应用内聚力模型研究人牙本质裂纹扩展的升阻能力

论文采用断裂力学中的内聚力模型,结合有限元法研究裂纹沿牙本质小管和垂直于牙本质小管扩展的断裂韧度.数值模拟结果表明牙本质的断裂韧度随着裂纹扩展而增大,表现出上升的阻力曲线(R-curve)特性,但裂纹沿牙本质小管扩展的断裂韧度要大于裂纹垂直于牙本质小管扩展的断裂韧度,表现出各向异性的裂纹扩展阻力曲线性质.同时论文的研究...     

Fatigue and fracture of bovine dentin

In this paper, the fatigue and fracture properties of bovine dentin are evaluated usingin vitro experimental analyses. Double cantilever beam (DCB) specimens were prepared from bovine maxillary molars and subjected to zeroto-tension cyclic loads. The fatigue crack growth rate was evaluated as a function of the dentin tubule orientation using the Paris law. Wedge-loaded DCB specimens were also prepared and subjected to monotonic opening loads. Moiré interferometry was used to acquire the in-plane displacement field during stable crack growth, and the instantaneous wedge load and crack length were acquired to evaluate the crack growth resistance and crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) with crack extension. The rate of fatigue crack growth was generally larger for crack propagation occurring perpendicular to the dentin tubules. The Moiré fringe fields documented during monotonic crack growth exhibited non-linear deformation occurring within a confined region adjacent to the crack tip. Both the wedge load and CTOD response provided evidence that a fracture process zone contributes to energy dissipation during crack extension and that dentin exhibits a risingR-curve behavior. Results from this preliminary investigation are being used as a guide for an evaluation of the fatigue and fracture properties of human dentin.     

Importance of aging to dehydration shrinkage of human dentin

There is an increase in the mineral content of human dentin with aging.Due to the consequent changes in the mineral to the collagen ratio,this process may influence the degree of hydrogen bonding that occurs with the loss of water and the extent of shrinkage as a result of dehydration.Thus,the objective of this investigation is to quantify the differences in the dehydration shrinkage of human dentin with patient age.Specimens of coronal dentin are prepared from the molars of young(23 age 34) and old(52 age 62) patients,and then maintained in storage solutions of water or hanks balanced salt solutions(HBSS).Dimensional changes of the dentin specimens occurring over periods of free convection are evaluated by using the microscopic digital image correlation(DIC).The results distinguish that the shrinkage of the young dentin is significantly larger than that of the old dentin,regardless of the orientation and period of the storage.The strains parallel to the tubules increase with proximity to the dentin enamel junction(DEJ),whereas the shrinkage strains in the transverse direction are the largest in the deep dentin(i.e.,near the pulp).The degree of anisotropy in the shrinkage increases from the pulp to the DEJ,and is the largest in the young dentin.     

Determination of elastic and plastic mechanical properties of dentin based on experimental and numerical studies

The aim of this study is to investigate the change of mechanical properties of human dentin due to aging and spatial variation. Sections of coronal dentin are made from human molars in three groups: young, mid-aged, and old patients. A nanoindentation test is conducted from regions near the pulp to the dentin-enamel junction (DEJ) to evaluate the load-depth indentation response and determine Young's modulus and hardness. Based on the loading and unloading load-displacement curves in nanoindentation, a numerical model of plastic damage is used to study the plastic and the damage behaviors and the contribution to the degradation in the unloading stiffness. The experimental results show that Young's modulus of the inner dentin is significantly lower than that of outer dentin in each age group. Compared with the young dentin, the old dentin has greater hardness and Young's modulus with similar spatial variations. The magnitudes of the yield strength and the damage variable are also affected by aging and vary with spatial locations. In the same age group, the yield strength in inner dentin is lower than those in middle and outer dentin, more damage occurs with similar spatial variations, and the yield strength of young dentin is generally lower and causes more damage compared with those in both the mid-aged and old groups.     

分子动力学模拟含不同初始缺陷单晶镍的断裂行为与应力演化

断裂是一个跨尺度复杂的物理过程，对宏观尺度的断裂行为已有深入的研究和发展，然而对微观尺度的断裂行为及断裂过程中应力场的变化缺乏深入的理解。本文通过分子动力学模拟，研究了具有不同初始缺陷(尖锐裂纹、钝裂纹和孔洞)的单晶镍的断裂行为和应力分布特征。结果表明，不同的初始缺陷导致了不同的断裂机制、断裂强度和抗断裂性能。含初始孔洞的单晶镍样品有最高的断裂强度和最强的抗断裂性能，这与孔洞扩展过程中堆积层错的形成密切相关。其次是含初始钝裂纹的样品，在裂纹扩展过程中出现由[100]超位错发射引起的裂尖钝化；含尖锐裂纹的样品表现为脆性断裂，裂尖原子没有出现微结构的变化，其强度和抗断裂性能最低。此外，不同的初始缺陷也会导致断裂过程中应力分布的变化，对含有尖锐裂纹的脆性断裂试样，高应力(拉伸应力、平均应力和米塞斯应力)总是出现在扩展裂纹的裂尖。而对于含有钝裂纹或孔洞的韧性断裂试样，高应力不仅分布在裂尖，也分布在位错发射和堆积层错形成的区域，在裂纹/孔洞扩展之前，应力随着加载时间的增加而迅速增加，而一旦裂纹或孔洞开始扩展，应力增加非常缓慢或几乎不增加，但拉伸应力值始终大于平均应力和米塞斯应力值。这表明，在I型...     

Three-dimensional interfacial fracture analysis of a one-dimensional hexagonal quasicrystal coating

In this paper, the three-dimensional (3D) interfacial fracture is analyzed in a one-dimensional (1D) hexagonal quasicrystal (QC) coating structure under mechanical loading. A planar interface crack with arbitrary shape is studied by a displacement discontinuity method. Fundamental solutions of interfacial concentrated displacement discontinuities are obtained by the Hankel transform technique, and the corresponding boundary integral-differential equations are constructed with the superposition principle. Green’s functions of constant interfacial displacement discontinuities within a rectangular element are derived, and a boundary element method is proposed for numerical simulation. The singularity of stresses near the crack front is investigated, and the stress intensity factors (SIFs) as well as energy release rates (ERRs) are determined. Finally, relevant influencing factors on the fracture behavior are discussed.     

Methods for Examining the Fatigue and Fracture Behavior of Hard Tissues

An understanding of the fatigue and fracture behavior of hard tissues (e.g., bone and tissues of the human tooth) is critical to the maintenance of physical and oral health. Recent studies suggest that there are a number of mechanisms contributing to crack extension and crack arrest in these materials, and that they appear to be a function of moisture and age of the tissue. An understanding of these processes can provide new ideas that are relevant to the design of multi-functional engineering materials. As a result, we have adopted the use of microscopic Digital Image Correlation (DIC) to examine the mechanisms of crack growth resistance and near-tip displacement distribution for cracks in human dentin that are subjected to opening mode loads. We have also developed a special compact tension (CT) specimen that permits evaluation of crack extension within small portions of tissue under both quasi-static and fatigue loads. The specimen embodies a selected portion of hard tissue within a resin composite restorative and enables an examination of diseased tissue, or portion with specific physiology, that would otherwise be impossible to evaluate. In this paper we describe application of these experimental methods and present some recent results concerning fatigue crack growth and stable crack extension in dentin and across the dentin-enamel-junction (DEJ) of human teeth.

EFFECT OF INTERLAYER THICKNESS ON THE MODE I FRACTURE ENERGY RELEASE RATE OF SANDWICH STRUCTURE$^{\bf 1)}$

三明治结构作为载荷传递和连接元件,广泛应用于航空航天、材料表征、柔性电子等领域. 了解其断裂行为和特点能为三明治结构连接件极限载荷的设计提供理论指导. 基于改良弹性地基理论模型,本文提出了一种计算能量释放率的新理论模型,模型中考虑中间层厚度对三明治结构 I 型断裂能量释放率的影响. 结果表明,中间层厚度对三明治结构 I 型断裂的影响存在两个部分：中间层剪切力的影响及中间层引起结构刚度增大的影响. 当无量纲中间层厚度取最大值 2 时,传统模型与有限元计算结果存在 70% 以上的误差;采用本文的模型可以极大地提高精度,将误差降到 5% 以内. 相比改良弹性地基理论只适用于中间层厚度较小的情况,本理论模型的适用范围更广. 此外,利用本模型,本文选取了两个几何参数 (中间层厚度和裂纹初始长度) 和一个材料参数 (模量比) 进行研究. 讨论了剪切效应对结构几何和材料参数的敏感性. 在定载荷的基础上,讨论了几何和材料参数对能量释放率的影响;并在假定结构断裂韧性不变的基础上,得到了几何和材料参数对三明治结构临界载荷的影响规律.     

Size effect in quasibrittle failure: Analytical model and numerical simulations using cohesive zone model

The recent rewriting of the Ba?ant’s size effect law (Morel, 2008) which has suggested the existence of an additional asymptotic regime for intermediate structure sizes is now compared to numerical simulations of fracture of geometrically similar notched structures of different sizes extending over 2.4 decades. The quasibrittle fracture behavior is simulated through cohesive zone model (bilinear softening) using a constant set of cohesive parameters whatever the specimen size D is. The R-curves resulting from the load–displacement responses are estimated and appear as size-independent. On this basis, the different asymptotic regimes expected for the size effect on fracture properties at peak load such as the relative crack length, the resistance to crack growth and the nominal strength are shown in fair agreement with the size effect observed on the results obtained from numerical simulations.     

Characterization of mechanical properties of aluminum cast alloy at elevated temperature

The tensile response, the low cycle fatigue(LCF) resistance, and the creep behavior of an aluminum(Al) cast alloy are studied at ambient and elevated temperatures.A non-contact real-time optical extensometer based on the digital image correlation(DIC)is developed to achieve strain measurements without damage to the specimen. The optical extensometer is validated and used to monitor dynamic strains during the mechanical experiments. Results show that Young's modulus of the cast alloy decreases with the increasing temperature, and the percentage elongation to fracture at 100℃ is the lowest over the temperature range evaluated from 25℃ to 300℃. In the LCF test, the fatigue strength coefficient decreases, whereas the fatigue strength exponent increases with the rising temperature. The fatigue ductility coefficient and exponent reach maximum values at 100℃. As expected, the resistance to creep decreases with the increasing temperature and changes from 200℃ to 300℃.