圆环旋转黏性液体射流空间不稳定性研究

利用线性稳定性理论, 进行了液体黏性对不同旋转强度下圆环旋转液体射流 空间不稳定性影响的研究. 在推导出的三维扰动下具有固体涡核型旋转速度分布的圆环旋转 黏性液体射流色散方程的基础上, 针对中低速射流, 进行了类反对称模式与类对称模式下圆 环旋转黏性液体射流的空间不稳定性分析. 研究结果表明, 对于旋转强度较大的圆环旋转液 体射流, 液体黏性的增加, 不利于射流的破碎; 随着液体黏性的增加, 射流的特征频率和最 不稳定波数减小. 然而, 对于旋转强度较小的圆环旋转液体射流, 液体黏性的增加, 有利于 射流的破碎; 随着液体黏性的增加, 类反对称模式下射流特征频率先减小后增大, 类对称模 式下射流特征频率增大; 随着液体黏性的增加, 类反对称模式下射流最不稳定波数先减小后 增大, 类对称模式下射流最不稳定波数增大.     

同轴旋转可压缩流动中液体射流稳定性

基于线性稳定性理论,建立了描述同轴旋转可压缩流动中超空化条件下液体射流稳定性的数学模型,并对数学模型及其求解方法进行了验证;在此基础上,对模型中考虑的射流及气体可压缩性、气体同轴旋转以及超空化等因素对射流稳定性的影响进行了分析. 分析结果表明,模型中考虑射流及气体的可压缩性后,与不考虑可压缩性相比,计算得到的射流稳定性明显变差,最小液滴直径减小,分裂液滴直径变化范围变宽,且小液滴数量增多. 气体的同轴旋转在轴对称与非轴对称扰动下对射流稳定性的影响完全相反;轴对称扰动时,气体旋转使射流稳定性增强,而非轴对称扰动时则正好相反;气体旋转有可能导致影响射流稳定性的扰动模式发生根本性变化. 超空化使射流稳定性变差;超空化程度较弱时,超空化使分裂液滴最小直径减小,分裂液滴直径变化范围增大;而超空化达到一定程度后,进一步提高超空化程度,分裂液滴最小直径几乎保持不变.     

电场作用下导电射流稳定性的理论与实验研究

建立导电射流在径向电场作用下的线性稳定性粘性模型,通过正则模方法,推导了轴对称和非轴对称模态下的色散关系,通过计算求得增长率随波数及电欧拉数的变化,并在理论上预测了最有可能波长.选用酒精和酒精甘油混合物作实验液体,观察了径向电场对射流不稳定性行为的影响规律,并测量射流表面波的波长.实验结果和理论结果在定性方面取得了较好的一致.但通过与实验比较,理论预测的最有可能波长在非轴对称模态出现较大偏差,普遍比实验结果小.而且,实验表明,最大增长率并不是判断主导模态的好标准,因为在非轴对称的最大增长率小于轴对称的最大增长率情况下,实验显示非轴对称模态要比轴对称模态明显了.因此,对于非轴对称的不稳定机理,需要进一步研究.对轴对称模态,理论给出了较好的预测.     

可压缩旋转气体中超空化射流的热稳定性

液体射流热稳定性研究是对射流稳定性问题的更深层次的探讨,可以进一步加深对液体射流分裂与雾化机理的认识,具有重要的学术意义和工程应用价值. 基于射流稳定性理论,在同时考虑射流周围气体旋转、射流和周围气体可压缩性以及射流液体中含空化气泡的条件下,建立了描述可压缩旋转气体中超空化射流热稳定性的数学模型,并对数学模型及其求解方法进行了验证分析;在此基础上,分析了液体射流表面与周围气体间温差及射流内部温度梯度同时作用下对射流稳定性的影响;并进一步探讨了超空化射流的热稳定性. 结果表明,射流表面扰动波的最大扰动增长率、最不稳定频率以及最大扰动波数皆随气液温差的增大呈近似线性增大趋势;射流内部温度梯度的存在使得气液温差对射流的失稳作用更加显著;射流内部温度梯度会抑制超空化对射流稳定性的影响,但气液温差会在一定程度上促进超空化对射流的失稳作用.      

可压缩旋转气体中超空化射流的热稳定性

液体射流热稳定性研究是对射流稳定性问题的更深层次的探讨,可以进一步加深对液体射流分裂与雾化机理的认识,具有重要的学术意义和工程应用价值.基于射流稳定性理论,在同时考虑射流周围气体旋转、射流和周围气体可压缩性以及射流液体中含空化气泡的条件下,建立了描述可压缩旋转气体中超空化射流热稳定性的数学模型,并对数学模型及其求解方法进行了验证分析;在此基础上,分析了液体射流表面与周围气体间温差及射流内部温度梯度同时作用下对射流稳定性的影响;并进一步探讨了超空化射流的热稳定性.结果表明,射流表面扰动波的最大扰动增长率、最不稳定频率以及最大扰动波数皆随气液温差的增大呈近似线性增大趋势;射流内部温度梯度的存在使得气液温差对射流的失稳作用更加显著;射流内部温度梯度会抑制超空化对射流稳定性的影响,但气液温差会在一定程度上促进超空化对射流的失稳作用.     

非轴对称扰动下含悬浮固粒旋转射流场稳定性研究

考虑含有悬浮固粒的理想不可压旋转圆射流的运动方程，借助势流理论推得扰动增长率随径向波数变化的表达式，进而得到含悬浮固粒射流稳定性的修正瑞利稳定性准则，求出了非轴对称扰动下不同扰动阶数、固粒质量密度、固－气脉动速度比值、固－气脉动速度相位差、斯托克斯数时旋转射流的增长率曲线。然后根据修正瑞利稳定性准则分析给出了关于悬浮固粒的属性对旋转射流场稳定性影响的几个重要结论，为控制旋转射流场和后续发展提供了合理的依据。     

电场作用下无黏聚焦射流的时间不稳定性研究

基于电场作用下的流动聚焦实验建立了简化的理论模型,开展了带电同轴液气射流的时间不稳定性分析.在无黏假设下,得到了扰动在时间域内发展演化的解析形式的色散关系,分析了主要控制参数对不稳定模态的影响.结果表明,只有轴对称扰动和第一类非轴对称扰动在时间域内是增长的;液气界面的表面张力对轴对称扰动有着双重影响而对非轴对称扰动起抑制作用;外层气体的流速以及密度的增加均能促进射流的失稳.这些结论与实验结果是定性一致的.结果也表明,在不考虑初始界面电荷密度时,单一的轴向电场能抑制射流的失稳.      

粘性可压混合层时间稳定性对称紧致差分求解

基于可压扰动方程组的一阶改型 ,将高精度对称紧致格式引入边值法数值线性稳定性分析。对所获非线性离散特征值问题给出了一个通用形式二阶迭代局部算法 ,实现了时间模式和空间模式的统一求解 ,并将扰动特征值及其特征函数同时得到。据此分析了可压平面自由混合层时间稳定性 ,涉及二维 /三维扰动波、粘性 /无粘扰动波、第一 /第二模态、特征函数、伪特征值谱等。研究表明 ,压缩性效应和粘性效应对最不稳定扰动波数和增长率呈相似的减抑作用 ;在 Mc=1附近 ,从高波数段开始 ,粘性效应可强化二维不稳定扰动波由第一模态向第二模态的过渡     

气流作用下同轴带电射流的不稳定性研究

通过对气体驱动同轴电流动聚焦的实验模型进行简化,开展了电场力和惯性力共同作用下同轴带电射流的不稳定性理论研究.在流动为无黏、不可压缩、无旋的假设下,建立了三层流体带电射流物理模型并得到了扰动在时间域内发展演化的解析形式色散关系,利用正则模方法求解色散方程发现了流动的不稳定模态,进而分析了主要控制参数对不稳定模态的影响.结果表明,在参考状态下轴对称模态的最不稳定增长率最大,因此轴对称扰动控制整个流场.外层气流速度越高,气体惯性力越大,射流的界面越容易失稳.内外层液-液同轴射流之间的速度差越大,射流越不稳定.表面张力对射流不稳定性起到促进作用.轴向电场对射流不稳定性具有双重影响:当加载电场强度较小时,射流不稳定性被抑制;当施加电压大于某一临界值时,轴向电场会促进射流失稳.临界电压的大小与界面上自由电荷密度和射流表面扰动发展关系密切.这些结果与已有的实验现象吻合,能够对实验的过程控制提供理论指导.     

电场作用下流动聚焦的实验研究

通过在流动聚焦的同轴液-气射流区域施加电场, 开展了电场力和气动力共同作用下锥形以及带电射流的不稳定性特性实验研究. 实验在精密设计的流动聚焦装置上完成, 分析了外部电压、气体压力降和液体流量等主要控制参数对流动聚焦过程的影响, 获得了锥形的振动模式和稳定模式及其之间的转换, 得到了射流的滴模式、轴对称模式、共存模式和非轴对称模式及其转换并定量分析了电场对射流尺寸参数的影响. 结果表明, 相比于单一的流动聚焦, 该方法能够增强锥形的稳定性, 促进液体射流雾化, 减小颗粒的直径, 因此在科技领域和工程实际中具有重要的应用价值.      

Absolute and convective instability of a liquid sheet with transverse temperature gradient

The spatial–temporal instability behavior of a viscous liquid sheet with temperature difference between the two surfaces was investigated theoretically. The practical situation motivating this investigation is liquid sheet heated by ambient gas, usually encountered in industrial heat transfer and liquid propellant rocket engines. The existing dispersion relation was used, to explore the spatial–temporal instability of viscous liquid sheets with a nonuniform temperature profile, by setting both the wave number and frequency complex. A parametric study was performed in both sinuous and varicose modes to test the influence of dimensionless numbers on the transition between absolute and convective instability of the flow. For a small value of liquid Weber number, or a great value of gas-to-liquid density ratio, the flow was found to be absolutely unstable. The absolute instability was enhanced by increasing the liquid viscosity. It was found that variation of the Marangoni number hardly influenced the absolute instability of the sinuous mode of oscillations; however it slightly affected the absolute instability in the varicose mode.     

Nonlinear instability of an annular liquid sheet exposed to gas flow

Nonlinear instability and breakup of an annular liquid sheet has been modeled in this paper. The liquid sheet is considered to move axially and is exposed to co-flowing inner and outer gas streams. Also, the effect of outer gas swirl on sheet breakup has been studied. In the developed model a perturbation expansion method has been used with the initial magnitude of the disturbance as the perturbation parameter. This is a comprehensive model in that other geometries of planar sheet and a coaxial jet can be obtained as limiting cases of very large inner radius and inner radius equal to zero, respectively. In this temporal analysis, the effect of liquid Weber number, initial disturbance amplitude, inner gas-to-liquid velocity ratio, outer gas-to-liquid velocity ratio and outer gas swirl strength on the breakup time is investigated. The model is validated by comparison with earlier analytical studies for the limiting case of a planar sheet as well as with experimental data of sheet breakup length available in literature. It is shown that the linear theory cannot predict breakup of an annular sheet and the developed nonlinear model is necessary to accurately determine the breakup length. In the limiting case of a coaxial jet, results show that gas swirl destabilizes the jet, makes helical modes dominant compared to the axisymmetric mode and decreases jet breakup length. These results contradict earlier linear analyses and agree with experimental observations. For an annular sheet, it is found that gas flow hastens the sheet breakup process and shorter breakup lengths are obtained by increasing the inner and the outer gas velocity. Axially moving inner gas stream is more effective in disintegrating the annular sheet compared to axially moving outer gas stream. When both gas streams are moving axially, the liquid sheet breakup is quicker compared to that with any one gas stream. In the absence of outer gas swirl, the axisymmetric mode is the dominant instability mode. However, when outer gas flow has a swirl component higher helical modes become dominant. With increasing outer gas swirl strength, the maximum disturbance growth rate increases and the most unstable circumferential wave number increases resulting in a highly asymmetric sheet breakup with shorter breakup lengths and thinner ligaments.     

Instability of a viscoelastic liquid jet with axisymmetric and asymmetric disturbances

The temporal instability behavior of a viscoelastic liquid jet in the wind-induced regime with axisymmetric and asymmetric disturbances moving in an inviscid gaseous environment is investigated theoretically. The corresponding dispersion relation between the wave growth rate and the wavenumber is derived. The linear instability analysis shows that viscoelastic liquid jets are more unstable than their Newtonian counterparts, and less unstable than their inviscid counterparts, for both axisymmetric and asymmetric disturbances, respectively. The instability behavior of viscoelastic jets is influenced by the interaction of liquid viscosity and elasticity, in which the viscosity tends to dampen the instability, whereas the elasticity results in an enhancement of instability. Relatively, the effect of the ratio of deformation retardation to stress relaxation time on the instability of viscoelastic jets is weak. It is found that the liquid Weber number is a key measure that controls the viscoelastic jet instability behavior. At small Weber number, the axisymmetric disturbance dominates the instability of viscoelastic jets, i.e., the growth rate of an axisymmetric disturbance exceeds that of asymmetric disturbances. When the Weber number increases, both the growth rate and the instability range of disturbances increase drastically. The asymptotic analysis shows that at large Weber number, more asymmetric disturbance modes become unstable, and the growth rate of each asymmetric disturbance mode approaches that of the axisymmetric disturbance. Therefore, the asymmetric disturbances are more dangerous than that of axisymmetric disturbances for a viscoelastic jet at large Weber numbers. Similar to the liquid Weber number, the ratio of gas to liquid density is another key measure that affects the viscoelastic jet instability behavior substantially.     

Axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric instability of an electrically charged viscoelastic liquid jet

A linear analysis is performed to investigate the competition between axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric instability of an electrically charged viscoelastic liquid jet. The liquid is assumed to be a dilute polymer solution modeled by the Oldroyd-B constitutive equation. As to its electric properties, the liquid is assumed to be of finite electrical conductivity and is described by the Taylor–Melcher leaky dielectric theory. An analytical dispersion relation is derived and the temporal growth rate is solved numerically. Two viscoelastic liquids, i.e. a PEO aqueous solution and a PIB Boger fluid, are taken as examples to study the effects of electric field and electrical conductivity on jet instability. The result shows that electric field basically destabilizes both the axisymmetric and the non-axisymmetric mode. On the other hand, the effect of electrical conductivity on the modes is quite limited. An energy analysis shows that elasticity enhances both axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric jet instability and its destabilization effect on the axisymmetric mode is more profound. For viscoelastic jets of high Deborah numbers the combined effect of viscosity and elasticity is possibly characterized by an equivalent Reynolds number related only to the viscosity of solvent.     

圆环旋转黏性液体射流破碎液滴粒径与速度数量密度分布相关性研究

压力旋流喷嘴被广泛应用于航空发动机、船用发动机、车用汽油缸内直喷发动机、燃气轮机等动力机械的燃油喷射系统中.以压力旋流喷嘴射流为研究对象,开展了圆环旋转黏性液体射流破碎液滴粒径与速度数量密度分布相关性问题研究.对于液体射流,以往的研究往往对破碎液滴粒径数量密度分布或速度数量密度分布进行单独研究,对于这两种数量密度分布之间关系的研究较少;从相关性的角度对圆环旋转黏性液体射流破碎液滴粒径与速度数量密度分布之间的关系进行研究.采用最大熵原理方法建立了圆环旋转黏性液体射流破碎液滴粒径与速度联合概率密度函数.对圆环旋转黏性液体射流破碎液滴粒径与速度联合概率密度函数进行了讨论,对圆环旋转黏性液体射流破碎液滴粒径数量密度分布与速度数量密度分布的相关性问题进行了研究.研究结果表明,为了给出正确的圆环旋转黏性液体射流破碎液滴粒径与速度联合概率密度函数,射流守恒约束条件中必须同时包括质量守恒定律、动量守恒定律以及能量守恒定律;破碎液滴粒径的数量密度分布与速度数量密度分布密切相关;射流旋转强度对破碎液滴粒径数量密度与速度数量密度分布结构影响不大,对破碎液滴粒径数量密度和速度数量密度的分布区域影响较大.      

A study on the aerodynamic instability of attenuating liquid sheets

We describe the characteristics of a radially spreading unstable liquid sheet in quiescent air via optical measurement techniques and linear instability theory. A high speed CCD camera system and a complimentary laser refraction method were employed to measure the intact sheet diameter, unstable wave lengths, wave speed, wave frequency spectrum and spatial wave growth rates. Linear instability models for thinning, viscous and inviscid liquid sheets, which are available from the literature, allow for a comparison of experimental data and predicted sheet behaviour. The last section evaluates the differences and similarities between the current liquid sheet experiment and industrial spray applications such as fuel atomisation via pressure-swirl nozzles.     

Temporal analysis of breakup for a power law liquid jet in a swirling gas

The breakup mechanism and instability of a power law liquid jet are investigated in this study. The power law model is used to account for the non-Newtonian behavior of the liquid fluid. A new theoretical model is established to explain the breakup of a power law liquid jet with axisymmetric and asymmetric disturbances, which moves in a swirling gas. The corresponding dispersion relation is derived by a linear approximation, and it is applicable for both shear-thinning and shear-thickening liquid jets. Analysis results are calculated based on the temporal mode. The analysis includes the effects of the generalized Reynolds number, the Weber number, the power law exponent, and the air swirl strength on the breakup of the jet. Results show that the shear-thickening liquid jet is more unstable than its Newtonian and shear-thinning counterparts when the effect of the air swirl is taken into account. The axisymmetric mode can be the dominant mode on the power law jet breakup when the air swirl strength is strong enough, while the non-axisymmetric mode is the domination on the instability of the power liquid jet with a high We and a low Re _n . It is also found that the air swirl is a stabilizing factor on the breakup of the power law liquid jet. Furthermore, the instability characteristics are different for different power law exponents. The amplitude of the power law liquid jet surface on the temporal mode is also discussed under different air swirl strengths.     

Liquid jet in a high Mach number air stream

The instability of circular liquid jet immersed in a coflowing high velocity air stream is studied assuming that the flow of the viscous gas and liquid is irrotational. The basic velocity profiles are uniform and different. The instabilities are driven by Kelvin–Helmholtz instability due to a velocity difference and neckdown due to capillary instability. Capillary instabilities dominate for large Weber numbers. Kelvin–Helmholtz instability dominates for small Weber numbers. The wavelength for the most unstable wave decreases strongly with the Mach number and attains a very small minimum when the Mach number is somewhat larger than one. The peak growth rates are attained for axisymmetric disturbances (n = 0) when the viscosity of the liquid is not too large. The peak growth rates for the first asymmetric mode (n = 1) and the associated wavelength are very close to the n = 0 mode; the peak growth rate for n = 1 modes exceeds n = 0 when the viscosity of the liquid jet is large. The effects of viscosity on the irrotational instabilities are very strong. The analysis predicts that breakup fragments of liquids in high speed air streams may be exceedingly small, especially in the transonic range of Mach numbers.