表面织构与离子液体润滑组合体系的摩擦学性能研究

利用激光加工技术在钛合金表面构建不同尺寸的圆形微坑织构图案. 利用MS-T3001型试验机测试了圆形微坑织构、离子液体[1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑三氟甲基磺酰胺盐和十四烷基三丁基季鏻双(2-乙基己基)磷酸盐]及二者构成润滑组合的摩擦磨损性能. 利用金相显微镜观察圆形微坑织构的尺寸和表面形貌,利用扫描电镜分析摩擦过程前后织构化表面的形貌,采用ANSYS Fluent软件模拟分析表面织构参数和离子液体理化性质对摩擦学性能的影响. 结果表明,表面织构、离子液体、表面织构与离子液体的复合体系均展示了良好的减摩抗磨性能. 优化表面织构与离子液体的组合能够提升润滑体系的摩擦学性能. 表面织构与离子液体组成的复合润滑体系,摩擦系数随圆形微坑织构直径的增大而减小,归因于圆形微坑织构能够储存磨屑和离子液体并形成稳定的离子液体润滑薄膜,黏度较大的离子液体在收敛区间产生楔形效应,导致对上摩擦副升力增大.      

45#钢表面复合润滑结构的制备及其摩擦性能研究

采用激光微加工技术在45#钢表面制备了微坑型织构,将激光表面织构化与MoS2固体润滑剂相结合在45#钢表面制备了复合润滑结构.研究了其在干摩擦条件下的摩擦磨损性能,考察了织构面密度及织构化微坑大小对其摩擦性能的影响.通过扫描电镜与能量色散谱仪对磨斑表面进行了分析.结果表明:与未织构面相比,织构面具有低而稳定的摩擦系数和高的耐磨寿命;对同一孔径织构面,随着织构密度的增加其表面摩擦系数随之减小,较适宜的织构密度为20%～35%;对同一织构面密度,当织构面密度小于20%时,较小孔径织构面的摩擦系数更低;织构面密度增至35%后,织构面摩擦系数则随孔径增大而减小;由于织构面复合润滑结构中的微坑有效地储存了润滑剂从而在摩擦过程中维持表面润滑薄膜的形成.     

供油量对点接触表面微织构润滑性能的影响

采用球盘接触模型,以入口油层厚度为输入变量,基于统一Reynolds方程法建立润滑分析模型,研究了供油量对点接触表面微织构润滑性能的影响.数值计算结果显示:供油量显著影响接触区油膜厚度;微织构能改善摩擦副的润滑摩擦性能;严重乏油时接触区内微坑会产生气穴现象;瞬态下,微织构在乏油时较充分供油时改善润滑的效果明显.     

往复条件下织构表面的摩擦学性能研究

为研究往复运动条件下织构表面的润滑减摩性能,选取销-盘式摩擦副,考察了0%、7%、11%和20% 4种织构密度在不同的速度下对摩擦系数的影响规律。结果表明：表面织构的引入使摩擦副在较低的速度下进入流体润滑区域,扩大了流体润滑区域的范围,这与摩擦副在相对转动条件下的结论一致;处于流体润滑区域的织构表面的摩擦系数不一定小于同等工况条件下处于混合润滑区域的无织构表面的摩擦系数;当无织构表面处于流体润滑区域时,试验所涉及的同等工况条件下的不同织构密度表面反而增大了摩擦系数。研究结果也说明了在对表面织构进行摩擦学设计时,应当考虑摩擦副的运动形式因素。     

激光表面织构化对GCr15钢摩擦磨损性能的影响

本文利用Nd:YAG固体脉冲激光对GCr15钢样品表面进行了微坑织构化处理,考察了激光表面织构参数对其摩擦性能的影响,同时通过扫描电镜等对磨斑表面进行了分析.结果表明:与光滑面试样相比,经织构化处理的样品表面在干摩擦条件下虽然摩擦系数较高,但表现出了较好的抗磨性能;在贫油润滑条件下,织构面的摩擦系数与磨损均明显小于光滑面;在低载低速下较小孔径织构面摩擦系数较小,随着速度及载荷的增大,较大孔径织构面表现出更好的摩擦学性能.采用Stribeck曲线探讨了织构化表面与光滑面在贫油润滑下的润滑机理,结果表明织构面在试验条件下均保持油膜流体润滑状态.     

圆柱形表面微坑阵列对点接触润滑摩擦性能的影响

采用激光工艺加工圆柱形表面微孔阵列,并采用三维表面形貌仪表征形状特征和形貌,在摩擦磨损试验机(UMT-Ⅲ)上进行球盘点接触摩擦学试验,研究微坑阵列对点接触润滑摩擦性能的影响.采用Stribeck曲线表征润滑状态的转变,并辅以接触电阻定性表征摩擦副所处的润滑状态.结果表明:微坑深度对点接触润滑摩擦性能有显著影响,随微坑深度从30μm减至0,摩擦系数呈先降低后升高的变化趋势,在本文试验条件下微坑深度为10μm左右时,摩擦系数较光滑表面低,并达到最小.同时,微坑的大小和面积比对摩擦系数也有明显的影响,并同样呈现先减小后增大的趋势.因而存在优化的微坑以达到减小摩擦改进润滑的目的.     

45~#钢表面激光织构化及其干摩擦特性研究

采用声光调的固体Nd:YAG激光器在45#钢表面进行了织构化处理;采用栓盘摩擦试验机考察了织构化对其摩擦性能的影响;用三维轮廓仪及扫描电镜对摩擦试验前后试样的表面形貌进行了分析.研究结果表明:经过激光织构化的45#钢表面形成了较为规整的微坑型结构.在相同试验条件下与未织构面对比,织构面的摩擦系数均有不同程度减小且表现得更为稳定,并且磨损率也得到一定的降低,这是由于所制备的表面微坑起到了捕获磨屑的作用.对不同织构密度及织构尺寸样品摩擦性能的考察结果表明较大的织构密度及较大孔径更有利于减摩抗磨.     

钛合金表面自润滑复合耐磨结构的制备及其摩擦性能研究

本文中采用激光微加工法在TC4钛合金表面制备了不同形貌与分布密度的微观织构,将表面织构、热氧化膜与PTFE润滑薄膜相复合制备了自润滑复合耐磨结构,同时考察了滑动条件下织构形貌及织构密度对这一复合结构摩擦磨损性能的影响. 结果表明:与未织构面的润滑薄膜相比,织构面薄膜的结合力明显增大,表面织构与润滑薄膜的结合显著增强了材料的减摩抗磨性能. 在最优的织构密度下,含有薄膜的织构化钛合金表面的磨损率可降低至1.5×10?6 mm3/(N·m),较未织构面润滑薄膜的磨损率降低了99.3%. 而将经热氧化的织构表面与润滑薄膜的结合则进一步提升了材料的耐磨性,热氧化织构面润滑薄膜的磨损率最低可达8.0×10?7 mm3/(N·m),与未热氧化的织构面润滑薄膜相比,磨损率降低了46.1%. 在相同的织构间距条件下,线型热氧化织构面显示出低而稳定的摩擦系数与极低的磨损量,这主要得益于高密度微织构对润滑介质的有效补充以及高硬度热氧化膜的耐磨性起到了协同减摩抗磨的作用.      

孔隙度对湿式离合器局部润滑及摩擦特性影响研究

针对湿式离合器局部润滑及摩擦特性的影响因素,建立了摩擦副微观混合润滑模型.考虑了微凸峰接触和局部温升的影响,分析了孔隙度对湿式离合器局部压强分布、油膜和微凸峰承压比、实际接触面积、局部温升的影响.同时,利用摩擦磨损试验机(UMT)进行小试样销-盘试验,分析了不同孔隙度下离合器摩擦副局部摩擦系数的变化.结果表明:在混合润滑中,随着孔隙度的增大,润滑油膜动压作用减小,局部微凸峰接触压强增大,微凸峰法向压力承载比增大,摩擦副实际接触面积增加,因此摩擦系数增大.     

织构深度对不锈钢表面油润滑条件下摩擦学性能影响的试验和仿真研究

采用激光加工技术在不锈钢表面构造深度不同的沟槽型织构图案，通过UMT摩擦磨损试验机测试了不同织构深度的不锈钢表面在PAO6油润滑条件下的摩擦磨损性能，利用表面轮廓仪和扫描电镜(SEM)对摩擦前后的沟槽形貌进行表征分析，采用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法对试验进行模拟并计算，结合ANSYS Fluent软件模拟分析结果，探究了沟槽织构深度对不锈钢表面在油润滑条件下的摩擦学性能的影响机理. 研究结果表明:加工的沟槽织构及其织构深度显著影响不锈钢表面在PAO油润滑条件下的摩擦磨损行为，织构深度为10 μm的不锈钢表面获得最好的抗磨和减摩效果，与未织构表面相比，其摩擦系数与磨痕宽度降低了60%以上. 这主要是由于织构深度为10 μm的不锈钢表面在摩擦过程中，润滑油通过其收敛区域时产生了很好的楔效应，润滑油产生的升力较大，改善了该织构表面在摩擦过程的润滑状态，从而呈现很好的摩擦学性能.      

载荷对MoS2/C复合薄膜摩擦学行为的影响

采用直流磁控溅射与高功率磁脉冲磁控溅射制备了以Ti为过渡层的MoS_2/C复合薄膜,并对其结构、组分、力学性能以及摩擦学行为进行了研究.摩擦测试结果表明:载荷增加时,摩擦系数与磨损率呈规律性降低趋势;通过赫兹接触模型对平均摩擦系数进行分析拟合,发现载荷的变化带来赫兹接触面积与接触压强的不同,导致了摩擦系数的变化;通过对摩擦产物的拉曼光谱分析发现不同载荷对非晶碳石墨化程度影响不明显;借助透射电子显微镜对转移膜的微结构进行分析,发现转移膜主要是排列有序且基面平行于滑移界面的MoS_2层,使其在较高载荷下仍具有低的剪切强度,因而获得低的摩擦系数.进一步采用同一磨球、磨痕体系从高载荷到低载荷变化的连续摩擦验证式试验,可以得出,MoS_2/C复合薄膜在所有高载荷条件下获得低摩擦系数,赫兹接触起着主导作用.     

磨合过程中液体润滑实现超低摩擦的混合模型研究

针对球-盘滑动试验,在磨合过程中获得超低摩擦的液体润滑状态,建立耦合流体润滑、粗糙接触力学、Archard磨损方程和相关物理参数(液体黏度、表面粗糙度和磨损系数)时变函数的混合模型,研究磨合过程中液体润滑的摩擦系数演化. 通过数值模拟结果可知:在磨合过程中,润滑介质等效黏度增大,形成流体动压润滑薄膜,有效隔开粗糙表面;其次在磨合过程中,新生成的表面粗糙度降低,减少粗糙峰承载比,实现超低摩擦润滑状态;最后在适当的液体黏度和提高表界面效应减少边界摩擦系数,可进一步实现液体超低摩擦润滑状态. 为磨合过程宏观液体润滑性能演化所建立的混合数值模型对提高液体润滑超低摩擦设计效率具有重要价值意义.      

粗糙表面的弹塑性接触研究

建立了综合载荷作用下粗糙表面弹塑性接触的确定性模型,考虑了微凸峰接触的弹塑性变形阶段,数值求解得到实际接触面积、压力分布和微凸峰塑性形变.分析了实际接触面积与法向载荷的关系,并研究了点接触的椭圆参数对上述关系的影响.建立了结点增长模型,分析了结点增长与滑动摩擦系数的关系以及滑动摩擦系数随椭圆参数的变化.结果表明:随着法向载荷增大,实际接触面积与法向载荷之间的非线性关系愈加显著;椭圆参数越大,实际接触面积越小,选择较小的椭圆参数可降低平均接触压力;结点增长的速率随滑动摩擦系数增大而增大;表面剪切作用力使最大Mises应力值升高,疲劳裂纹的发生源向表面靠近;重载时选择较小的滚动轴承沟曲率半径系数有利于减小摩擦功耗.     

Transition from stick to slip in Hertzian contact with “Griffith” friction: The Cattaneo–Mindlin problem revisited

Classically, the transition from stick to slip is modelled with Amonton–Coulomb law, leading to the Cattaneo–Mindlin problem, which is amenable to quite general solutions using the idea of superposing normal contact pressure distributions – in particular superposing the full sliding component of shear with a corrective distribution in the stick region. However, faults model in geophysics and recent high-speed measurements of the real contact area and the strain fields in dry (nominally flat) rough interfaces at macroscopic but laboratory scale, all suggest that the transition from ‘static’ to ‘dynamic’ friction can be described, rather than by Coulomb law, by classical fracture mechanics singular solutions of shear cracks. Here, we introduce an ‘adhesive’ model for friction in a Hertzian spherical contact, maintaining the Hertzian solution for the normal pressures, but where the inception of slip is given by a Griffith condition. In the slip region, the standard Coulomb law continues to hold. This leads to a very simple solution for the Cattaneo–Mindlin problem, in which the “corrective” solution in the stick area is in fact similar to the mode II equivalent of a JKR singular solution for adhesive contact. The model departs from the standard Cattaneo–Mindlin solution, showing an increased size of the stick zone relative to the contact area, and a sudden transition to slip when the stick region reaches a critical size (the equivalent of the pull-off contact size of the JKR solution). The apparent static friction coefficient before sliding can be much higher than the sliding friction coefficient and, for a given friction fracture “energy”, the process results in size and normal load dependence of the apparent static friction coefficient. Some qualitative agreement with Fineberg's group experiments for friction exists, namely the stick–slip boundary quasi-static prediction may correspond to the arrest of their slip “precursors”, and the rapid collapse to global sliding when the precursors arrest front has reached about half the interface may correspond to the reach of the “critical” size for the stick zone.     

表面形貌对滑动接触界面摩擦行为的影响

为了研究表面形貌对拉延形成的滑动接触界面摩擦行为的影响,设计了一种新型的摩擦试验装置.在油润滑条件下,针对具有单向沟槽、规则圆形凹坑和随机表面的铝合金试样,以不同滑动速度与接触压力进行一系列摩擦试验.利用非接触式三维轮廓仪测量出试验前后试样的三维表面形貌参数,并选取表面高度算术平均偏差Sa,表面支承指数Sbi,中心区空体体积Vvc和谷区空体体积Vvv来分析滑动接触界面表面形貌的变化规律.结果表明:规则圆形凹坑表面比单向沟槽表面和随机表面具有较低的摩擦系数;在相对低的接触压力下,3种表面的摩擦系数随着接触压力的增大而减小,但在高的接触压力下,3种表面的摩擦系数随着接触压力的增大而增大;在接触压力一定的情况下,3种表面的摩擦系数对滑动速度有显著依赖性;表面形貌、滑动速度和接触压力是影响滑动接触界面摩擦行为的重要因素.     

Analytical and experimental investigation on friction of non-conformal point contacts under starved lubrication

This paper presents an analytical and experimental study on the friction of non-conformal point contacts (ball-on-disk) under starved lubrication. Theoretical models were developed to simulate the behavior of friction and separation versus the degree of starvation while experimental measurements were conducted by using a Tribometer equipped with a torque sensor and a digital camera, which provided the possibility to use the optical interferometry technique simultaneously with measuring the friction. The effect of air-oil meniscus distance from the center of Hertzian contact on the friction between non-conformal surfaces was observed under starved conditions in sliding motion by capturing interferometric images. In addition, the reduction of friction by artificially-produced shallow micro-dents was investigated under severely starved and fully flooded conditions. Results show that the coefficient of friction increases dramatically when the air-oil meniscus starts to touch the circle of Hertzian contact and there is not such a significant difference in the friction between starved and fully flooded contacts since the air-oil meniscus is far away from the borders of Hertzian contact. In other words, the starvation of lubrication causes a high level of fatigue and wear of machine components when there is interference between the air-oil meniscus and the Hertzian contact. However, it was found that shallow micro-dents are helpful in reducing the friction under severe starvation conditions while the benefits of micro-dents are negligible for fully flooded conditions.     

轮轨试样表面粗糙度取向对油润滑下摩擦系数的影响

黏着力是列车安全与平稳运行的关键因素之一.最大黏着力与摩擦力有关,摩擦力的减小会导致黏着力的降低.表面粗糙度及其取向是影响摩擦系数的重要因素,然而,有关表面粗糙度取向对于混合润滑状态下摩擦系数的影响的研究结论似乎是矛盾的.用激光离散改性技术将车轮试样表面制备成具有菱形、纵纹、横纹3种典型的形貌,并且与不作激光离散改性处理的车轮试样作对比,用基于确定性模型的统一雷诺方程数值分析法和小比例尺度的轮轨试样摩擦学实验,得到的结论是:在油润滑状态下,激光表面形貌大幅提高摩擦系数,其中菱形对应的摩擦系数最大,纵纹与横纹的摩擦系数相差不大,摩擦系数的大小主要取决于由表面粗糙度取向决定的接触区内粗糙峰接触压力与总压力之比,侧流效应也是影响摩擦系数的重要因素,它主要取决于接触区内表面粗糙度的取向.     

Hertzian fracture at unloading

Hertzian fracture through indentation of flat float glass specimens by steel balls has been examined experimentally. Initiation of cone cracks has been observed and failure loads together with contact and fracture radii determined at monotonically increasing load but also during unloading phases. Contact of dissimilar elastic solids under decreasing load may cause crack inception triggered by finite interface friction and accordingly the coefficient of friction was determined by two different methods. In order to make relevant predictions of experimental findings, a robust computational procedure has been developed to determine global and local field values in particular at unloading at finite friction. It was found that at continued loading it is possible to specify in advance how the contact domain divides into invariant regions of stick and slip. The maximum tensile stress was found to occur at the free surface just outside the contact contour, the relative distance depending on the different elastic compliance properties and the coefficient of friction. In contrast, at unloading invariance properties are lost and stick/slip regions proved to be severely history dependant and in particular with an opposed frictional shear stress at the contact boundary region. This causes an increase of the maximum tensile stress at the contour under progressive unloading. Predictions of loads to cause crack initiation during full cycles were made based on a critical stress fracture criterion and proved to be favourable as compared to the experimental results.     

On indentation and initiation of fracture in glass

The influence of indenter elasticity on Hertzian fracture initiation at frictional dissimilar elastic contact has been examined experimentally and numerically. In flat float glass specimens initiation of cone cracks has been observed and fracture loads measured with steel and tungsten carbide indenters at monotonically increasing loading and during a load cycle. The observed effect of indenter elasticity on fracture loads was found to be qualitatively different from the one predicted by the Hertz contact theory. This discrepancy may be explained by the presence of interfacial friction. The friction coefficient between the indenters and the specimen was measured and a contact cycle at finite Coulomb friction has been analyzed numerically. The influence of the indenter elasticity and the friction coefficient on the surface maximum tensile stress has been investigated and the results concerning the influence of these parameters on the fracture loads as given based on a critical stress fracture criterion. The obtained computational results were found to be in better agreement with experimental findings as compared to the predictions based on the frictionless contact theory. A remaining quantitative discrepancy was attributed to the well-known fact that a Hertzian macro-crack initiates from pre-existing defects on the specimen’s surface. In order to account for the influence of the random distribution of these defects a Weibull statistics was introduced. The predicted critical loads corresponding to the 50% failure probability were found to be in close agreement with experimentally observed ones.