是汶川地震触发陕西境内地质灾害的主要受灾对象。陕西受汶川地震触发地质灾害的灾险情轻于四川、甘肃,三省地质灾害震前均较为严重,地震触发地质灾害的影响具有长期性,未来陕西境内地质灾害发生的频率可能增大。     

介质参数反演的广义射线近似方法

在对无粘性介质参数反演问题进行的研究中，引入一种全波场广义射线近似形式，提出一种新的反演参数的方法，文中，首先对由弹性波动方程演变成的声波方程进行分析，引入背景场量和扰动量，并结合Ｇｒｅｅｎ函数理论，得到了介质参数的积分方程；然后结合前人对非均匀介质中波函数局部理论的定性分析，引入一种全波场广度射线近似形式，把问题归结为一个第一类Ｆｒｅｄｈｏｌｍ积分方程；最后对半空间问题层状介质模型进行了反演，算     

Numerical study on bifurcations in the wake of a circular disk

Using Large-eddy simulation (LES), the dynamics in the wake of a circular disk with an aspect ratio of d/w = 5 is numerically studied. The circular disk is normal to the main flow, and Reynolds number ranges from 115 to 300. The first bifurcation is confirmed for Re = 120, leading to the steady state mode with a reflectional symmetry and a double-thread wake extending to the downstream. The Hopf bifurcation is found for Re = 152, and the planar symmetry is lost, which is different from that observed in the sphere wake; it is called the “reflectional-symmetry-breaking (RSB)” mode and the hairpin vortices in this mode are always shedding in a fixed orientation. The third bifurcation is captured for Re = 166, which is named the “standing wave (SW)” mode; the planar symmetry lost in RSB mode is recovered and the hairpin vortices are shedding in the oppositely sided orientations, unlike the ones observed in the sphere wake. The fourth bifurcation, referred to as “zigzag (ZZ)” mode, is observed for Re = 265 and the planar symmetry is lost again; the hairpin vortices are shedding in an irregular orientation and propagating in a zigzagged way; and a few small-scale structures begin to appear. Three different vortex shedding regimes are found in RSB, SW and ZZ modes, respectively. Results show that the recirculation region plays a significant role in the mode transitions, and the stagnation point of recirculation zone is conjectured to be the initial region causing the wake instability.     

Steady sliding frictional contact problem for a 2d elastic half-space with a discontinuous friction coefficient and related stress singularities

The steady sliding frictional contact problem between a moving rigid indentor of arbitrary shape and an isotropic homogeneous elastic half-space in plane strain is extensively analysed. The case where the friction coefficient is a step function (with respect to the space variable), that is, where there are jumps in the friction coefficient, is considered. The problem is put under the form of a variational inequality which is proved to always have a solution which, in addition, is unique in some cases. The solutions exhibit different kinds of universal singularities that are explicitly given. In particular, it is shown that the nature of the universal stress singularity at a jump of the friction coefficient is different depending on the sign of the jump.     

Hydraulic analysis of free-surface flows with solidification

Summary The paper is concerned with a one-dimensional analysis of plane open-channel flow with continuous solidification. The process is of relevance for recent developments in the casting of steel and other metals. The bottom of the channel consists of a rotating casting roll and a horizontal cooling table, where the solidified material is withdrawn with given velocity. The study is restricted to the region downstream of the top of the casting roll. Surface tension is neglected. In the main part of the analysis inviscid fluid flow is considered since the Reynolds number is very large in the applications. It is found that the steady-state solutions are nonunique in a certain parameter range. In addition to a continuous solution, there are two solutions including hydraulic jumps, with one hydraulic jump being located on the casting roll, the other one on the cooling table. Regarding the stability of the non unique solutions, the evolution of disturbances is investigated numerically as an initial-value problem. It is concluded that the hydraulic jump on the cooling table is unstable, while the other discontinuous solution as well as the continuous solution are stable for sufficiently small disturbances. Which stable solution is attained in the steady state, depends on the history of the process. Friction at the liquid/solid interface is taken into account in the last part of the analysis. A constant friction coefficient is assumed. It is found that the history of the process determines the steady-state solution if, and only if, the friction coefficient is sufficiently small. For larger values of the friction coefficient, the steady-state solution is unique and independent of the history of the transient process. Furthermore, for sufficiently large friction coefficients, stable hydraulic jumps are found, in contrast to the inviscid case, also on the cooling table. Received 19 March 1999; accepted for publication 3 May 1999     

Using laser ultrasonics for nondestructive residual stress evaluation

A non-contact measuring technique of ultrasonic waves velocity is proposed, in which Rayleigh waves are detected by a laser Doppler velocimeter and the velocity is measured precisely by means of a sing-around unit and a digital oscilloscope. With the proposed technique, the acoustoelastic coefficient of Rayleigh waves in mild steel SS41 is obtained, which is in good agreement with that obtained by the contact method. Furthermore the non-contact technique is applied to evaluate the residual stress in a butt-welded steel plate, the result is reasonable.     

Prediction of the turbulent boundary layer development by the lag-entrainment method

The lag-entrainment method, which is a well-established integral method for predicting the development of turbulent boundary layers, is used in this study to predict two-dimensional turbulent separated flow. The method is used in an inverse mode, in which the displacement thickness is specified together with other integral parameters of the boundary layer. It is concluded that the prediction of two-dimensional separated flow by an integral method is feasible, but there is a need for accurate data for both equilibrium and general separated flows for making a comparison.     

Absorption of thermal radiation in a semi-transparent spherical droplet: a simplified model

The boundary-value problem for calculation of differential absorption of thermal radiation is formulated based on the modified DP₀ approximation. The solution of this problem is supplemented by simple analytical approximations for the normalised absorbed radiation power. The latter is used together with the analytical approximation for the efficiency factor of absorption, suggested earlier. The resulting simplified model is applied to the specific problem of absorption of thermal radiation by a diesel fuel droplet. Two types of diesel fuel have been considered. It is pointed out that the radial distribution of absorbed thermal radiation power is non-monotonic. The power absorbed in the droplet core is shown to be rather large and almost homogeneous. Also, the absorbed power is large in the vicinity of the droplet surface, but is minimal in the intermediate region. It is pointed out that the variations of the refractive index of diesel fuel with wavelengths can smooth the predicted radial dependence of the thermal radiation power, absorbed in diesel fuel droplets.